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El artículo analiza las cuatro novelas que Ángel García Ronda, político y escritor, ha dedicado a ETA y a la situación vivida en el País Vasco como consecuencia del terrorismo. Es un autor importante para el conocimiento del terrorismo en la literatura, por los siguientes motivos: su condición de nacido en San Sebastián en 1939, donde ha vivido toda su vida, el desempeño de cargos significativos en el Partido Socialista Obrero Español y en el Partido Socialista de Euskadi, haber llevado escolta durante dos décadas, haber sufrido el asesinato de amigos y conocidos y, en consecuencia, tener amplia experiencia, pública y privada, de lo acontecido en el País Vasco durante varias décadas de actividad terrorista. Atendemos a la génesis, contenidos, intencionalidad e historicidad de la tetralogía que el autor ha bautizado como Áspera memoria. The article analyzes the four novels that Ángel García Ronda, politician and writer, has dedicated to ETA and to the situation experienced in the Basque Country as a result of terrorism. He is an important author for the knowledge of terrorism in literature, for the following reasons: his condition as born in San Sebastián in 1939, where he has lived all his life, the performance of significant positions in the Spanish Socialist Workers Party and in the Socialist Party from Euskadi, having carried an escort for two decades, having suffered the murder of friends and acquaintances and, consequently, having extensive experience, public and private, of what happened in the Basque Country during several decades of terrorist activity. We attend to the genesis, contents, intentionality and historicity of the tetralogy that the author has baptized as Áspera memoria.

This study investigates mechanisms underlying the development of anti-elitism, focusing on the concept of perceived betrayal in response to government wrongdoing. A new scale for perceived betrayal is tested, where participants are asked to respond to a relevant current political event in the UK - namely reports of failures to adhere to coronavirus restriction measures on part of the current government. We argue that people’s expectations for justice and sensitivity towards injustice, measured here by the individual differences measure of justice sensitivity, affect how betrayed they feel in response to perceived failures by their government. Additionally, feelings of betrayal mediate the relationship between justice sensitivity and a desire for negative consequences for elites and a desire for revenge. Other variables, in particular measures capturing emotions such as contempt and schadenfreude, are included in an exploratory capacity. We are also interested in how different kinds of justice sensitivity (i.e. sensitivity towards being a victim, bystander, benefactor or perpetrator) differentially affect responses to political events. Lastly, we expect betrayal to predict outcome measures over and above other relevant variables included. We are conducting a survey at two timepoints, assessing the key variables at each stage as well as adjusting the survey in response to current political developments.

This study examines a person's perception of people who took revenge (vs. forgive) and what interpersonal attitudes people have towards them.

This study examines how one’s perception and feelings toward victims change depending on the victim's response to transgression.

This study examines the role of actor-observer asymmetry in moral evaluation of feeling good (vs. bad) from taking revenge. Our design is a 2 (actor experiences pleasure vs. no pleasure after taking revenge) x 2 (actor vs. observer perspective) between-subjects design with three dependent variables (ascribed agency, ascribed communion, moral judgment). We investigate actor-observer asymmetries in ascribing agency and communion to an avenger and hypothesize that pleasure after taking revenge moderates these asymmetries.

This study examines: (1) whether people who feel good about taking revenge anticipate that others would perceive them as less moral than people who feel bad about taking revenge, especially if their fear of negative evaluation is high; (2) whether people who feel good about taking revenge are more likely to take revenge than people who feel bad about taking revenge, but less likely if their fear of negative evaluation is high.

Individuals differ in their predispositions toward seeking revenge—their vengefulness. Although the psychological antecedents and contextual factors that promote revenge have been widely studied, the structure of vengefulness has received less focus. The first phase of this project attempted to expand and clarify the taxonomy of vengefulness by using a hierarchical exploratory factor analysis on a battery of some of the most common vengefulness measures. The second phase used item response theory analysis to distill brief versions of the item pools identified in phase one. This third phase will assess test-retest reliability, predictive validity, and incremental validity of the final items retained from the phase 2 item response theory. These items constitute the Comprehensive Assessment of Revenge.

