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Visible luminescence europium(iii) complexes with large π-conjugated systems were theoretically and experimentally studied. A strategy for extending the π-conjugation of a ligand for use with europium(iii) ions was found on the basis of fragment molecular orbital and density functional theory calculations. Using this method, a novel europium complex was designed and synthesized. Its excited state properties were assessed from the luminescence spectrum, excitation spectrum, luminescence lifetime, and luminescence quantum yield. In this study, the novel photophysics induced by the combination of visible luminescent europium(iii) ions and large π-conjugated systems are described.

We analyzed the incidence and prognosis of bacteremia/fungemia and pneumonia during remission induction therapy of a newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in the Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group treated with individual protocols of AML-87/-89 (1987-1991), AML-92 (1992-1995), AML-95 (1995-1997), and AML-97 (1997-2001). Bacteremia/fungemia was present in 251 of 2585 cases (9.7%); the causative microorganism was gram-positive bacteria (GPB) in 122 cases (49%), gram-negative bacteria (GNB) in 90 cases (36%), fungi (F) in 31 cases (12%), and polymicrobes (P) in 8 cases (3%). Particularly prevalent were Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 49 cases (20%), Staphylococcus epidermidis in 29 cases (12%), and Staphylococcus aureus in 25 cases (10%). With AML-87/-89, incidence of bacteremia/fungemia was 11.8% while it was 9.4% with AML-92, 8.7% with AML-95, and 9.2% with AML-97. The proportion of GPB, GNB, F, and P was 40, 41, 16, and 3% in AML-87/-89, 46, 40, 11, and 3% in AML-92, 48, 39, 11, and 2% in AML-95, and 59, 26, 11, and 4% in AML-97. The mortality rate by period was 26.5, 16.4, 14.0, and 6.8%, respectively. Pneumonia was found in 433 cases (16.8%); microbiological research covered 359 cases of AML-87/-89, AML-92, AML-97 and excluded AML-95 as there was no listing for the causative microorganism on questionnaires. Microbiologically documented pneumonia was found in 123 cases (34.3%), with GPB in 33 cases (27%), GNB in 28 cases (23%), F in 44 cases (36%), and P in 18 cases (15%); particularly prevalent were Aspergillus in 23 cases (19%), Staphylococcus aureus in 16 cases (13%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 15 cases (12%). The incidence of pneumonia overall was 24.6% with AML-87/-89, 16.9% with AML-92, 13.9% with AML-95, and 12.9% with AML-97, with a mortality rate of 28.9, 33.3, 16.7, and 16.7%, respectively. Incidence of bacteremia/fungemia and pneumonia complicating AML has tended to decline in recent years, and mortality has also tended to improve.

We designed a treatment protocol for newly diagnosed adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in the pre-imatinib era, employing intensified consolidation therapy with a total of 330 mg/m² doxorubicin and adopting slightly modified induction and maintenance regimen of the CALGB 8811 study. Of 404 eligible patients (median age 38 years, range 15-64 years), 298 (74%) achieved complete remission (CR). The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was 32%, and the 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate was 33%. Of 256 Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-negative patients, 208 (81%) achieved CR and the 5-year OS rate was 39%, and 60 of them underwent allogeneic-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) from related or unrelated donors during the first CR, resulting in 63% 5-year OS. Of 116 Ph-positive patients, 65 (56%) achieved CR and the 5-year OS rate was 15%, and 22 of them underwent allo-HSCT from related or unrelated donors during the first CR, resulting in 47% 5-year OS. In Ph-negative patients, multivariate analysis showed that older age, advanced performance status and unfavorable karyotypes were significant poor prognostic factors for OS and higher WBC counts for DFS. The present treatment regimen could not show a better outcome than that of our previous JALSG-ALL93 study for adult ALL.

