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A three-dimensional (3D) model in the STL (StereoLithography) format is the most widely used 3D file format for 3D printing. At present, the definition and the method of calculating the complexity of 3D models itself is a relatively difficult problem. There is no accurate algorithm to calculate and characterize the complexity of such models, and they can be expressed only qualitatively. Thus, with the aim of defining and calculating the complexity of a 3D model, this study uses the voxel method to map all the attributes of the triangular facets of the model. The coupling method that calculates the interference ratio using the original mutual calculation factors is decoupled and uses the mapping and intersection of the triangular facets to the voxels to realize a fast calculation of the overall interference ratio. Its computational complexity is expressed by $$O\left(N^\ast M'\right),M'\ll M$$ . The quantitatively expressed model interference ratio, i.e., the degree of the model complexity, is calculated to facilitate optimization of the design structure and the model configuration of the 3D model. The accuracy and computational efficiency of the algorithm have been verified by performing calculations on different types of STL models, which proves the correctness and credibility of the method for rapidly calculating the interference ratio proposed in this work.

Only few studies have analyzed the global distribution of anesthesia research. This study was designed to reveal the current global research status of anesthesiology. Articles published between 1999 and 2018 in international journals in the field of anesthesiology were retrieved from the PubMed database. The top 20 ranked countries were identified. The gross domestic product (GDP) of each country was also retrieved to reveal the correlation between research outputs and the economy. The total outputs and outputs per 10 million inhabitants in each country were calculated and compared. To analyze the quality of publications among the top 10 ranked countries, the impact factor (IF), article influence score (AIS), and immediacy index (ImI) were calculated and analyzed. In addition, the keywords of publications were retrieved to conduct co-occurrence analysis in order to determine the research focus in anesthesiology. A total of 112,918 articles were published in 30 selected journals from 1999 to 2018. There was a positive correlation between research outputs and GDP of 10 countries (p

Objectives: There have been limited studies concerning the safety and efficacy of linezolid (LZD) in children. This study aimed to evaluate the association between LZD exposure and clinical safety and efficacy in Chinese pediatric patients.Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included patients ≤18 years of age who received ≥3 days of LZD treatment between 31 January 2015, and 31 December 2020. Demographic characteristics, medication information, laboratory test information, and bacterial culture results were collected from the Hospital Information System (HIS). Exposure was defined as AUC24 and calculated by the non-linear mixed-effects modeling program (NONMEM), version 7.2, based on two validated population pharmacokinetic models. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to analyze the associations between AUC24 and laboratory adverse events, and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to calculate the cut-off values. Efficacy was evaluated by bacterial clearance.Results: A total of 413 paediatric patients were included, with an LZD median (interquartile range) dose, duration, clearance and AUC24 of 30.0 (28.1-31.6) mg/kg/day, 8 (4‒15) days,1.31 (1.29-1.32) L/h and 81.1 (60.6-108.7) mg/L·h, respectively. Adverse events associated with TBil, AST, ALT, PLT, hemoglobin, WBC, and neutrophil count increased during and after LZD treatment when compared with before medication (p < 0.05), and the most common adverse events were thrombocytopaenia (71/399, 17.8%) and low hemoglobin (61/401, 15.2%) during the LZD treatment. Patients with AUC24 higher than 120.69 mg/L h might be associated with low hemoglobin 1–7 days after the end of the LZD treatment, and those with an AUC24 higher than 92.88 mg/L∙h might be associated with thrombocytopaenia 8–15 days after the end of the LZD treatment. A total of 136 patients underwent bacterial culture both before and after LZD treatment, and the infection was cleared in 92.6% (126/136) of the patients, of whom 69.8% (88/126) had AUC24/MIC values greater than 80.Conclusion: Hematological indicators should be carefully monitored during LZD treatment, especially thrombocytopaenia and low hemoglobin, and a continuous period of monitoring after LZD withdrawal is also necessary. Since the AUC24 cut-off values for laboratory adverse events were relatively low, a trade-off is necessary between the level of drug exposure required for treatment and safety, and the exposure target (AUC24/MIC) in pediatric patients should be further studied, especially for patients with complications and concomitant medications.

The deployment of Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) servers on Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites to form MEC satellites is of increasing concern. A routing strategy is the key technology in MEC satellites. To solve the uncertainty problem of LEO satellite link information caused by complex space environments, a routing strategy for LEO satellite networks based on membership degree functions is proposed. First, a routing model based on uncertain link information is established. In particular, the membership function is designed to describe the uncertain link information. Based on this, the comprehensive evaluation of the path is calculated, and the routing model considering uncertainty is established with the comprehensive evaluation of the path as the optimization objective. Second, in order to quickly calculate the path, a grey wolf optimization algorithm is designed to solve the routing model. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed strategy can achieve efficient and secure routing in complex space environments and improve the overall performance compared with the performances of traditional routing strategies.