Introduction. The problem of vindictive behavior in modern pedagogy is poorly studied both at the theoretical and empirical level. It is only indirectly touched on in studies on disciplinary measures in the educational environment, the prevention of non-normative activity of children.The aim of the research is to learn the genesis of the problematization of vindictive activity in a pedagogical format, as well as to study experimentally the features of vindictiveness of at-risk adolescents. Materials and Methods. The empirical part of the article highlights the results of an experiment to detect the features of vindictiveness in adolescents at risk using a questionnaire and diagnostics of the “Scale of resentment and vindictiveness” (E. P. Ilyin, P. A. Kovalev). 50 people took part in the survey. The authorʼs questionnaire includes an associative experiment to determine the semantic field of the concept of vindictiveness and a method for analyzing situations. The questionnaire “Scale of resentment and vindictiveness” involves determining a personʼs tendency to hostility through resentment and vindictiveness, by collecting questionnaire data-responses. Results. According to the results of an empirical study, it was revealed that the vindictive activity of adolescents in the social risk group is a form of manifestation of frustration-driven conscious hidden aggression. In general, adolescents of the risk group are characterized by a high level of vindictiveness; gender differences in the description of the phenomenon are determined: underage students of rehabilitation centers are more prone to resentment, while male students are more prone to hostility. Discussion and Сonclusion. The obtained results contribute to the development of the ideas about the determination of the vindictive behavior of minors in the social risk group, enrich pedagogical knowledge with the methodology for identifying destructive forms of establishing justice in young people.

Individuals differ in their predispositions toward seeking revenge—their vengefulness. Although the psychological antecedents and contextual factors that promote revenge have been widely studied, the structure of vengefulness has received less focus. The first phase of this project attempted to expand and clarify the taxonomy of vengefulness by using a hierarchical exploratory factor analysis on a battery of some of the most common vengefulness measures. This second phase will use Item Response Theory to distill a new scale from the included items.

This study examines whether people who took revenge are seen as less moral than people who did not take revenge, especially when they felt good about having taken revenge.

At its most basic level, revenge can be defined as acts of harm against a target in response to a perceived offense by said target (McCullough et al., 2013). Revenge may seem a natural impulse (e.g., Thompson et al., 2016), and some have argued that revenge evolved in humans as one of the first mechanisms for deterring antisocial behavior (McCullough et al., 2013). However, individuals differ as to the degree to which they are inclined to seek revenge. Revenge is a complicated behavior, and is influenced by the interaction between person, culture, and situation. All three work together to shape the psychological processes that motivate acts of revenge. Much research has been done on trait vengefulness (i.e., a stable predisposition towards seeking revenge) and how it relates to acts of aggression in revenge. The present study will use item response theory and a bass-ackwards factor analysis of commonly used trait vengefulness scales in order to distill a more sound and valid battery. McCullough, M. E., Kurzban, R., & Tabak, B. A. (2013). Cognitive systems for revenge and forgiveness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36(01), 1-15. Thompson, M., Carlson, D., Hunter, E., & Whitten, D. (2016). We all seek revenge: The role of honesty-humility in reactions to incivility. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 17(1), 1165.

This is a preregistration of a survey-based study in Ukraine (conducted during the 2022 Russian invasion) that investigates whether the use of military attacks against citizens of Ukraine deters or motivates them to resist the invading forces.

research on links between narcissism and justice satisfaction

This study is designed to explore the advice that third parties give to victims of relational wrongdoing. We are particularly interested in the extent to which they believe they would counsel the victim of an infidelity to get even.

Aversive Image TAP - Developing a version of the Taylor Aggression Paradigm using aversive images as punishment. During this study we will collect data about punishment decisions based on prior provocation, indicators of current state (valence, arousal, dominance) and overall attitudes towards the opponent (fairness and liking ratings). We further want to investigate the influence of disgust sensitivity and trait aggressiveness on performance during the task. This study is part of larger project validating the use of an image based variant of the "Competitive Reaction Time Task" to measure aggression. Instead of employing noise, shock or money punishment, we propose a design that uses images as punishment. Study 1 (already conducted) only used negative images (ranging from 1 least repulsive to 5 most repulsive). During the current Study (2) we updated the image scale, which now ranges from most pleasant images (landscapes, animals) to most unpleasent (disgust evoking hygiene and food items). Negative and neutral Images were taken from "The DIsgust-RelaTed-Images (DIRTI) database"(Haberkamp, Glombiewski, Schmidt, & Barke, 2017), positive images were taken from The Geneva affective picture database (GAPED; Dan-Glauser & Scherer, 2011).

This preregistration is connected to Study2_Reverse_Anger_Pain_Neutral Image Creation. The images obtained from part 1 are now rated by a different sample. The ratings should quantify the changes in the visual representation of opponent faces on social judgements. During image creation each opponent reacted with either anger or pain (control: neutral) during a competitve reaction time task (CRTT). Classification images of each condition (anger,pain,neutral) are rated based on the following social and perceptual dimensions: trustworthiness, aggressiveness, dominance and negativity.

This project investigates how agressors process and evaluate the reactions of the targets of their aggression and how processing of these reactions influences subsequent perceptions and action tendencies.