A new HTS cable project supported by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) and New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) has just started in Japan. Target of this project is to operate a 66 kV, 200 MVA HTS cable in a real grid in order to demonstrate its reliability and stable operation. Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) provides the real grid and studies the impact of connecting the HTS cable to the existing conventional facilities in Yokohama. Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. (SEI) designs and manufactures the HTS cable, terminations and joint. Mayekawa Mfg. Co. Ltd. provides a cooling system. Total project period is planned to be 5 years. In 2007, components of HTS cable system were studied and designed. In 2008 and early 2009, the pre-system with a 30-meter cable will be installed in the factory to demonstrate basic performance of the HTS cable and its accessories. Then the 200 MVA HTS cable will be manufactured in 2009 and installed and operated at the site in 2010 and 2011. One of the technical targets in this project is to reduce the AC loss of HTS cable. For this purpose, a new type DI-BSCCO wire with twisted superconducting filaments is planned to be applied in the cable. A 1-meter cable core manufactured with the new wires shows its AC loss as less than 1 W/m/ph at 2 kArms, which is 1/4 of AC loss with normal DI-BSCCO.

To improve the La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSM) –8 mol-%Y2O3-ZrO2 (YSZ) cathode performance of intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), Co3O4 and CeO2 nanoparticles were infiltrated into the cathode. Co-infiltration of these oxide particles drastically enhanced the cell performance between 800 and 600 °C. The infiltrated CeO2 suppressed the aggregation of nanoparticle Co3O4, resulting in the high catalytic activity of the nanoparticle Co3O4 for oxygen reduction at intermediate temperatures. The anode-supported SOFC with Co3O4 and CeO2 co-infiltrated LSM-YSZ cathode at 700 °C showed the high specific power density of 0.58 W cm–2 at 0.7 V.

A phase 1/2 study was conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of dasatinib in Japanese patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) or Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph(+) ALL) resistant or intolerant to imatinib. In phase 1, 18 patients with chronic phase (CP) CML were treated with dasatinib 50, 70, or 90 mg twice daily to evaluate safety. Dasatinibor= 90 mg twice daily was well tolerated. In phase 2, dasatinib 70 mg was given twice daily to CP-CML patients for 24 weeks and to CML patients in accelerated phase (AP)/blast crisis (BC) or Ph(+) ALL for 12 weeks. In the CP-CML group (n = 30) complete hematologic response was 90% and major cytogenetic response (MCyR) 53%. In the AP/BC-CML group (n = 11) major hematologic response (MaHR) was 64% and MCyR 27%, whereas in the Ph(+) ALL group (n = 13) MaHR was 38% and MCyR 54%. Dasatinib was well tolerated and most of the nonhematologic toxicities were mild or moderate. Dasatinib therapy resulted in high rates of hematologic and cytogenetic response, suggesting that dasatinib is promising as a new treatment for Japanese CML and Ph(+) ALL patients resistant or intolerant to imatinib.

Employing Fourier-synthesis optics and one-dimensional position-sensitive detectors, we are developing a novel hard X-ray imager which can work in the /spl sim/10 keV to /spl sim/200 keV range either as a telescope or a microscope. As the detection part of our imager, we have developed a strip detector made of Schottky CdTe diode, with its cathode divided into 64 channels of 150 /spl mu/m pitch. Electrodes of all channels are gold-stud bonded to a fanout board, and connected to low noise analog ASIC. We read out signals from all channels simultaneously. As the grid optics elements, one-dimensional "modulation collimator" grids of 1 mm thick tungsten have been manufactured, with 10 grid pitches ranging from 0.2 mm to 2 mm with harmonic ratios. Combining the CdTe strip detector and the grids, we have verified hard X-ray imaging performance of this system. Using an /sup 241/Am source, we have successfully obtained an image in the 10-70 keV range with a spatial resolution of /spl sim/0.5 mm.

Nichrome, the commercially available nickel–chromium alloy, was employed in the hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) of Teflonlike thin films. The stability and reactivity of this material under HWCVD conditions was studied using measurements of deposition rates, electrical resistance, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was found that under HWCVD conditions, the performance of Nichrome 80 declined for approximately 5 h before stabilizing. The stabilized ribbons could then be used for another 5 h before the ribbons experienced mechanical failure. The transient behavior was attributed to preferential oxidation of chromium and subsequent segregation of nickel. Substantial differences were observed in the behavior of the Nichrome 60 and 80 alloys, which was attributed to differences in the phase stability of these two materials.

Well-defined carbon nano-ribbons with a honeycomb structure have been grown on a TiC (755) surface. The width between two armchair edges is ∼1.3 nm and the length is a macroscopic scale. The phonon modes and the electronic π bands of the carbon nano-ribbons were quantized, which is a characteristic feature of the ribbons with nano-scale widths. Additionally, we have detected the transverse optical edge phonons, of which the vibrational amplitudes are localized at the armchair edge sites.