Discriminative correlation filters (DCF) are efficient in visual tracking and have advanced the field significantly. However, the symmetry of correlation (or convolution) operator results in computational problems and does harm to the generalized translation equivariance. The former problem has been approached in many ways, whereas the latter one has not been well recognized. In this paper, we analyze the problems with the symmetry of circular convolution and propose an asymmetric one, which as a generalization of the former has a weak generalized translation equivariance property. With this operator, we propose a tracker called the asymmetric discriminative correlation filter (ADCF), which is more sensitive to translations of targets. Its asymmetry allows the filter and the samples to have different sizes. This flexibility makes the computational complexity of ADCF more controllable in the sense that the number of filter parameters will not grow with the sample size. Moreover, the normal matrix of ADCF is a block matrix with each block being a two-level block Toeplitz matrix. With this well-structured normal matrix, we design an algorithm for multiplying an N × N two-level block Toeplitz matrix by a vector with time complexity O(NlogN) and space complexity O(N), instead of O(N2). Unlike DCF-based trackers, introducing spatial or temporal regularization does not increase the essential computational complexity of ADCF. Comparative experiments are performed on a synthetic dataset and four benchmarks, including OTB-2013, OTB-2015, VOT-2016, and Temple-Color, and the results show that our method achieves state-of-the-art visual tracking performance.

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is widely regarded as a stress-related and trauma disorder. The symptoms of PTSD are characterized as a spectrum of vulnerabilities after the exposure to an extremely traumatic stressor. Considering as one of complex mental disorders, little progress has been made toward its diagnostic biomarkers, despite the involvement of PTSD has been studied. Many studies into the underlying neurobiology of PTSD implicated the dysfunction of neurosteroids biosynthesis and neuorinflammatory processes. Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) has been considered as one of the promising therapeutic biomarkers for neurological stress disorders (like PTSD, depression, anxiety, et al) without the benzodiazepine-like side effects. This protein participates in the formation of neurosteroids and modulation of neuroinflammation. The review outlines current knowledge involving the role of TSPO in the neuropathology of PTSD and the anti-PTSD-like effects of TSPO ligands.

In this investigation, changes in growth and photosynthetic parameters were used to explain the effects of drought stress on morphology and photosynthesis of Eleutherococcus senticosus. Liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectroscopy (MS) was used to determine the content of eleutheroside B, eleutheroside E, isofraxidin, hyperoside, rutin, and kaempferol under different drought stress conditions to explain the effects of drought stress on secondary metabolism of Eleuthero. Growth and photosynthetic physiological parameters showed that drought stress could inhibit the growth and photosynthesis of Eleuthero. The compounds studied showed the same cumulative trend in various organs of Eleuthero under different drought stress conditions, with the highest content in the moderate drought stress group and the lowest in the severe drought stress group. Among them, the content of eleutheroside B was found to be higher in the 5-year-old stem. The content of eleutheroside E was higher in the 3-year root. The content of isofraxidin was highest in the 5-year-old root. The content of hyperoside, rutin, and kaempferol were higher in the 3-year-old leaves. The results show that a wet soil environment was beneficial to growth and photosynthesis of Eleutherococcus senticosus, and moderate drought stress is conducive to the accumulation of its active ingredients.

The translation control tumor protein (TCTP) is a kind of conservative, common and important molecule, several functions (such as regulating cell cycle, apoptosis and calcium binding) have been reported. However, few academic researches for role of TCTP in insecticides stress were made so far. In this research, Drosophila kc cells treated with different doses of deltamethrin at different times, indicated that the expression of TCTP reached the highest level when the cells were treated with 20 ppm of deltamethrin at 24 h. The results showed that TCTP expression is associated with deltamethrin stress. To investigate the functional relationship between this gene and deltamethrin resistance, RNA interference (RNAi) and cell transfection were utilized. TCTP knockdown significantly reduced the level of resistance of RNAi-treated cells, and the overexpressions of TCTP in Drosophila kc cells conferred a degree of protection against deltamethrin. Flow cytometry data showed increased apoptosis rate of RNAi-treated cells and decreased apoptosis following cell transfection. These results represent the first evidence that TCTP plays an important role in the regulation of deltamethrin resistance. Therefore, this study could help us to elucidate the environmental toxicity of deltamethrin and new target genes associated with resistance.