Revenge is associated with reward and positive affect (Chester, 2017), but the details of how these feelings unfold over time are unclear. More specifically, it is unclear if people experience positive affect prior to revenge, during revenge, and/or after revenge. Further, it is unknown the extent to which these various experiences of revenge-related affect differ among people with antagonistic personality traits (e.g., psychopathy, sadism, machiavellianism, narcissism).

This study examined the characteristics of an MTurk sample's' revenge fantasies across their lifetimes.

This study explored the content and characteristics of undergraduate participants' most recent revenge fantasies.

This study examined the characteristics of undergraduate participants' revenge fantasies across their lifetimes.

Study 4 exploring revenge fantasies in a typical population.

Violent ideations are increasingly recognized as an important psychological predictor for aggressive and violent behavior. However, little is known about the processes that contribute to violent ideations. This paper examines the extent to which polyvictimization triggers violent ideations in late adolescence and early adulthood, while also adjusting for dispositional and situational factors as well as prior violent ideations. Data came from three waves of the Zurich Project on the Social Development from Childhood into Adulthood (z-proso; n = 1465). Full-information maximum likelihood Tobit models were fitted to regress violent ideations experienced at ages 17 and 20 on multiple victimization experiences in the preceding 12 months while controlling for antecedent developmental risk factors and prior violent ideations. The results showed that violent ideations in late adolescence and early adulthood are influenced by violent thoughts, aggressive behavior, violent media consumption, moral neutralization of violence, and internalizing symptoms measured 2 years earlier. Experiences of polyvictimization significantly contributed to an increase in violent ideations both during late adolescence and in early adulthood. The exposure–response relationship between victimization and violent ideations did not significantly differ by sex. The findings are consistent with the notion that violent ideations are triggered by a retaliation-linked psychological mechanism that entails playing out other directed imaginary aggressive scenarios specifically in response to experiencing intentional harm-doing by others.

Kannur is a beautiful coastal district of Kerala, which made its way to the national headlines for its brutal political murders. The state has the highest social development parameters when compared to other states but despite this, what makes Kannur standout in terms of political happenings is a matter to be discussed.

Past research has found that neural activity associated with feedback processing is enhanced by positive approach‐motivated states. However, no past work has examined how reward processing changes in the context of revenge. Using a novel aggression paradigm, we sought to explore the influence of approach‐motivated anger on neural responses to feedback indicating the opportunity to seek revenge against an offending opponent by examining the reward positivity (RewP), an event‐related potential indexing performance feedback. In Experiment 1, after receiving insulting feedback from an opponent, participants played a reaction time game with three trial types: revenge trials, aggravation trials, and no‐consequence trials. Results revealed that RewP amplitudes were larger to revenge trial win feedback than no‐consequence trial win feedback or revenge trial loss feedback. RewP amplitudes were larger to both aggravation trial win and loss feedback than on no‐consequence trials. Experiment 2 examined the influence of approach‐motivated anger during the acquisition of rewards on the RewP without the possibility of retribution from the offending individual. Participants played a reaction time game similar to Experiment 1, except instead of giving or receiving noise blasts, participants could win money from the insulter (revenge trials) or a neutral‐party (e.g., bank). Results indicated that revenge wins elicited larger RewP amplitudes than bank wins. These results suggest that anger enhances revenge‐related RewP amplitudes to obtaining revenge opportunities and further aggravation wins or losses. Anger appears to enhance the pleasurable feelings of revenge., Using a novel aggression paradigm, we sought to explore the influence of approach‐motivated anger on neural responses to feedback indicating the opportunity to seek revenge against an offending opponent by examining the reward positivity (RewP), an event‐related potential indexing performance feedback. Results indicated that, in participants who were angry, the RewP was largest during revenge trials, suggested that anger enhances revenge‐related RewP amplitudes to obtaining revenge opportunities and further aggravation wins or losses. Anger appears to enhance the pleasurable feelings of revenge.