著者人数：11名, 資料番号: SA1002235000

In dogs effects of phenobarbital (PB) on hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) activities and on concentrations of plasma alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) were examined. Total body clearance (Cl(B)) of antipyrine and plasma AGP concentrations were monitored during oral PB treatment at a therapeutic dose for 35 days. Cl(B) of antipyrine, which reflects hepatic CYP activities, gradually increased and was maintained at about threefold concentrations compared with that before treatment, suggesting that PB induced CYP activities at a large extent even in a therapeutic dose, necessary for an antiepileptic effect. Plasma AGP concentrations also increased significantly (about fourfold). Dogs were killed at the 35th day of the PB treatment, and hepatic CYP content and enzyme kinetics of several CYPs were determined using liver microsomes. CYP content was about twofold higher than that from untreated dogs. The V(max) values for CYP1A-like activity (ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation), 2B-like activity (ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation), 2C-like activity (tolbutamide hydroxylation) and 3A-like activity (midazolam 4-hydroxylation) were higher (2-4-fold) than that in untreated dogs. In summary, a therapeutic dose of PB for antiepileptic therapy significantly induced hepatic CYPs and plasma AGP in dogs. Therefore, during antiepileptic therapy with PB, special attention must be paid to the pharmacokinetics of drugs simultaneously administered.

We describe how we implemented studio teaching at the Colorado School of Mines. This includes our solution to the problem of how to develop computer-assisted learning units and how to manage independent learning groups.

The aim of this study is to clarify the clinicopathologic characteristics of adolescent leukemia in Japan by retrospective analysis. Patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), consecutively diagnosed from 1986 to 1999, were enrolled. A total of 3,856 patients from 1 to 15 years of age and 1,803 patients from 15 to 29 years of age were eligible for this study. Demographically, the frequency of AML found was almost constant during the teenage years, whereas the frequency of ALL gradually decreased. The relative frequency of CML and MDS apparently started to increase in patients in their late teens. The relative frequency of M3 and t(15;17) gradually increased during adolescence. Among patients aged 1 to 4 years, M7 was the most frequent FAB subtype. Among patients aged 5 to 9 years, M2 and t(8;21) was the most frequent subtype. The percentage of T cell ALL increased in patients 5 to 9 years old, reaching 31.2% in the 20- to 24-year-old age group. The percentage of patients with hyperdiploidy over 50 chromosomes was highest (17.0%) in patients aged 1 to 4 and decreased to 3.9% in the older teens. The percentage of patients with the Ph1 chromosome increased from 9.9% in teens to 30.0% in patients in their late twenties. When comparing event-free survival (EFS) rates for ALL according to age, the estimated 7-year EFS rate was highest for patients aged 1 to 9 years (65.9%) and intermediate for patients aged 10 to 15 years (48.4%). However, the EFS rate was significantly worse for patients aged 15 to 19 years (19.4%) and 20 to 29 years (17.0%) (P = 0.024). On the other hand, the EFS rate for AML decreased with increasing age, although without statistical significance. The overall survival rates are approximate among all age groups. The results of the study indicate that there are considerable variations in biologic features of leukemia between children and young adults. The prognosis for adolescent leukemia may be improved by introducing pediatric trials, which take into account the prognostic biological features.

A 78-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital on September 14, 1992, because of systemic myalgia and stiffness, joint pain, and gait disturbance. She had begun to feel headache and pain in the neck and shoulder in the middle of August, 1992. The pain became systemic, and was accompanied by a low-grade fever, which was unresponsive to NSAIDs. On admission, she had no joint swelling or deformities in the extremities. Neurological examination revealed weakness in the right leg, hypoalgesia below the left C4 level, hyperreflexia in the right extremities, and right Babinski's sign. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was very high (100 mm/h). Levels of other acute phase reactants were also high. Tests for antinuclear antibody and anti-cardiolipin antibody were positive, but a test for rheumatoid factor was negative. Creatine kinase activity was within normal limits. A T1-weighted magnetic resonance image of the cervical spine at 0.5 T showed an intramedullary low signal. A T2-weighted image showed a borderless spindle-like high signal. Four nodules enhanced by Gd DTPA were seen at C1-C4. The age at onset, myalgia, stiffness, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were considered to be consistent with a diagnosis of polymyalgia rheumatica. Glucocorticoid treatment was therefore started, and a dramatic clinical improvement was evident within a few days. The patient was discharged from hospital on November 30, 1992. To our knowledge, myelopathy complicated by polymyalgia rheumatica has never been reported previously. Recently, some patients with polymyalgia rheumatica have been reported to have anti-cardiolipin antibody in serum. In the present case anti-cardiolipin antibody may have played a role in the formation of microemboli or in angitis of the cervical spine.