Only few studies have analyzed the global distribution of anesthesia research. This study was designed to reveal the current global research status of anesthesiology.Articles published between 1999 and 2018 in international journals in the field of anesthesiology were retrieved from the PubMed database. The top 20 ranked countries were identified. The gross domestic product (GDP) of each country was also retrieved to reveal the correlation between research outputs and the economy. The total outputs and outputs per 10 million inhabitants in each country were calculated and compared. To analyze the quality of publications among the top 10 ranked countries, the impact factor (IF), article influence score (AIS), and immediacy index (ImI) were calculated and analyzed. In addition, the keywords of publications were retrieved to conduct co-occurrence analysis in order to determine the research focus in anesthesiology.A total of 112,918 articles were published in 30 selected journals from 1999 to 2018. There was a positive correlation between research outputs and GDP of 10 countries (p 0.001, r = 0.825). The USA ranked 1st with 21,703 articles, followed by the UK (8393 articles) and Germany (6504 articles). Canada had the highest number of publications per 10 million inhabitants in 2018. The UK had the highest average IF (4.70), average AIS (1.16), and average ImI (1.64) among the 10 countries. The research highlights in the field of anesthesiology included "mechanism and management of pain", "cardiac anesthesia", "pediatric anesthesia and airway management", "analgesia" and "anesthetic agents".Regarding quantity trend, the output of global production in anesthesiology increased continuously as the number of articles from the high-output countries showed an increasing trend; however, there was still a gap between developing and developed countries in research quality. High-quality research should be encouraged in developing countries.ZWECK: Nur wenige Studien haben die globale Verteilung der Anästhesieforschungen analysiert. Diese Studie soll den aktuellen globalen Forschungsstand der Anästhesiologie aufzeigen.Artikel, die zwischen 1999 und 2018 in internationalen Zeitschriften auf dem Gebiet der Anästhesiologie veröffentlicht wurden, wurden aus der Datenbank PubMed abgerufen. Zwanzig Länder mit höchsten Zahlen wurden identifiziert. Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) jedes Landes wurde ebenfalls abgerufen, um die Korrelation zwischen Forschungsprodukten („research outputs“) und der Wirtschaft aufzuzeigen. Die gesamten Forschungsprodukte sowie Produkte pro 10 Mio. Einwohner in jedem Land wurden berechnet und verglichen. Um die Qualität der Publikationen in den Top-10-Ländern zu analysieren, wurden Impact Factor (IF), Article Influence Score (AIS) und Immediacy Index (ImI) berechnet und ausgewertet. Zusätzlich wurden die Schlüsselwörter der Publikationen abgerufen, anhand deren eine Co-Occurrence-Analyse durchgeführt wurde, um den Forschungsschwerpunkt in der Anästhesiologie zu bestimmen.Insgesamt wurden 112.918 Artikel in 30 ausgewählten Journalen von 1999 bis 2018 veröffentlicht. Es gab eine positive Korrelation zwischen Forschungsprodukten und BIP von 10 Ländern (p 0,001, r = 0,825). Auf Platz 1 lagen die USA mit 21.703 Artikeln, gefolgt von Großbritannien (8393 Artikel) und Deutschland (6504 Artikel). Kanada hatte im Jahr 2018 die höchste Anzahl an Publikationen pro 10 Mio. Einwohner. Großbritannien hatte die höchste durchschnittliche IF (4,70), durchschnittliche AIS (1,16) und durchschnittliche ImI (1,64) unter den 10 Ländern. Zu den Forschungsschwerpunkten im Bereich der Anästhesiologie gehörten „Mechanismus und Management von Schmerzen“, „Herzanästhesie“, „Pädiatrische Anästhesie und Atemwegsmanagement“, „Analgesie“ und „Anästhesie“.Hinsichtlich des Quantitätstrends stieg weltweit die Anzahl der Forschungsprodukte in der Anästhesiologie kontinuierlich an, da die Anzahl der Artikel aus den Top-Ländern eine steigende Tendenz zeigte. Es gab jedoch immer noch eine Lücke zwischen Entwicklungsländern und Industrieländern in der Forschungsqualität. Hochwertige Forschung sollte in Entwicklungsländern gefördert werden.

Objective This study aims to explore the possible role of fenofibrate in inhibiting choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in Brown Norway (BN) rats. Methods BN rats underwent binocular retinal laser photocoagulation to induce CNV. On day one, fenofibrate was injected into the vitreous cavity of rats in the control and experimental groups. Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), isolectin B4-FITC staining, immunofluorescence staining, qRT-PCR and western blot were performed at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks to observe the morphological changes of CNV and the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3). Results CNV with the spontaneous gradual regression and scarring phenomenon appeared in BN rats. In neovascularization, VEGF-C was mainly distributed in the ganglion cell layer, while VEGFR-3 was mainly expressed in the choroid. In the control group, choroidal VEGF-C initially increased, and subsequently decreased, while VEGFR-3 level maintained a constant level after the decrease. Both had a decreasing expression in the retina. The early formation of CNV was significantly weakened in the experimental group, but there was no difference in the later period. VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 expression in the choroid and retina were lower than in the control group. Furthermore, VEGFR-3 protein was not expressed in the retina. However, this gradually increased in the early period and declined in the terminal stage in the choroid. Conclusion VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 participated in the laser-induced CNV formation in BN rats. Fenofibrate could inhibit CNV formation.

Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., and Ramularia sp. were endophytic fungi isolated from Rumex gmelini Turcz (RGT), all of these three strains could produce some similar bioactive secondary metabolites of their host. However the ability to produce active components degraded significantly after cultured these fungi alone for a long time, and were difficult to recover. In order to obtain more bioactive secondary metabolites, the co-culture of tissue culture seedlings of RGT and its endophytic fungi were established respectively, and RGT seedling was selected as producer. Among these fungi, Aspergillus sp. showed the most significant enhancement on bioactive components accumulation in RGT seedlings. When inoculated Aspergillus sp. spores into media of RGT seedlings that had taken root for 20 d, and made spore concentration in co-culture medium was 1 × 104 mL-1, after co-cultured for 12 d, the yield of chrysophaein, resveratrol, chrysophanol, emodin and physcion were 3.52-, 3.70-, 3.60-, 4.25-, 3.85-fold of the control group. The extreme value of musizin yield was 0.289 mg, which was not detected in the control groups. The results indicated that co-culture with endophytic fungi could significantly enhance bioactive secondary metabolites production of RGT seedlings.