RESUMEN Entre finales de la década de 1960 y mediados de la década de 1970 en la Argentina tuvieron lugar diversas acciones de violencia colectiva, caracterizadas por ajusticiamientos públicos y enfrentamientos armados entre organizaciones revolucionarias, sindicales o partidarias, grupos paraestatales y fuerzas públicas. Estos hechos de sangre se enmarcaron en una perspectiva de la política como confrontación, donde la represalia y la venganza fueron admitidas como parte integral de la construcción de poder. Frente a esta idea de política como confrontación armada, durante la última dictadura cívico-militar (1976-1983), se instaló un discurso apologético sobre la violencia disciplinante y reorganizadora de la sociedad, monopolizada por el Estado. Esta forma de violencia, a diferencia de la anterior, se implementó a través de un plan sistemático de detención, tortura y exterminio clandestino de disidentes políticos orientado a aniquilar a la "subversión". A partir de testimonios, material de prensa y documentos oficiales, se analiza el rol diferencial que la sangre y los cuerpos (muertos, torturados o desaparecidos) han ocupado en la configuración de formas disímiles de hacer política y construir estatalidad y soberanía en uno de los periodos más conflictivos de la historia nacional argentina. ABSTRACT Between the end of the 1960s and the mid-1970s, diverse acts of collective violence took place in Argentina, characterized by public executions and armed confrontations among revolutionary, labor, or party organizations, para-State groups, and law enforcement. These bloody deeds were framed within a view of politics as confrontation, in which retaliation and revenge were admitted as an integral part of the construction of power. In response to this idea of politics as armed confrontation, an apologetic discourse arose during the last civic-military dictatorship (1976-1983), regarding violence monopolized by the State as a way to discipline and reorganize society. In contrast with the previous form of violence, this one was implemented through a systematic program of detention, torture, and clandestine extermination of political dissidents, aimed at doing away with "subversion". On the basis of testimonies, press materials, and official documents, the article analyzes the differential role that blood and bodies (dead, tortured, or disappeared) have played in the configuration of different ways of doing politics and building stability and sovereignty in one of the most conflictive periods of Argentinean national history. RESUMO No final da década de 1960 e meados da década de 1970, na Argentina, ocorreram várias ações de violência coletiva, caracterizadas por justiçamentos públicos e confrontos armados entre organizações revolucionárias, sindicais ou partidárias, grupos paraestatais e forças públicas. Esses eventos sangrentos fazem parte de uma perspectiva de política como confronto, onde retaliação e vingança foram admitidas como parte integrante da construção de poder. Diante dessa ideia de política como confronto armado, durante a última ditadura cívico-militar (1976-1983), foi instaurado um discurso apologético sobre a violência disciplinadora e reorganizadora da sociedade, monopolizada pelo Estado. Essa forma de violência, diferente da anterior, foi implementada por meio de um plano sistemático de detenção, tortura e extermínio clandestino de dissidentes políticos, visando aniquilar a "subversão". Com base em depoimentos, material de imprensa e documentos oficiais, analisa-se o papel diferencial que o sangue e os corpos (mortos, torturados ou desaparecidos) ocuparam na configuração de maneiras diferentes de fazer política e construir estatalidade e soberania em um dos períodos mais conflituosos da história nacional da Argentina.

When people are transgressed against, they are usually motivated to restore personal power that was threatened by the transgression. We argue and test the new idea that while revenge and forgiveness responses are typically seen as opposites, both may be empowering, depending on the offender’s intent to harm. Across two studies, one experimental (N = 381) and one employing an autobiographical recall paradigm (N = 251), we tested a moderated mediation model. Notably, we found that revenge is empowering at high levels of intent and forgiveness is empowering regardless of intent. Importantly, we also demonstrate that empowerment provides an explanation for the process by which getting revenge and forgiving are each associated with improved affective outcomes for victims.

Revenge is one of the possible responses to a transgression, a way to take control over the offender and making them suffer. Nevertheless, research has shown that avengers delude themselves into thinking that they will feel better when they have acted. Actually, taking vengeance protracts the negative emotional states, contributing to negative feelings and ruminations. So far, no study has investigated the mediational role of Negative Affect in the association between revenge and depression, and revenge and anxiety. 274 adult participants were tested with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the State-Trait Anxiety Scale (STAI-Y), the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), and the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory-18 (TRIM-18). Mediational regression analyses showed that participants who were more vengeful were also more likely to be anxious and depressed. Therefore, interventions aimed at reducing vengeful feelings and ruminations, could be an effective resource for well-being in clinical settings.

This study examines the role of actor-observer asymmetry in moral evaluation of feeling good (vs. bad) from taking revenge. Our design is a 2 (actor experiences pleasure vs. no pleasure after taking revenge) x 2 (actor vs. observer perspective) between-subjects design with four dependent variables (ascribed agency, ascribed communion, moral emotions, moral judgment). We investigate actor-observer asymmetries in ascribing agency and communion to an avenger and hypothesize that pleasure after taking revenge moderates these asymmetries.