稀な虫垂の炎症性偽腫瘍(inflammatory pseudotumor)の1例を経験した.症例は43歳,男性で,約2年前より右下腹部に腫瘤を触知していたが,疼痛を伴うようになり当科を受診した.右下腹部に手拳大,弾性硬で可動性不良の腫瘤を触知し,注腸検査では,虫垂は造影されず,回盲部に壁外性の圧迫像を認め,大腸内視鏡検査では,虫垂開口部に粘膜下腫瘍様の隆起を認め,生検で悪性所見はなかった.腹部超音波,CT検査では,約7cmの充実性腫瘤を認め,回盲部の炎症性腫瘤を疑い,手術を施行した.提出標本では,6×6×7cm大の充実性腫瘤を認め,虫垂はその中に埋没しており,病理組織学的には炎症性偽腫瘍であった.

We demonstrate a spectroscopic technique based on scanning tunneling microscopy that provides high-resolution maps of local carrier transport across contacts to polycrystalline thin-film solar cells. Using this technique, preferential transport channels across a p+-ZnTe/p-CdTe back contact of a p-CdTe/n-CdS solar cell are imaged with 20 nm spatial resolution. Transport across this contact is highly nonuniform. Large areas of high resistance coexist with nanoscale low-resistance regions that are strongly correlated with grain boundaries in the CdTe absorber. These results suggest an important role of grain boundaries as near-contact conducting channels.

The electron nonradiative recombination process of photoexcited carriers in as-grown and annealed n=Al0.2Ga0.8As/GaAs heterostructure samples is investigated by using piezoelectric photothermal (PPT) spectroscopy. The PPT signal above the band-gap energy of GaAs substrate decreased when the sample was annealed at 815 °C. In the frequency dependent measurements, the deviations from the 1/f linear function are clearly observed in the AlGaAs/GaAs samples. This critical deviation frequency was found to shift to the lower frequency region by annealing. Our experimental results are explained by assuming that the sample annealing generates an unknown deep level in the AlGaAs epitaxial layer region and this level effectively traps the photoexcited carriers nonradiatively.

A late phase II study of a new camptothecin analogue, irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11), was conducted to evaluate the anti-tumour effect and toxicity in patients with refractory leukaemia and lymphoma including adult T-cell leukaemia (ATL)-lymphoma, in a multi-institutional cooperative study. All the patients with ATL had been previously treated with various conventional combination chemotherapies and were refractory to these therapies or had relapsed. CPT-11 was administered at a dose of 40 mg m-2 day-1 for three consecutive days repeated weekly until evidence of disease progression. One complete remission and four partial remissions were achieved in 13 assessable patients with ATL. The median total dose to achieve remission was 240 mg m-2 and the median duration of response was 31 days. The major toxicities were leucopenia (83%), diarrhoea (62%) and nausea/vomiting (69%). These were relatively severe, but they were generally tolerable and reversible. However, one patient died probably as a result of this therapy. No effective chemotherapy for adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma has yet been established, and the prognosis for patients with this disease is very poor. Our results suggest that CPT-11 may be a promising agent for this disease. Further combination therapy with CPT-11 is needed to improve the therapy for ATL.

We analyzed the genetic origins of anti-GD3 antibodies by comparing nucleotide sequences of the variable regions from the human monoclonal antibody (mAb), 27-26 (mu, k), established from a patient with leukemia, and another human anti-GD3 mAb, HJM-1 (mu, lambda) derived from a patient with melanoma. The variable regions of 27-26 and HJM-1 were remarkably similar to the germ-line genes. The mAb 27-26 was thought to be derived from germ-line repertoire expanded throughout our experiment. HJM-1 was derived from lymphocytes stimulated by GD3 abundantly expressed on melanoma cells.