Introduction The clinical influence of smoking cessation on pain tolerance before surgery and postoperative pain perception is not fully understood. This clinical study investigated the effect of smoking cessation on pain threshold during the perioperative period in patients undergoing hepatic resection. Methods We enrolled 148 male patients (68 non-smokers and 80 abstinent smokers) who underwent hepatic resection and received postoperative patient-controlled intravenous analgesia. Patients were tested for preoperative pain thresholds in response to electrical stimuli. We recorded the cumulative amount of extra morphine equivalent required during the first 48 h after surgery. Pain intensity was evaluated at 1 h, 6 h, 24 h and 48 h after surgery using the visual analogue scale (VAS). Additionally, button-pressing consumption was recorded by a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump. Results The groups did not differ with respect to baseline clinical characteristics. Compared with non-smokers, abstinent smokers exhibited lower pain thresholds before surgery and demanded a larger quantity of extra morphine equivalent during the first 48 h after surgery. Abstinent smokers also exhibited more severe postoperative pain than non-smokers. Postoperative complications, such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, sedation, and respiratory depression, did not significantly differ between the two groups. Conclusions In this study, smokers deprived of cigarettes exhibited decreased pain tolerance before surgery and required a larger quantity of postoperative extra morphine equivalent than non-smokers. Health care providers must be aware of the potential for increased narcotic requirements in smokers.

Pain treatment is a critical aspect of pancreatic cancer patient clinical care. This study investigated the role of trypsin-protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) in pancreatic cancer pain. Pancreatic tissue samples were collected from pancreatic cancer (n=22) and control patients (n=22). Immunofluorescence analyses confirmed colocalization of PAR-2 and neuronal markers in pancreatic cancer tissues. Trypsin levels and protease activities were higher in pancreatic cancer tissue specimens than in the controls. Supernatants from cultured human pancreatic cancer tissues (PC supernatants) induced substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide release in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, and FS-NH2, a selective PAR-2 antagonist, inhibited this effect. A BALB/c nude mouse orthotopic tumor model was used to confirm the role of PAR-2 signaling in pancreatic cancer visceral pain, and male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to assess ambulatory pain. FS-NH2 treatment decreased hunch scores, mechanical hyperalgesia, and visceromotor reflex responses in tumor-bearing mice. In rats, subcutaneous injection of PC supernatant induced pain behavior, which was alleviated by treatment with FS-NH2 or FUT-175, a broad-spectrum serine protease inhibitor. Our findings suggest that trypsin-PAR-2 signaling contributes to pancreatic cancer pain in vivo. Treatment strategies targeting PAR-2 or its downstream signaling molecules might effectively relieve pancreatic cancer pain.

High-glucose induced retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) death by triggering oxidative stress, however, the underlying mechanisms are still not fully delineated. In this study, the RPE cell line ARPE-19 were treated with different concentrations of glucose, the results showed that high-glucose (50 mM) inhibited cell proliferation, promoted cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in a time-dependent manner. Notably, we found that high-glucose (50 mM) increased the expression levels of Caspase-1, Gasdermin D, NLRP3, IL-1β and IL-18 in ARPE-19 cells, which indicated that high-glucose triggered pyroptotic cell death. Further results validated that both ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and pyroptosis inhibitor necrosulfonamide (NSA) reversed the effects of high-glucose (50 mM) on ARPE-19 cell proliferation, apoptosis and pyroptosis. In addition, high-glucose (50 mM) significantly decreased the levels of miR-130a and superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1, and promoted tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expressions in ARPE-19 cells. Interestingly, upregulation of miR-130a increased SOD1 levels in a TNF-α dependent manner. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-130a abrogated the effects of high-glucose (50 mM) on the above cell functions, which were all reversed by either upregulating TNF-α or knocking down SOD1 in ARPE-19 cells. Taken together, upregulation of miR-130a alleviated the cytotoxic effects of high-glucose (50 mM) on ARPE-19 cells by regulating TNF-α/SOD1/ROS axis mediated pyroptotic cell death.

The present study was conducted to explore the effect of endophytic fungi fraction on growth and anti-oxidative activity of Eleutherococcus senticosus. The growth,yield,contents of MDA,and antioxidant activities were assessed in E. senticosus under five fungi fractions,namely BZ,MH,DT,JS,and XFZ. The results showed that fungi fractions and component significantly affected the growth,low concentration of DT fungi fraction significantly increased the biomass of E. senticosus,reduced the MDA content in cells,and the antioxidant activities of the aqueous extracts were superior to the others. The results indicated that low concentration of DT fungi fraction was the optimum fraction to achieve high yield and quality of E. senticosus.

Background and objective: Cataract with glaucoma can adversely affect visual acuity and corneal endothelial cells. Studies have shown that after phacoemulsification combined with trabeculectomy in patients with cataract and glaucoma, blood lipid ratio and insulin sensitivity are associated with intraocular pressure, visual acuity and corneal endothelial cells, which may be used for the evaluation of efficacy. Interleukins are the main mediators of the inflammatory response and are involved in the pathogenesis of cataract. In this trial, we will examine the postoperative changes in interleukin-10, interleukin-2 and interleukin-1β levels in patients with cataract with glaucoma, and analyze the correlation between insulin sensitivity and corneal endothelial cell density to assess whether inflammatory factors can be used to evaluate efficacy. Participants and methods: This prospective, single-center, open-label, self-controlled clinical trial will include 160 patients with cataract combined with glaucoma, 35–65 years of age, from the Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China. All patients will receive phacoemulsification and trabeculectomy, and will be followed up at 5 days, and at 1 and 3 months. Patient recruitment will begin on December 30, 2019 and end on December 30, 2020. Analysis of the results will be performed from May 1, 2021 to May 30, 2021. This study is scheduled to end on June 30, 2021. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China, on December 15, 2013 (approval No. 20131215085), and will be performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, adopted by the World Medical Association. Study protocol version is 1.0. Written informed consent to participate will be obtained from each participant. Results: The primary outcome measure will be serum interleukin-2 level, as an index of the inflammatory response, 3 months after surgery. Secondary outcome measures will include serum interleukin-2 level before and 5 days and 1 month after surgery, serum levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-10, C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-α, best corrected visual acuity, endothelial cell density, mean cell area, coefficient of variation, insulin sensitivity index and intraocular pressure before and 5 days and 1 and 3 months after surgery, and incidence of adverse reactions at 5 days and 1 and 3 months after surgery. From January 2014 to June 2017, our team undertook and completed a small-sample study of 80 cataract patients (95 eyes) with glaucoma. The best corrected visual acuity was significantly improved, endothelial cell density and intraocular pressure were significantly reduced, interleukin-1β, interleukin-2, interleukin-10, C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-α levels were significantly decreased (P Conclusion: The trial will confirm whether phacoemulsification combined with trabeculectomy has a good therapeutic effect in patients with cataract combined with glaucoma, and clarify whether the effect is associated with the regulation of insulin sensitivity index, corneal endothelial cells and inflammatory factors. Trial registration: This study was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry on September 10, 2019 (registration number: ChiCTR1900025837).