À Somero, commune du Sud-Häme, aux confins du département de Turku, plus de 160 personnes trouvèrent la mort lors de la guerre civile de 1918 et des mois qui suivirent. Les familles endeuillées n’eurent pas toujours le loisir d’honorer leurs défunts et furent contraintes de vivre durant des décennies aux côtés des responsables de certains massacres. Peut-on dans ces conditions être heureux ? Sans doute pas. Néanmoins, bien que la question du bonheur soit éminemment subjective, l’historien peut essayer de réfléchir à cette question à partir non seulement de témoignages postérieurs, mais également de sources administratives ou judiciaires qui laissent entrevoir des situations douloureuses et des abus manifestes. Cette contribution a ainsi pour but de montrer que, pour traiter d’une notion aussi délicate à cerner, le chercheur a suffisamment de ressources pour apporter un éclairage intéressant. In Somero, a municipality in southern Häme, on the borders of Turku County, about 160 people died during the civil war of 1918 and the months that followed. The bereaved families did not always have the opportunity to honour their dead and were forced to live for decades alongside those responsible for certain massacres. Is it possible to live happily under these conditions? Probably not. The historian, however, although the question of happiness is eminently subjective, can try to reflect on this question not only from later testimonies, but also from administrative or judicial sources that reveal painful situations and obvious abuses. This modest contribution thus aims to show that, in order to deal with such a delicate notion, the researcher has enough resources to shed interesting light.

Cet article propose une lecture du crime au féminin dans le roman africain contemporain à partir de l’ouvrage de Chrystèle Bellard sur la criminalité féminine et de travaux sur la vengeance. Il prend appui sur le roman Kouty, mémoire de sang d’Aïda Mady Diallo. Si le crime au féminin est assez rare dans la littérature francophone d’Afrique, l’on observe, avec ce roman de Diallo, une écriture qui mêle récit historique, mémoriel et policier. En effet, ce roman propose une expérience particulière de l’écriture policière qui relève d’une vision singularisée de l’individu confronté aux violences et au désir de vengeance. Nous montrerons que, dans Kouty, mémoire de sang, cette vengeance fondatrice permet non seulement de confronter les valeurs : tolérance et intolérance, et amour et haine, mais soumet aussi la démarche de Kouty aux souvenirs tragiques de la disparition de ses parents., This article proposes a reading of crime by women in the contemporary African novel from Chrystèle Bellard’s work on female crime and publications on revenge. It builds on the novel Kouty, mémoire de sang by Aïda Mady Diallo. If women’s crime is rather rare in French-speaking African literature, one observes, in this novel, a writing that mixes historical, memorial and police stories. Indeed, this novel offers a particular experience of detective fiction writing that is a singularized view of the individual faced with violence and the desire for revenge. It will be shown that, in Kouty, mémoire de sang, this founding revenge not only allows to confront the values of tolerance and intolerance, and love and hatred, but also subjects Kouty’s approach to the tragic memories of the disappearance of her parents.

The development and analysis of psychometric properties of a brief scale that assesses vengeful tendencies (BSVT-11) is presented. A three-dimensional model is proposed: (1) resentment, (2) planning of revenge, and (3) justification of revenge. Two studies were conducted for this purpose: one was carried out with a sample of 478 participants, to evaluate the content validity, factorial structure, reliability, and invariance of the instrument; the other was conducted with a sample of 308 participants, to determine the concurrent validity of the BSVT-11. The data indicated adequate reliability (ω = 0.877), optimal fit (CFI = 1.0, TLI = 1.0) according to the dimensions proposed, and invariance between genders (p = 0.893). Concurrent validity data yield significant correlation values (p < 0.001) ranging from 0.522 to 0.804 in the analyses between the BSVT and other scales. The results allow us to present a brief instrument with good psychometric properties with possibilities for use in basic and translational science.

Background Cognitive control is thought to be necessary for forgiveness processes. Materials and Methods To examine this correlation, highly impulsive participants, who often fail to inhibit feelings of revenge, received activating theta burst stimulation (TBS) of a classical cognitive control region of the brain, the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC). For testing forgiveness ability participants received verum TBS versus sham TBS in a randomized, double‐blinded, within‐subjects design. In both sessions, they first learned that there are fair and unfair opponents in an ultimatum game, and subsequently played a dictator game with reversed roles with the option to revenge or forgive the opponents from the previous game. Results Contrary to our hypothesis, activating TBS did not increase forgiving behavior toward unfair opponents. However, it increased the generosity toward previously fair opponents. Conclusion As an explanation it is discussed that the TBS can only affect “cold” emotions such as greed, but not the “hot” emotions such as anger., The results of this study provide exciting insights into forgiveness processes in general but especially into the connection between cognitive control, emotional foundations of behavior and forgiveness and the mode of action of neuromodulation.