Energy loss features for solid C 60 , matrix-isolated C 60 in Xe, and for small amounts of C 60 on Xe showed differences related to the rare gas environment. In contrast, losses related to on-site π−π ∗ shake-up features were unchanged. The energy of the molecular it plasmon shifts ∼ 0.8 eV to lower binding energy for matrix isolated C 60 due to the dielectric response of the surrounding medium. The work function of solid C 60 is 5.0 eV. Its ionization potential of 7.2 eV shows a reduction by 0.4 eV relative to the gas phase because of dielectric screening.

Core-level photoemission studies of alkali fulleride ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ thin films indicate alkali bonding configurations that can be associated with octahedral and tetrahedral interstitial sites of the ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ lattice. For ${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$, the K 2p core-level results suggest ${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ nucleation for K concentration as low as x\ensuremath{\sim}0.1 with occupation of both octahedral and tetrahedral sites. In contrast, the Rb 3d and Cs 4d core-level spectra show filling of only octahedral sites until x\ensuremath{\sim}1, forming ${\mathit{A}}_{1}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ phases. For intercalation beyond x\ensuremath{\sim}1, the fcc tetrahedral sites of Rb are occupied as ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{3}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ forms. Intercalation with K or Rb beyond x\ensuremath{\sim}3, or with Cs beyond x\ensuremath{\sim}1, results in a spectral feature that is consistent with formation of a body-centered phase with equivalent tetrahedral interstitial sites. Results for ${\mathrm{Na}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ suggest that Na ions occupy off-center positions in the large octahedral sites. Studies of ternary fullerides ${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{y}}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ (x+y3) demonstrate preferential filling of the octahedral sites by the larger ion.

Photoelectron spectroscopy using x rays and synchrotron radiation was used to examine surface bonding and overlayer growth modes when the representative metals Ti, Cr, Au, La, and In were deposited onto thin films of pure C 60 . None of these metals intermixed with C 60 or formed bulk metal-fulleride compounds. Instead, metallic clusters were produced when Au, Cr, and In atoms were condensed on C 60 . For Ti and La, the first layer formed as a monolayer but subsequent depositions produced clusters

CdTe crystal growth by the travelling heater method and the characteristics of its radiation detectors are described. A CdTe polycrystalline ingot is synthesized from purified 99.99999% Cd and Te metals and crystals of 32 mm in diameter are grown at temperaturesof 700°C–900°C with a growth speed of 2–5 mm per day. A high resistivity of more than 10 9 Ω cm is obtained at a Cl concentration of 1.5 ppm with electron and hole lifetimes of 1.0 and 0.5 μs respectively. The pulse count mode detectors are fabricated using wafers cut from the ingots. For practical application to medical diagnostics, 90-element array detectors with an element size of 1.8 mm × 2 mm × 1.2 mm are developed. The averaged FWHM is 4.0 keV and the count rate variation is less than 4% for a 60 keV γ-ray source. For dosimetry use, detectors as large as 10 mm × 10 mm × 2 mm and 25 mm diameter × 2 mm thickness volumes are fabricated. Environmental and high temperature acceleration tests have been systematically conducted. Mean time to failure is estimated to be 10 9 h at 25°C.

Two potassium fulleride phases, metallic K3C60 and nonmetallic K6C60, are formed when potassium is incorporated into thin C60 films under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Phase separation is observed for intermediate stoichiometries. Results obtained for the C60-K3C60 heterostructure demonstrate that it is stable against potassium migration from the K3C60 phase. In contrast, the C60-K6C60 interface is not stable and K3C60 is formed.

Yb mixing with ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ produces a phase with approximately two Yb atoms per fullerene but showed no indication of ${\mathrm{Yb}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ phases with x=3, 4, and 6. Thin-film resistivity measurements indicate that this Yb fulleride is a semiconductor with a resistivity of 100 m\ensuremath{\Omega} cm at 300 K and 38 m\ensuremath{\Omega} cm at 400 K. Yb condensation onto metallic ${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ produces a ternary compound.