An adaptive neural observer design is presented for the nonlinear quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). This proposed observer design is motivated by the practical quadrotor where the whole dynamical model of system is unavailable. In this paper, dynamics of the quadrotor UAV system and its state space model are discussed and a neural observer design, using a back propagation algorithm is presented. The steady state error is reduced with the neural network term in the estimator design and the transient performance of the system is improved. This proposed methodology reduces the number of sensors and weight of the quadrotor which results in the decrease of manufacturing cost. A Lyapunov-based stability analysis is utilized to prove the convergence of error to the neighborhood of zero. The performance and capabilities of the design procedure are demonstrated by the Simulation results.

Dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) based on dielectric elastomer holds promising applications in soft robotics. Compliant electrodes with large stretchability and high electrical conductivity are the vital components for the DEAs. In this study, a type of DEA was developed using carbon nanotube/polyvinyl alcohol (CNT/PVA) hydrogel electrodes. The CNT/PVA hydrogel electrodes demonstrate a stretchability up to 200% with a small relative resistance change of approximately 1.2, and a self-healing capability. The areal strain of the DEA based on the CNT/PVA hydrogel electrodes is more than 40%, much higher than the ones based on pure PVA electrodes.

An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry targeted metabolomics strategy was applied to analyze protocatechuate, syringin, eleutheroside E, isofraxidin, hyperoside, kaempferol, and oleanolic acid, the active compounds in 3-year-old, 5-year-old, and 9-year-old Acanthopanax senticosus. Then, targeted metabolomics was conducted with 3 growth year plants to identify 19 phenolic metabolites related to the above-mentioned active compounds, including 9 C6C3C6-type, 6 C6C3-type, and 4 C6C1-type. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied to the bioactive metabolite data, and targeted metabolic profiling was used for marker compound classification and characterization. The results showed that 7 active compounds in the roots and stems in the 3 growth year plants differed. The principal component “Q” values showed that the total contents of 7 active compounds in 5-year-old roots and stems were higher than in other growth years. Results of targeted metabolomics profiling of 19 phenolic metabolites showed that the C6C1-type compounds accumulated in 9-year-old plants, the C6C3-type in 3-year-old plants, and the C6C3C6-type in 5-year-old plants. The stems had the greatest accumulations of the phenolic metabolites. C6C1 and C6C3-type metabolites are the most abundant in both roots and stems. In conclusion, the active compounds and pharmacological effects of A. senticosus in different growth years are different. The best harvest age for A. senticosus roots and stems was 5 years. The accumulation of 19 phenolic metabolites in different growth years also showed significant differences.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic impairment disorder that occurs after exposure to traumatic events. This disorder can result in a disturbance to individual and family functioning, causing significant medical, financial, and social problems. This study is a selective review of literature aiming to provide a general outlook of the current understanding of PTSD. There are several diagnostic guidelines for PTSD, with the most recent editions of the DSM-5 and ICD-11 being best accepted. Generally, PTSD is diagnosed according to several clusters of symptoms occurring after exposure to extreme stressors. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial, including the activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, immune response, or even genetic discrepancy. The morphological alternation of subcortical brain structures may also correlate with PTSD symptoms. Prevention and treatment methods for PTSD vary from psychological interventions to pharmacological medications. Overall, the findings of pertinent studies are difficult to generalize because of heterogeneous patient groups, different traumatic events, diagnostic criteria, and study designs. Future investigations are needed to determine which guideline or inspection method is the best for early diagnosis and which strategies might prevent the development of PTSD.

Background Glaucoma is the world's second biggest cause of blindness, and patients progressively lose their eyesight. The current clinical treatment for glaucoma involves controlling intraocular pressure with drugs or surgery; however, some patients still progressively lose their eyesight. This treatment is also similar to the treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy. Thus, saving retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from apoptosis is essential. Methods The role of Acteoside on autophagy modulation in the 661 W cell line. Results In this study, we first find that Acteoside inhibits autophagy, Rapamycin alleviates this inhibition and the PI3K inhibitor, 3‐MA or LY294002, synergistically promotes it. In a mechanistic study, we find that Optineurin (OPTN) mediates Acteoside regulation of autophagy. OPTN overexpression or knockdown activates or inhibits autophagy, respectively. OPTN is inhibited by autophagy inhibitors, such as Acteoside and 3‐MA and is promoted by the autophagy activator, Rapamycin. Meanwhile, PI3K and AKT are elevated by Acteoside and 3‐MA and inhibited by Rapamycin. Finally, we find that Acteoside inhibits apoptosis in parallel to autophagy and that this inhibition is also mediated by OPTN. Conclusion In summary, we conclude that Acteoside inhibits autophagy‐induced apoptosis in RGCs through the OPTN and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and glaucoma patients may benefit from Acteoside treatment alone or in combination with other autophagy inhibitors.