Resentment is a powerful human emotion that has both private and social dimensions where it manifests in a variety of ways. It has been identified as the force behind uprisings against racial, economic, and political inequality and injustice throughout time, as well as in the contemporary scene. Its moral and socio-political implications have been reflected on ever since Nietzsche identified it as a major contributing factor in the genealogy of morality. Max Scheler made a brilliant phenomenological analysis of it, and Francis Fukuyama recently identified it as a significant force in shaping contemporary identity politics. It has become a significant political force in contemporary South Africa, where the politics of reconciliation have largely been displaced by the politics of resentment. Although it has generally been viewed as having negative consequences for the social compact, its moral justification in specific circumstances has been powerfully made by the holocaust survivor Jean Amery and more recently by Didier Fassin with regard to post-apartheid South Africa. However, it is often accompanied by what Nietzsche called the “falsification of the tablets of value”, which also means that it may lead to alternative mental constructions of reality that might result in delusional perspectives that can have dire social and moral consequences.

Статья посвящена роману «Ведьмино отродье» М. Этвуд, представляющим прозаическую интерпретацию пьесы В. Шекспира «Буря». Этвуд, трактуя шекспировскую пьесу, говорит об ответственности Просперо за Калибана и об ответственности общества за калибанов, поскольку оно само их создало. В интерпретации М. Этвуд и пьеса Шекспира, и ее роман являются произведениями христианскими, произведениями католическими в своей трактовке вины и прощения., Shakespeare’s play The Tempest is the pretext of M. Atwood’s novel Hag-Seed. Atwood stressed in it its likeness to a dream in complete correspondence to The Tempest. The main themes of The Tempest which are revenge and love, forgiveness and repentance are the main themes of Atwood’s novel. Atwood treats Caliban as the analogy to the prisoners with whom Fillips works. In her interpretation of Shakespeare’s play she stresses the idea that society should take responsibility for calibans because it created them. In their interpretation of guilt and forgiveness both Shakespeare’s play and Atwood’s novel are very Christian, very catholic books.

This article is about a new and unique course that was introduced to students at the University of Iowa (USA) in spring 2020 and focused on the current global and international issues in the North Caucasus, life, and wellbeing of women. The North Caucasus through the centuries represents the women right violations in War and in Peace. Jihad of the new millennium looks at the world through female eyes. Early marriages, abductions for marriage, polygamy, honor killings, domestic violence are common in recent years. The course introduced students to today reality of the situation in The North Caucasus. With my help who was born in Dagestan and has a strong connection with this region, with help of young people from Caucasus it was possible to build partnership, understanding, and friendship. This course provides a unique opportunity for students to be in direct contact with people from the Caucasus via SKYPE and WhatsApp. Global Curriculum Development Award was granted for the proposal of this course., Данная статья посвящена новому уникальному курсу, который был включен в программу Айовского университета весной 2020 года и посвящен современным глобальным проблемам Северного Кавказа и положению женщин. Северный Кавказ в течение многих веков известен нарушением прав человека. В настоящее время Джихад (борьба за веру) продолжает распространяться не только на инакомыслящих, но и местных женщин-мусульманок. Ранние браки, воровство невест, полигамия, кровная месть, домашнее насилие были и остаются здесь обычными явлениями. Курс: «Женщины неизвестной земли: борьба за независимость» дает возможность студентам понять и почувствовать сложное положение женщин в этом регионе. С помощью тех, кто родился и по сей день имеет связь с Кавказом, с помощью молодых людей, живущих там, стало возможным выстроить сотрудничество, взаимопонимание, контакт и дружбу между дагестанской и американской молодежью. Студенты общались с представителями Кавказского региона через скайп и систему What’s App. Университет Айовы (США) отметил наградой работу профессора И. Костиной за создание этого курса.

The article considers the system of characters in the story of M.S. Sulimanov “The Black Cave”. The honor and dignity are of the great importance for the heroes and determine compositional and ideological and artistic features of the story’s plot. The author of the story reveals the national and cultural identity of Dagestan people in the images of their heroes, their behavior in a situation of moral choice, world perception and lifestyle. The main characters of the work Nabi and Sami embody not only the features of the Dagestan ethnic mentality, but also general humanistic values. It is also important to note that the system of images in the work is characterized by versatility and is built on the antithesis, which allows the young reader to penetrate deeply into the world of the characters, to understand the nature of their actions and behavioral motives., В статье рассматривается система образов героев повести М.С. Сулиманова «Черная пещера», для которых честь и достоинство являются основополагающими составляющими и определяют композиционные и идейно-художественные особенности сюжета повести. Национально-культурное своеобразие дагестанцев автор повести раскрывает в образах своих героев, их поведении в ситуации нравственного выбора, мировосприятии и жизненном укладе. В главных героях произведения Наби и Сами воплощены не только черты дагестанской этнической ментальности, но и общегуманистические ценности. Важно отметить также, что система образов в произведении характеризуется многогранностью и построена на антитезе, что позволяет юному читателю проникнуть глубоко в мир героев, понять природу их поступков, поведенческих мотивов.

