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Background: Corneal perforation and Descemetocele is a potential disabling complication, caused by diseases like infections, autoimmune diseases, trauma etc. Surgical approaches, such as tissue adhesive, bandage contact lens, AMT (Amniotic Membrane Transplantation), transpositional conjunctival ap, and therapeutic Penetrating Keratoplasty (PK), are available. AMG is one of good alternative for the management of small or impending corneal perforation to reconstruct the surface. AMT can prevent urgent need of penetrating keratoplasty. The aim of present study is to assess the efcacy of AMG in treating corneal perforation ≤ 2mm and descemetocele of any size and to evaluate the time of healing and stability of corneal surface. This is a prospective interventional analytical study Method: conducted on all men and women with a diagnosis of corneal perforation ≤2mm or descemetocele of any size attending our institute for period of 8 months. All patients were treated with multi-layered amniotic membrane grafting and were followed for 10 months postoperatively. Results: We included a total of 59 cases. There were 31 female and 28 male patients. The mean age (±SD) was 50.93±17.57 years. There were 30 cases of corneal perforation and 29 cases of descemetocele. On nal follow up, 67.79% patients successfully achieved reepithelization. Epithelial closure was observed within rst 4 weeks of grafting in 24 (40.68%) patients, between 5 to 8 weeks in 9 (20.93%) patients and in 7 (16.27%) patients the healing occurred after 8 weeks till 10 months after AMT. No epithelial closure was achieved in the remaining 19 (32.20%) patients. There was no statistically signicant difference in relation to age groups and gender when compared to outcome (Success and Failed graft) (p=0.869 and 0.452 respectively). Baseline BCVA (Best Corrected Visual Acuity) did not show statistically signicant difference between the different subgroups (p-value=0.668) and the difference was statistically highly signicant postoperatively (p

Background: Ocular chemical injuries are a true ocular emergency and require immediate and intensive evaluation and treatment. The sequels of chemical injury may have signicant detrimental visual and psychological effects on the affected individual. Effective diagnosis and treatment within time following the initial injury often dictate the clinical course and can prevent tragic consequences. The aim of the present study is to study the clinical prole & visual outcome of ocular chemical injuries A Methodology: descriptive observational study was carried out including 100 eyes of 78 patients after meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria. Detailed history was taken and thorough ocular examination was carried out pertaining to the injury. Visual acuity was recorded by Snellen's chart. Clinical grading was done by Roper Hall Classication. Ocular investigations were done when required. Patients were managed medically and/ or surgically. Final visual outcome and slit lamp ndings were noted at Day 1,1 Week, 1 Month and 3 months for each affected eye. The Results: study included 77% (60) males and 23% (18) females. Mean age was 25 ± 10 yrs. Alkali injuries (68%) was more common than acid injuries (32%). Calcium carbonate (lime) 35% was the most common etiological agent. 56% cases had unilateral involvement. Maximum patients belonged to grade 1 (51%) followed by grade II (27%) and minimum to grade IV (7%). Final visual outcome was found to be dependent on initial grade and visual acuity. Presenting visual acuity and grade are important prognosti Conclusion: c factors. Higher grades of injuries (grade III and IV) have poorer outcomes than grade I and II. Final visual acuity is also dependent on grade of injury and presenting visual acuity.

The complexity of uneven distribution of rainfall in time and space necessitates need for storages and transfer of water from water surplus region to water deficit regions. The ILRP advocates diversion of water outside command area of catchment up to storage site to fill up gap between availability and requirements of water. The research is aimed to conduct critical analysis of project benefits, Irrigated area, quantum of water to be transferred and enhancement of benefits of one of interlinking project viz Par-Tapi-Narmada link basic genesis of feasibility level proposal of Par-Tapi-Narmada link. An attempt has been made to review the proposal at Feasibility Stage and suggest measures for improvement. The Par-Tapi-Narmada Link ILR proposal at Feasibility Stage (2005) was finalized with diversion of 1350 MCM of water out of which a major portion was used for supplementing Narmada Command and later use of saved water by substitution in Narmada Command of Saurashtra and Kutch. The cost of Rs. 60,164 Million was mainly for 7 Dams and 400 km long canal only. Thus, there was a need to optimize benefits by using better irrigation techniques. At that time perhaps there was less or no practice of micro irrigation in Project Command which could have served 169 thousand hectares in less or no water thus making more water available for target command in Saurashtra and Kutch region. There is possibility of optimizing water utilization by reducing irrigation intensity in enroute command. Reduction of water can be done by deleting dams and B-C ratio can be increased from 1.08 to 1.29 as observed in various combinations. Therefore, there is need for re considering 7 dams in position and adopting 5 to 6 dams. An introduction of micro irrigation in the command area by switching over from gravity flow irrigation increases the Benefit Cost ratio of the project considerably. The B C ratio goes on increasing with the increase in percentage of micro irrigation. While working out the same, the yield/benefits of the crops have been kept as per FR. In addition to above, possibility of mitigation of climate change and generating solar power at top canal has been explored.