A de-noising method based on the combination of wavelet and Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (WEEMD) theory is proposed for de-noising of leakage current signal. Results show that the proposed method is effective to extract leakage current signals. The noise in the leakage current get by a non-inductance resistance with 1 ohm is very large, and the noise signal almost drowns the leakage current signal. After de-noising, the denoising effect of the leakage current signal is not ideal, and the characteristics of the leakage current itself are lost. Because of the higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the leakage current which measured by 5 ohm and 50 ohm non-inductance resistance, the de-noised effect is much better. Therefore, the hardware measures are taken to reduce the noise contained in the leakage current signal, and then the clean leakage current signal can be obtained by de-noising method proposed in this paper.

Pesticides have been used extensively for pest control, resulting in serious pesticide resistance. It is extremely valuable to identify the resistance genes related to pest control. In our previous studies, we reported that Ran is the deltamethrin (DM) resistance-associated gene. To clarify whether Ran is also related to the resistance of other pesticides, we selected four kinds of pesticides, including parathion, DDT, carbaryl and pleocidin, for further study. The results showed that Ran could be up-regulated by all pesticides. We further verified the relationship between Ran and resistance to the 4 pesticides by Ran RNAi, Ran overexpression and cell apoptosis. We found that the dsRNA of Ran induced more cell apoptosis than the control. Ran overexpression can significantly improve cell tolerance to various pesticides. These results demonstrate that Ran is associated with the resistance to and tolerance of multiple pesticides. Our evidence suggests the Ran is a potential molecular target gene of resistance control.

The aim of the present study was to examine the mechanisms through which fenofibrate inhibits the ability of human retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE cells) exposed to hypoxia to stimulate the proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). For this purpose, RPE cells and HUVECs were divided into the following groups: RPE-normoxia, RPE + fenofibrate, RPE-hypoxia, RPE hypoxia + fenofibrate; HUVECs normal culture and HUVECs + RPE-hypoxia culture supernatant. RPE cell hypoxia was induced by cobalt(II) chloride (CoCl2). A superoxide anion probe was used to measure the production of superoxide anion, which is indicative of hypoxic conditions. Cell proliferation was assessed by MTT assay, and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) in the RPE cell culture supernatant was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The migration ability of the HUVECs was determined by scratch-wound assay, and the angiogenic ability of the HUVECs was examined by measuring cell lumen formation. The mRNA and protein expression levels of VEGFC and VEGFR-3 in the RPE cells were measured by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis, respectively. Our results revealed that fenofibrate inhibited the increase in the expression and release of VEGFC and VEGFR-3 into the RPE cell culture supernatant induced by exposure to hypoxia. The culture of HUVECs in medium supernatant of RPE cells epxosed to hypoxia enhanced the viability and migration ability of the HUVECs and promoted lumen formation; these effects were inhibited by fenofibrate. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that the exposure of RPE cells to hypoxia induced the expression and release of VEGFC and VEGFR-3 into the cell culture supernatant. The culture of HUVECs in conditioned medium from RPE cells exposed to hypoxia increased VEGFC and VEGFR-3 expression, and promoted the proliferation and migration of the HUVECs, as well as capillary tube formation, suggesting that RPE cells play an important role in the formation of choroidal neovascularization resulting from hypoxia. Fenofibrate inhibited the upregulation of VEGFC and VEGFR-3 in the RPE cells exposed to hypoxia, and thus reduced the ability of HUVECs to form new blood vessels.

Alterations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), including overexpression or gene mutations, contribute to the malignant transformation of human epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to assess EGFR overexpression or gene amplification in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissue samples and investigate their correlations with biological behaviors. Tissue specimens from 56 patients with surgically resected ESCC were obtained for immunohistochemical analysis of EGFR expression and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of EGFR amplification. The data were statistically analyzed to determine the associations with patient clinicopathological and survival data. EGFR was overexpressed in 30 of the 56 (53.6%) ESCC samples and was associated with poor tumor differentiation (P=0.047). EGFR amplification was detected in 13 cases (23.2%) and was associated with advanced pathological stage (P=0.042) and tumor lymph node metastasis (P=0.002). The univariate analysis identified no association between EGFR overexpression and the overall survival (OS) of the patients. By contrast, EGFR amplification predicted ESCC prognosis (P=0.031), while the multivariate analysis revealed a marginal statistical significance for the association between EGFR amplification and OS (P=0.056). EGFR overexpression and increased EGFR copy number were common events in ESCC and contributed to malignant biological behaviors, including tumor dedifferentiation and lymph node metastasis. EGFR amplification may therefore be useful in predicting OS in patients with ESCC.

In this paper, a concave on-chip silicon-based optical microcavity was designed and fabricated. The optical modes of the optical microcavity were measured by optical fiber system. The quality factor is demonstrated as high as 2850. The structure is an open access system, which can easily be combined with the inkjet print technology to have the applications in biosensors and on-chip light sources. Inkjet print technology is suggested as an important complementary method for micro-electro-mechanical systems.