На Кавказе было особое отношение к традиционному праву и его институтам, в том числе и к системе наказаний. Вся проблема в том, что тут сложилась оригинальная система, где одновременно действовали адат, шариат и российское законодательство. Как известно, в каждом из них — и в адате, и в шариате, и по российскому законодательству — за те или иные преступления было предусмотрено разное наказание. С учетом этого в статье сделана попытка осветить одну из сложных, но интересных проблем, связанных с системой наказаний и ее эволюцией в обычном праве ингушей., In the Caucasus, there was a special attitude towards traditional law and its people, including the system of punishments. The whole problem is that an original system was formed here, where adat, Sharia and Russian legislation operated at the same time. As you know, in each of them, and in adat, and in Sharia, and according to Russian legislation, different punishments were provided for certain crimes. With this in mind, this article is an attempt to highlight one of the complex but interesting problems associated with the punishment system and its evolution in the common law of the Ingush.

В статье рассматриваются особенности института кровной мести в обычном праве народов Дагестана, а также вопросы, связанные с понятием, правовым регулированием и реализацией института кровной мести.

En el presente artículo se estudia el amotinamiento de las legiones romanas en Panonia y Germania, pero no desde un punto de vista historiográfico, sino psicológico, ético y político. En el trayecto que va desde el surgimiento de la rebelión hasta su sofocamiento final nos encontramos con individuos que de manera deliberada, racional y organizada reivindican sus derechos de una manera cada vez más violenta. Cuando las autoridades romanas intentan poner fin a la rebelión pronto generan en los rebeldes un sentimiento de culpa que lleva a muchos de ellos al abandono de la misma y a reasumir la autoridad antes contestada. El sentimiento de culpa, sin embargo, no termina ahí y la necesidad de los rebeldes de ser perdonados da lugar a un proceso de arrepentimiento, de castigos, de venganza contra sus ex compañeros y contra sí mismos hasta su expiación definitiva en el campo de batalla, es decir, comprometiendo su honor. Gracias al honor la política logra lo que no pudo la ética: poner paz en la conciencia de los antiguos rebeldes. Pero el nuevo escenario pone su precio: no es posible la inocencia en el mundo de los hombres, sino que el desgarro moral, incluso perverso y truculento a veces, forma parte de sus señas de identidad., Montesquieu.it, Vol 12 (2020)

Trabajo de fin de Grado. Grado en Estudios Ingleses. Curso académico 2019-2020, [ES]Este trabajo realiza una comparación valorativa entre dos de los personajes más importantes de la literatura inglesa: Heathcliff—el protagonista de Cumbres Borrascosas, de Emily Brönte—y Childe Harold—Perteneciente a la obra Las Peregrinaciones de Childe Harold, de Byron—.Compararé dos tipos de este héroe byroniano. Partiré de la definición del arquetipo creado por Lord Byron que será continuado por muchos otros autores como Emily Brönte. Investigaré las características byronianas que están presentes en Childe Harold y en Heathcliff señalando sus diferencias y similitudes: sus relaciones con la sociedad, su personalidad, pasado y conciencia de clase. También exploraré algunos periodos poco claros en sus vidas, su dependencia de otros personajes y su relación con las fuerzas de la naturaleza. Childe Harold pertenece a la clase alta mientras que Heathcliff proviene de una baja; Harold lleva a cabo una peregrinación mientras que Heathcliff se queda en los páramos; normalmente los héroes byronianos tienen algún secreto oculto, Harold tiene un misterioso pecado en su pasado, sin embargo, el misterio de Heathcliff está contenido en su nacimiento. En las peregrinaciones de Childe Harold encontramos potenciado el espíritu del individualismo, mientras que Heathcliff depende obsesivamente de Catherine. Además, Childe Harold se identifica a lo largo del poema con la naturaleza. En Cumbres Borrascosas, la naturaleza y sus elementos son utilizados para reflejar carácter y acciones de los personajes. Por otra parte, mientras que Heathcliff se ve diferente al resto de personajes, Harold está cansado y decepcionado con las personas que han estado a su alrededor durante su vida.. Finalmente, la pasión de Heathcliff no tiene límites (ni siquiera el de la muerte), mientras el estilo de vida de Harold le llega a cansar y aburrir., [EN]This study establishes a comparison between two of the most important characters in English literature: Heathcliff—the protagonist of Emily Brönte’s Wuthering Heights—and Childe Harold—the protagonist of Byron’s Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage—. I will compare two types of Byronic Heroes. I will depart from the definition of this archetype created by Lord Byron, who will be followed by many other authors such as Emily Brönte. I will investigate Child Harold’s and Heathcliff’s Byronic characteristics and point out their similarities and differences: their relations with society, their personality, background and class consciousness. Also, I will explore the unclear stages in their life, dependence on other characters, and their relation to natural forces. Childe Harold belongs to a high social class while Heathcliff belongs to a low one. Harold undertakes a pilgrimage while Heathcliff stays on the moors. Usually, Byronic Heroes have a hidden secret, Harold has a mysterious sin in his past, and Heathcliff’s mystery is contained in his birth. In Childe Harold independence is emphasized by going alone on a journey, but Heathcliff obsessively depends on Catherine. Furthermore, Childe Harold identifies himself with nature all along the poem. In Wuthering Heights, nature and its elements are used to reflect the characters‟ actions and feelings. On the other hand, while Heathcliff sees himself different from the other characters, Harold is tired of and disappointed with people who have been around him during his life. Finally, Heathcliff possess a boundless passion (even beyond death), while Harold lifestyle bores and tires him.