Photoemission and inverse photoemission studies of ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ films show insulating character for x3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 as states derived primarily from the LUMO orbitals of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ are occupied. Metallic character is observed at higher Ca content as a second band of states is partially occupied. This band has mixed character since it is derived from the LUMO+1 orbitals of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ and the Ca s states. These states are responsible for superconductivity in ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{5}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$.

Photoemission and inverse photoemission studies of thin films of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ and ${\mathit{C}}_{70}$ reveal the distribution of occupied and empty electronic states of these molecular solids. X-ray photoemission results also show the C 1s main line and features related to \ensuremath{\pi}-${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ shakeups, electron energy losses, and plasmons. Potassium doping produces changes that can be related to the occupation of states derived from the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals of the fullerenes and band-structure effects. Important differences are observed upon K doping of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ and ${\mathrm{C}}_{70}$, particularly in states near the Fermi level, and these would be reflected in the electron-phonon coupling, superconductivity, and the phase diagram. Resistivity measurements for ${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ show a resistivity minimum for ${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ and a dependence on stoichiometry that is indicative of dispersed conducting micrograins in an insulating medium. Oxygen-exposure studies demonstrate that ${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ thin films are unstable.

Photoemission studies of Li and Na fullerides show a band of alkali-metal-induced states that is fully below the Fermi level for a stoichiometry of ${\mathit{A}}_{2}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ and inverse photoemission results show a splitting of the unoccupied bands. Equivalent results for the Rb fullerides show the formation of only a metallic phase, ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{3}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$. For all three fullerides, doping to saturation produces nonmetallic ${\mathit{A}}_{6}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ phases.

X-ray photoemission spectral probes of endohedral lanthanum—fullerene complexes, La@C n , show that the central La atom is in a formal charge state close to +3, and has been effectively protected from reaction with water an oxygen by the enclosing fullerene cage. Similar results were obtained with endohedral yttrium complexes, Y @C n , and the first carbon-caged metal cluster, Y 2 @C 82 . EPR spectral results are also reported for Y @C 82 which is found to be an S = 1 2 spin system with a 0.48 G hyperfine splitting (at 9.216 GHz) centered at g =1.9999(1).

Electronic-structure studies of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ condensed on metal surfaces show that the energy levels derived from the fullerene align with the substrate Fermi level, not the vacuum level. For thick layers grown on metals at 300 K, the binding energy of the C 1s main line was 284.7 eV and the center of the band derived from the highest occupied molecular orbital was 2.25 eV below the Fermi level. For monolayer amounts of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ adsorbed on Au and Cr, however, the C 1s line was broadened asymmetrically and shifted to lower binding energy, the shakeup features were less distinct, and a band derived from the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) was shifted toward the Fermi level. These monolayer effects demonstrate partial occupancy of a LUMO-derived state, dipole formation, and changes in screening that are associated with LUMO occupancy. Results for ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ monolayers on n-type GaAs(110) show transfer of \ensuremath{\le}0.02 electron per fullerene, as gauged by substrate band bending. For ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ on p-type GaAs, however, the bands remained flat because electron redistribution was not possible, and the ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$-derived energy levels were aligned to the substrate vacuum level.

Changes in activated T cell subsets in peripheral blood were examined during the course of experimental allergic neuritis (EAN), using two-color immunofluorescence flow cytometry. Both CD4+ and CD8+ activated T cells decreased transiently before the onset of clinical signs, and increased just around the time of onset of the disease. In contrast, during the recovery phase, the numbers of CD4+ activated T cells returned to the normal range, whereas CD8+ activated T cells continued to increase. These findings imply that activation of CD4+ helper/inducer cells contributes mainly to the evolution of EAN, and that of CD8+ suppressor cells are necessary for recovery.

High resolution photoemission studies of solid O 2 in contact with multilayer films of C 60 on solid substrates showed conversion to CO, CO 2 carbonyl-like structures, and a carbon residue upon exposure to low energy and high energy photon sources. These processes are probably activated by the capture of a low energy electron to form the more reactive O − 2 species. These results reveal thermodynamically favored reaction processes but also kinetic limitations for our condensed structures. No reaction of O 2 with C 60 was observed without photoexcitation.