There is a great variety of devices in domestic IoT (Internet of Things) so that it causes heterogeneous information. For solving multiple nodes with heterogeneous information in unified management and making information processing more intelligential in domestic IoT, the paper has adopted one of ideas of SDN (Software Defined Network) whose mention is to separate data transmitting from controlling system. And based on the idea, one method of multiple nodes sensing of domestic IoT is proposed. It also has planned one simple self-defined agreement. At the same time, the sensed devices will be managed through structure of client/server. Finally as the simulation showed, when the count of nodes and the time of testing increases, the delaying changes little. Otherwise, the dropping rate is low as well. The testing result indicates its stability and reliability is well. Therefore, the method based on SDN architecture can simplify network transmission, and interconnect the multi-protocols embedded device well in domestic IoT. Without doubt, it provides an indiscriminate management method for controlling nodes efficiently in IoT, and it also apply to industry such as security field, manufacture apparatus monitoring and so on.

The Intelligent Protection Center can make it to be possible to recover the power system protection quickly after the power grid was destroyed by some disaster. Then there will be one question: how to recover the communication channel rapidly between “information island” based on the Intelligent Protection Center. Only if this question is solved, can power grid be reconstructed quickly. In this paper, ZigBee technology is chosen to rebuild the wireless channel for “information island”. According the theory of ZigBee technology and power system protection, the maximum distance of this wireless channel can be gotten by calculation and simulation.

This paper presents a protection technique, named integrated all frequency protection, and put forward a design of this protection technique for half-wavelength AC transmission line. In this design, the integrated all frequency protection detects the frequency signals from measured wideband signals when faults occurred, and perform calculations based on the algorithms which integrate conventional power frequency protection algorithms and transient based protection algorithms. In this paper, the adaptabilities on half-wavelength AC transmission line of each mentioned protection algorithms have been analyzed, a coordination scheme has been designed based on the results, in which the algorithms are grouped into three operating groups: single-ended, multi-ended and backup protections, all of the protections complement each other, and implement the function of instant trip, accelerate trip and backup protection. The scheme provides an effective solution for the protection of half-wavelength AC transmission line.

The conventional under voltage load shedding method only based on the local voltage information, and the method designed without considerations on load characters and mutual influences of the voltage and the frequency, this method may cause the instability of power system. This paper puts forward an improved method of adaptive under voltage load shedding based on two rounds of action. The improved method has considered on influences of frequency and voltage dynamics on the load active power, then used real-time measured electric parameters to calculate the amounts of under voltage load curtailments. In order to ensure the accuracy of the action, the method added an accelerated round to prevent the voltage drops rapidly. Simulation results of IEEE 39-bus system has shown the superiority of new method in calculating the amounts of curtailments.

This paper introduces the design and development of a cloud computing system or platform for harmonic monitoring application. In the system, a specially designed interfacing unit at each substation receiving data from measurement units in the substation is responsible for sending data from the substation to the cloud platform through the communication network. Those data may include static, dynamic, transient measurements and states of circuit breakers etc. The cloud platform receives the data from substations, extracts valuable information and allocates them to the specially designed computation algorithms in to perform some advanced applications, one of which the harmonic analysis function is proposed in this paper in order to identify the contents of harmonics and measures to improve power quality.

In order to check whether there are defects in GIS (gas-insulation-switchgear), it is necessary to do AC voltage withstand test before putting into operation. According to the standards, when doing AC voltage withstand test after GIS expansion or maintenance, the original neighboring parts should be power cut and grounded. For the double bus substation,it means that the whole substation should be power cut, which will decrease the power supply reliability of the grid and have a tremendous impact on the power grid To solve the problem, this paper presents a new AC voltage withstand test method for GIS without power cut, and explains principles and field applications of this method.

This paper aims to eliminate the danger of high temperature in the aluminum potroom by natural ventilation. According to the history of aluminum potroom, two different workshop structures are proposed to improve the natural ventilation effect. The first structure is called the inner-partition potroom, which contains blind grilles located at certain distance from the two sides of electrolytic cell. The second structure, called the large-opening potroom, directly set up a large opening on the outer wall of aluminum potroom. Two structures are compared with the aid of CFD simulation, and the physical model is established based on the field measurement. The velocity and temperature fields are simulated under three different outdoor conditions. By the comparative analysis of temperatures on the electrolytic cell and operating area, this paper indicates the large-opening potroom has better performance on high temperature condition.

The existing system of partial discharge location in substation utilizes Omni-directional UHF sensors array which can achieve single-source partial discharge source location. But for multi-source UHF partial discharge signals, the system is inaccurate and can’t distinguish types of partial discharge. This paper proposed to the method multi-source partial discharge signals acquisition and separation based on different characteristics of different types of UHF partial discharge signals in the time domain and frequency domain. Through continuously collected and stored UHF partial discharge pulse waveform, the sampling pulse sequence is analyzed in time-frequency domain to extract characteristic parameters. And then using fuzzy cluster, it can distinguish multi-source UHF partial discharge signals and discharge signals generated by the interference to achieve multi-source UHF partial discharge signals location. And it can lay the foundation of identification of the type of partial discharge. Field tests show that the method is feasible.