As there is a surge in the urbanization and a growth due to socioeconomic reforms, there is a growing demand of infrastructure and housing in the cites in the recent years. This resulted in the increase in the demand of construction material, concrete is one of them. It is one of the highly manufactured human made material. This had put a burden on natural resources. The paper is oriented at the possibility of finding an alternate source for gravel (coarse aggregate) which can replace partially or fully the usage of aggregate. An attempt has been made to investigate the properties of M30 grade concrete using tile as aggregate replacing natural aggregate by 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100%. A great number of specimens were casted and tested. A total of 100 beams casted and tested as per IS 516 (Part 1). All the constituent’s materials such as cement, sand and aggregates were tested for their respective test as prescribed by the IS codes. After confirming the quality of constituent material is acceptable, mechanical properties of the concrete were observed and tabulated by testing its flexural strength.

This paper summarizes the ongoing researches about the California bearing ratio which is most use in direct method to assess the stiffness modulus and shear strength of sub grade in the design of flexible pavement. Many studies regarding CBR values of different types of soil , that have been carried out earlier were studied, it has been found that CBR value varies with different properties possessed by the soil.CBR value of soil depends on many factors like maximum dry density (MDD),optimum moisture content(OMC),liquid limit(LL), unconfined compressive strength, percent fines etc. Determination of CBR is a bit lengthy and time consuming process so a correlation can be developed between the CBR values and Index properties of soil, so that the sub grade strength can be determined.

This The investigation of this present research was to examine the performance of concrete by substituting the use of natural aggregates with either the coarser aggregates or finely formed aggregates, of high-performance concretes and variations in the properties of concrete composed of Nano Silica (NS), Silica Fume (SF) and Steel Slag (SS). Steel slag and silica fume are a waste product that can be cost-effective when utilized in concrete use. Therefore, this analysis aims to understand how the possibility of using the steel slag, nano-silica, and silica fume produced in India as a substitute for natural aggregate, cement, and finer aggregates in cement concrete. Test and analysis results explain the combined effects of nano-silica, silica fumes, and steel slag on the strength of concrete. Six samples were prepared with different percentages of these selected admixtures – nano-silica, silica fume, and steel slag. The outcomes indicate the incorporation of these admixtures in a controlled manner ie. Fixing their content percentages increased the strength minorly up to a certain limit after which it follows a downward trend beyond this limit.

Concrete is a common material utilized in the structure sector in huge amounts. This man-made construction material is utilized for the construction of bridges, buildings, roads, dams, etc. It has waste usage from structure to roads, drains pipes, etc. Engineers are continuously trying to improve the performance properties of concretes by incorporating supplementary material like blast furnace slag, fly ash, steel slag, silica fume, etc. This review paper is based on the findings of three such supplementary materials – nano-silica (NS), silica fume (SF), and steel slag (SS) which have been reinforced in concrete. However a thorough study of the use, to better understand its mechanism, of NS, SF and SS in concrete is missing. This paper, therefore, seeks to provide a study of the usage of concrete NS, SF, and SS. The Nano silica is comprised of a high purity amorphous silica powder which generally exists in a powdered form. Other materials that are discussed herein are SF and SG. SF is a by-product obtained while producing silicon metal and ferrosilicon alloys whereas SS is obtained when impurities are separated from molten metal in the steelmaking furnace. The main motivation behind this review paper is to gather the relevant papers in a single place so that a concrete mixture can be developed by reinforcing NS, SF, and SS in different percentages. From the results of previous studies, it can be inferred that the combined use of NS, SF, and SS increases certain properties of concrete, particularly mechanical, which may help to produce superior concrete properties in the further studies of NS, SF, and SS. Also, the results from the pilot experiment to affirm that the combined effects of NS, SF, and SS enhance the mechanical properties of concrete are presented herein.

Concrete is the most dynamic engineering material in construction industry because of its strength properties as well as its durability. The consumption of raw materials not only depleted natural resources but also increases the toxic material in the environment by the construction industries. The substitute products have been found to save the environment and natural resources up to some extent. In the same context, some usual composition of concrete mix is replaced by industrial/ natural wastes such as Fly Ash, Sugarcane bagasse ash and Banana fibre. The samples were prepared with the different composition using different % replacement of cement and sand. Therefore, concrete mix is developed using fly ash (replacing 20% of cement) and partial replacing sand by an industrial waste i.e. Sugarcane bagasse ash (replacing 0%,10%,20% of sand) with adding banana fiber (0%,2.5%,5%). Samples were evaluated and compared with standard concrete mix under characteristic compressive strength and flexural strength. It was observed that observed that addition of 2.5% of banana fibre in Cement; partially replaced by 20% of Fly Ash, and Sand; partially replaced by 10% of Bagasse Ash is the best Combination which gives better mechanical properties.