X-ray photoemission results for interfaces prepared by cluster assembly with nanometer-size clusters deposited on high-{ital T}{sub {ital c}} superconductors (HTS's) show a reduction in reactivity because atom interactions with the surface are replaced by cluster interactions. Results for conventional atom deposition show the formation of overlayer oxides that are related to oxygen depletion and disruption of the near-surface region of the HTS's. For cluster assembly of Cr and Cu, there is a very thin reacted region on single-crystal Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub 8}. Reduced reactivity is observed for Cr cluster deposition on single-crystal YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7}-based interfaces. There is no evidence of chemical modification of the surface for Ge and Au cluster assembly on Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub 8}(100). The overlayer grown by Au cluster assembly on Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub 8} covers the surface at low temperature but roughening occurs upon warming to 300 K. Scanning-tunneling-microscopy results for the Au(cluster)/Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub 8} system warmed to 300 K shows individual clusters that have coalesced into large clusters. These results offer insight into the role of surface energies and cluster interactions in determining the overlayer morphology. Transmission-electron-microscopy results for Cu cluster assembly on silica show isolated irregularly shapedmore » clusters that do not interact at low coverage. Sintering and labyrinth formation is observed at intermediate coverage and, ultimately, a continuous film is achieved at high coverage. Silica surface wetting by Cu clusters demonstrates that dispersive force are important for these small clusters.« less

Synchrotron-radiation and x-ray photoemission studies of the valence states of condensed phase-pure ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ showed seventeen distinct molecular fetaures extending \ensuremath{\sim}23 eV below the highest occupied molecular states with intensity variations due to matrix-element effects involving both cluster and free-electron-like final states. Pseudopotential calculations established the orign of these features, and comparison with experiment was excellent. The sharp C 1s main line indicated a single species, and the nine satellite structures were due to shakeup and plasmon features. The 1.9-eV feature reflected transitions to the lowest unoccupied molecular level of the excited state.

Photoemission results demonstrate that atom deposition of Ti, Cr, and Cu at 20 K on the high‐temperature superconductors (HTSs) dramatically reduces interfacial reaction relative to 300 K growth but does not completely eliminate it. Thin Ti‐O or Cr‐O layers are formed during atom deposition of ∼2 A of Ti or Cr on YBa2Cu3O7 or Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8 because oxygen is withdrawn from the Bi‐O and/or Cu‐O layers. Interfacial reactions are diffusion limited at 20 K, and metal overlayers nucleate on the reacted layers. These metal layers are more uniform than those grown at 300 K because clustering is suppressed. There is no additional disruption for Cr/HTS interfaces when warmed to 300 K, but increased disruption is evident for Ti/HTS interfaces. The differences reflect the stabilities of Cr and Ti in contact with their own interfacial oxide. Cu atom deposition on Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu208(100) at 20 K also leads to much less disruption than observed for deposition at 300 K.

X-ray photoemission results for Cr interaction on single-crystal Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2{minus}{ital x}}Ca{sub 1+{ital x}}Cu{sub 2}O{sub 8+{ital y}} demonstrate that interfaces nearly free of disruption can be formed by atom deposition at 20 K or by cluster assembly. For atom deposition at 20 K, a uniform metallic layer forms with only a slight reduction of Cu{sup 2+} bonding configurations, similar to that observed for nonreactive overlayers. This atom-assembled interface was stable when warmed to 300 K. Cluster assembly results in modification of the exposed Bi-O plane, but the Cu 2{ital p}{sub 3/2} emission shows no significant change because there was no change in Cu-O bonding. The irregular but complete layer of Cr on Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2{minus}{ital x}}Ca{sub 1+{ital x}}Cu{sub 2}O{sub 8+{ital y}} formed by cluster assembly exhibited limited reaction upon warming to 300 K. In contrast, interface formation at 300 K by atom deposition produced complete reduction of Cu{sup 2+}-like bonding within 30--50 A of the surface. These results demonstrate the competition between kinetic and thermodynamic processes.

This report describes basic issues behind CdTe/CdS cell performance and stability, such as the nature and electronic properties of impurities and defects that control the majority carrier concentration, mechanisms of dopant compensation, recombination processes, their nature and properties, migration and transformation of defects under various processing, stress, and operating conditions. We believe that a better basic understanding of the specific influence of grain boundaries, especially for fine-grain materials such as those making up CdTe-based cells, is now one of the most important issues we must address. We need to clarify the role of grain boundaries in forming the film electronic properties, as well as those of the p-n junction.