Objectives Dexmedetomidine, a highly selective central α2-agonist, undergoes mainly biotransformation in the liver. The pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine were significantly affected by hepatic insufficiency. The clearance of dexmedetomidine in patients with severe hepatic failure decreased by 50% compared with controls. We tested the hypothesis that the pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine would be affected by obstructive jaundice. The prospective registration number of clinical trial is ChiCTR-IPR-15007572. Methods 18 patients with obstructive jaundice and 12 non-jaundiced patient controls received dexmedetomidine, 1 μg/kg, over 10 min. Arterial blood samples were drawn before, during, and up to 5 h after the infusion. Plasma dexmedetomidine concentrations were determined by 1290 infinity high performance liquid chromatography coupled with 6470 tandem mass spectrometry. The relevant pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental analysis using Phoenix WinNonlin 7.0. Results Plasma clearance of dexmedetomidine was decreased by 33.3% in the obstructive jaundice group as compared with the control group (0.0068±0.0017 vs. 0.0102±0.0033 L/kg/min; P = 0.002). Volume of distribution was decreased by 29.2% in the obstructive jaundice group as compared with the control group (1.43±0.58 vs. 2.02±0.84 L/kg; P = 0.041). Conclusions This study demonstrates that the clearance and distribution volume of dexmedetomidine were decreased in patients with obstructive jaundice. It may be advisable to adjust the dose of dexmedetomidine in those patients.

Service industry in western cities sprang up and industrial structure transformed, thus post-industrial society theory was formed. Consumption economy of cities is rising in western country and it has become the driving force of urban space. Traditional industrial space is becoming to modern consumer space in the metropolis. It analyzes the reference values of symbolic economy and consumer space in western country to Chinese urban development.

The paper discusses the concept of “Headquarters Economy” on the current, and it put forward the idea of “Headquarters City” that achieves upgrading of urban function based on the advantages of corporate networks. Taking 45 Chinese cities as the analysis object, the paper uses 42 indicators to build indicator-system so as to assess urban environment of headquarters location. Beijing and Shanghai are the most attractive advantage to concentration of large corporate headquarters. Shenzhen and Guangzhou are in the second position, and the headquarters location conditions are significantly higher than other provincial capital cities. At the same time, other 15 cities among different administrative levels of the municipalities, sub-provincial capital cities and prefecture-level cities have the location advantages to gather the regional corporate headquarters, as Tianjin, Chongqing, Hangzhou, Suzhou, Nanjing etc.

When a power system experiences off-nominal conditions such as frequency deviation and power oscillation, the accuracy of phasor estimation may degrade. Moreover, the estimated value deviates farther from the theoretical value because of decaying DC components. New phasor estimators are proposed in this paper. They are able to handle the dynamic characteristics as well as the decaying DC components so as to improve the accuracy of phasor estimation. A new frequency estimator is proposed for this purpose. Two filters are employed to estimate the fundamental component and DC components, respectively. Then, least squares method (LSM) gives accurate estimation by reassigning the estimations obtained by short time Fourier transformation (STFT). The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by computer-simulated signals, EMTDC-generated signals, and signals recorded by a commercial relay from real time digital simulator (RTDS). The evaluation results indicate that the proposed algorithms can achieve accurate phasor estimation, frequency estimation, and even power estimation in presence of frequency deviations and decaying DC components with a minimal increase of computational cost and time delay compared with the conventional STFT.

In selective laser melting processing, the residual stress will occur inside the melted layer inevitably, and the deformation will be made simultaneously. The laser scanning strategy determined the deformation magnitude and the shape residual stress profiles. In order to optimise the manufacture and reduce the deformation of manufactured metal layers, helix scan strategy and progressive scan strategy for selective laser melting technology have been developed. As a result, the helix scan strategy helps to decrease the deformation of melted layer more effectively.

T-Type transmission lines are widely used in HV power system. The paper analyzes operation characteristics of fault component based traditional differential protection principles in the complex plane. The paper pointed out that there are some limitations for traditional principles in ensuring sensitivity of internal fault and reliability of external fault. Furthermore, the paper proposes a novel principle for T-type transmission line. Current phase differential phase is introduced into realization of current differential protection. Restraint unit of the proposed principle takes the role of drive and restraint respectively in the case of internal and external faults. Therefore, both the sensitivity and reliability of protection are improved significantly. At last, simulation tests show that the proposed principle is valid.

Three-zone distance protection and four-zone zero sequence over-current protection are traditional relay protection schemes used for tapped-lines that connect distributed photovoltaic, wind, and small hydro power sources into a distribution network. These protection schemes cannot quickly clear the faults that occur at the end of the protected line. A newly developed non-communication protection scheme for tapped-line and double-circuit line tested at Gansu Power Grid can significantly speed up fault clearing at the end of the lines, and achieve fast tripping for the entire line section. This protection scheme also shows advantageous results for distribution grid with distributed generation.

On EHV transmission lines, the impact of distributed capacitance is necessary to be considered in case of fault location. A novel fault location method for single-phase grounded fault of transmission lines is presented based on the distributed parameter model of transmission line. In this method only the voltage and current of single end is used. The residual phase voltage at the fault point should have the same phase angle as the current through fault branch due to the pure resistive characteristics of the fault path impedance. By virtue of searching the minimum phase angle differ-ence between the phase voltage along the transmission line and the fault-component current meas-ured at the side equipped with protection, the fault distance can be located. ATP simulations are used to generate data that are supplied as inputs to the fault location algorithm.