На Кавказе кровная месть еще отчасти сохранилась и поводом служат те же самые причины, что и в былые времена. Отношение современного общества к этому обычаю в основном негативное, но его живучесть в течение столь длительного времени связывают с тем, что закон кровной мести все-таки необходим людям. Он олицетворяет то, что жизнь человека бесценна и любое посягательство на нее не может остаться безнаказанной. Месть носит императивный характер, она является ответным актом за содеянное, In the Caucasus, blood feuds are still partially preserved and the reason is the same as in the old days. The attitude of modern society to this custom is mostly negative, but its persistence for such a long time is associated with the fact that the law of blood feud is still necessary for people. It represents the fact that human life is priceless and any encroachment on it cannot go unpunished. Revenge is imperative, it is a retaliatory act for what has been done

Trabajo de fin de Grado. Grado en Estudios Ingleses. Curso académico 2019-2020, [ES]Este ensayo ahonda en los dos tipos de amor representados en la novela de Emily Brontë Cumbres Borrascosas. Está centrado en el amor terrenal que Catalina siente por Linton y como la sociedad tiene un papel importante en el nacimiento de este sentimiento. Por otro lado, se comparará con el amor metafísico entra Catalina y Heathcliff, enfocándose en sus rasgos más destacados, que son el sentido de unidad y la inmortalidad., [EN]This essay explores the two different kinds of love represented in Emily Brontë’s novel Wuthering Heights. It centers on the earthy love that Catherine feels for Linton and how society plays a role on the formation of this feeling. On the other hand, it will be compared with the metaphysical love that Catherine and Heathcliff share, focusing on its most outstanding traits, which are the sense of oneness and its immortality

SOCIAL SCIENCE ASIA : Official Journal of National Research Council of Thailand In conjunction with Journal of Thai Justice System, 6, 2, 1-15

In this article dedicated to my esteemed colleague Fanie Snyman, I want to contribute to the fascinating field of the study of biblical literature and the hermeneutics of trauma. Instead of focussing on the more common reference to prophets such as Jeremiah who helped people cope with the traumatic experience of the Babylonian exile, I will pay attention to the very different message of Nahum to the Judeans who suffered under Assyrian tyranny. This prophecy is less popular and often condemned for the way in which it portrays YHWH as a violent god. This even seems to approve of, and therefore also incite sexual abuse of women. I will attempt to demonstrate that the trust in YHWH as both a good god and an avenger of the evil deeds of the Assyrians functions as a prerogative to restore the faith of the traumatized Judeans. The way in which YHWH's revenge is presented has an important function within this framework. Modern interpreters should be reluctant in criticizing it, because it can have a healing function in the specific situation of the traumatized.

One of the premises of developmental psycholinguistics is that we live our life according to certain narratives that are learned through language and media. These narratives teach children to express emotions and to attribute actions in a variety of life situations; they construct the way in which the threatening feelings such as anger, injustice, or the urge of vengeance are experienced. In this paper, we present a critical analysis of the gendered discourse in popular American cinema, based on the plot analysis of 60 films featuring male or female protagonist seeking revenge. We use critical discourse analysis to decipher the patterns of the gender roles, behaviors, and emotions, which these movies intent to force upon the viewer. As the psychological research does not clearly testify to gender differences in the experience and expression of the trait anger, we would like to argue that it is a matter of the socially moderated narrative patterns, rather than inborn tendencies, that urges boys and girls to play such different roles in those situations as well as experience them in distinct ways. Our most crucial conclusion is that Western societies have developed the narrative-based mechanisms which later helped to successfully discourage women from expressing anger in the form of physical aggression, under the threat of being left out of the discourses of femininity and, in some cases, humanity.