We describe the results of our continuing study of deep electronic states controlling open-circuit voltage in CdTe/CdS thin-film solar cells (Task 1). The study includes: (1) analysis of factors affecting trap signatures derived from admittance spectroscopy and capacitance transients measurements, such as activation-energy capture cross-sections and trap-density estimates, and (2) comparative studies of cells received from four different sources and prepared with significant variations in cell structure and processing procedures.

"The human-in-the-control-loop" is just as a closed-loop system, and is a controlled system with human operation. To analyze the human operation, the closed-loop identification is required because the person's operation can be regarded as a controller. The tracking operation of the operator is considered in this paper. The subspace identification method is utilized for the identification process. The experimental results are presented

Summary. Background: Soluble thrombomodulin is a promising therapeutic natural anticoagulant that is comparable to antithrombin, tissue factor pathway inhibitor and activated protein C. Objectives: We conducted a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group trial to compare the efficacy and safety of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin (ART-123) to those of low-dose heparin for the treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) associated with hematologic malignancy or infection. Methods: DIC patients (n = 234) were assigned to receive ART-123 (0.06 mg kg−1 for 30 min, once daily) or heparin sodium (8 U kg−1 h−1 for 24 h) for 6 days, using a double-dummy method. The primary efficacy endpoint was DIC resolution rate. The secondary endpoints included clinical course of bleeding symptoms and mortality rate at 28 days. Results: DIC was resolved in 66.1% of the ART-123 group, as compared with 49.9% of the heparin group [difference 16.2%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.3–29.1]. Patients in the ART-123 group also showed more marked improvement in clinical course of bleeding symptoms (P = 0.0271). The incidence of bleeding-related adverse events up to 7 days after the start of infusion was lower in the ART-123 group than in the heparin group (43.1% vs. 56.5%, P = 0.0487). Conclusions: When compared with heparin therapy, ART-123 therapy more significantly improves DIC and alleviates bleeding symptoms in DIC patients.

The two-dimensional 4096-channel amplifier array presented here was developed for a specific use in an area of X-ray astronomy. The amplifier array consists of a charge sensitive preamplifier, shaping amplifier, peak-hold circuit and analog multiplexor circuit together with a test-pulse circuit, analog-monitor circuit and digital-control circuit. The amplifier array was fabricated using a 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS process of TSMC with options such as five-metal, double-poly, deep N-well and medium VT. The pixel circuit accommodates in the area of 200 /spl mu/m by 200 /spl mu/m with a power consumption of 150 /spl mu/W per channel. The power rails employed are /spl plusmn/1.25 V. The entire chip size is 16 mm by 16 mm, which accommodates the 4096 channels of the amplifier array. The noise level targeted is 1 keV (FWHM) with an appropriate CdTe pixel X-ray detector. In order to maintain the low-noise characteristics, special care was taken in the reinforcement of the power-supply rejection ratio, configuration of the bias circuit, elimination of D-to-A interference and even to eliminate the minor noise associated with the shaping amplifier. Eventually electronic noise was suppressed down to 100 electrons (rms) or less for a CdTe pixel X-ray detector. The other issue concerns the pixel-wise checkout of the amplifier array. The analog-monitor circuit multiplexes the preamplifier output, shaping-amplifier output and some subsidiary test points to be externally observed, and, then, every amplifier channel can be examined over the entire chip. The circuit design proceeded under the Open-IP project organized by ISAS, JAXA, with cooperation by related universities and research organizations.

Recent results from the CdTe Schottky diode detectors employing a guard-ring electrode are reported. Cathode electrode, made of Pt, was separated into an active electrode(s) and a surrounding guard-ring. Typical leakage current of a device with an active area of 2 /spl times/ 2 mm/sup 2/ and 0.5 mm thickness surrounded by a guard-ring, is 7 pA and 20 pA at a bias of 100 V and 500 V, respectively, operated at 20 /spl deg/C . Spectral resolution of this device is 0.93 keV and 1.2 keV (FWHM) at 59.5 keV and 122 keV, respectively, operated at 20 /spl deg/C with a bias of 800 V. Detailed study of the characteristics of these devices working as a gamma-ray detector is presented.