The present impediments to the implementation of sustainable practices in residential and commercial structures in the United States, India and Afghanistan will be evaluated and compared in this study. This study intends to identify the barriers to sustainable development within the residential and commercial buildings creating a basis for the methods to address these issues. The selection of these three countries was based on taking the United States as a developed country, India as developing country and Afghanistan as an undeveloped country. Understanding the barriers studied will establish a path to overcoming them and allow the market to open up to the widespread implementation of sustainable practices. According to the survey conducted, about 91% of respondents in Afghanistan, about 71% in India and 32% of respondents in the USA have moderate to low knowledge on sustainable construction. Other barriers mentioned in the study include the high cost of materials, insufficient training, government policy, and so on.

This paper aims at measuring and assessing the Indian Cities on the environmental performance criteria across a broad range of categories and supporting indicators. A unique tool is devised for the stakeholders to address the common environmental issues faced by a lot of Indian cities and to help them learn from each other. Metropolitan cities have various Environmental issues such as urban sprawl, loss of green and natural spaces, inadequate water supply, wastewater, solid-waste, pollution of soil and air. In order to counter these problems, the cities have been changing by introducing smart sustainable techniques. Because of these changes, there is competition not amongst various nations but also among various cities in terms of investors, tourists, workmen etc. As a result, recent trends focus on rating system. There are a number of benefits directly attached to the sustainability rating tool like to minimize the city’s environmental footprint, accommodate population growth, and safeguard quality of life of urban dwellers today and in future. It also helps investors to make a choice of their location, helps cities by being a guiding spirit to enlist various strengths and weaknesses of the cities and thereby assisting them in improvement by working on their weaknesses and in defining and planning their goals and to strategize aimed at bolstering their occupied position and to develop plan for the future.

This paper targets estimating and evaluating the Indian Cities on the natural execution rules across an expansive scope of classifications and supporting markers. Metropolitan urban areas have different Environmental issues like never-ending suburbia, Deprive of green and characteristic gaps, insufficient H2O supply, sewage water, solid refuse, contamination of air and soil. To combat such issues, the urban communities are being modified by presenting shrewd feasible procedures. There are various advantages straightforwardly joined to the manageability estimating apparatus such as to limit the natural impression of city, oblige populace development, and protect personal satisfaction of metropolitan occupants today and in future. It additionally assists financial backers with settling on a decision of their area, helps urban communities by being a directing soul to enroll different qualities and shortcomings of the urban communities and in this way helping them in progress by chipping away at their shortcomings and in characterizing and arranging their objectives and to plan pointed toward supporting their involved position and to foster arrangement for what’s to come.

Mesoporous strontium doped ZnO nanoparticles are synthesized as photocatalyst by using zinc nitrate hexahydrate, surfactant P123, strontium nitrate hexahydrate via the hydrothermal process. X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectroscopy (UV), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Photoluminescence (PL), Energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) characterizations are used for the analysis of all the samples. XRD spectra disclose the disparity in the crystal size 14.98 to 22.74 nm. The study of UV spectroscopy revealed the energy bandgap difference between 3.3–2.92 eV. PL spectroscopy shows the effect of doping on the electron-hole recombination rate of the sample. FTIR analysis has utilized to determine the functional groups such as –OH, C=O=C, and –C–O present in the sample. EDX spectra show the elemental compositions of the sample. SEM images show the agglomerated morphology and TEM images show the different shape morphology of the sample. BET analysis shows the occurrence of 39.9 m2 g−1 surface area with mesoporous morphology. The effect of the increasing percentage of strontium on the photocatalytic capability of ZnO is checked against methylene blue and congo red dyes with 75% and 80% degradation.

We compute the surface-induced morphology and the free-energy pathways as a cylindrical liquid crystalline filament with preferred homeotropic (orthogonal) interface orientation passes through a sequence of growing sinusoidal perturbations and breaks up into droplets. Liquid crystalline morphology is determined using a simulated annealing algorithm [R. K. Goyal and M. M. Denn, Phys. Rev. E, 75, 021704 (2007)] to minimize the Oseen-Frank free energy. A first-order morphological transition with a finite energy barrier is required when the perturbation amplitude exceeds a critical value, and it is possible that progress towards breakup will be kinetically trapped in a varicose cylindrical shape. This result may be related to the apparent kinetic trapping of dispersed nematic 4'-octyl-4-biphenylcarbonitrile in a gel state reported by Inn and Denn [J. Rheol., 49, 887 (2005)].

Several microcomputer‐based software packages are available which support library operations and the creation and searching of bibliographic databases. dBase/foxBase are such packages which are widely used in library operations, but these packages are limited in scope. Some of the important features such as variable field length, variable record length, full boolean search capability, flexible indexing and special print formatting are not available.

When a binary mixture of granular materials, differing in shape or size, is poured into a quasi-two-dimensional silo, segregation of the mixture is observed. Depending on the size ratio ${d}_{2}∕{d}_{1}$ of the species, the mixture segregates completely or partially into the pure species. To study the partial-segregation effect we propose a theoretical model based on the work of Boutreux and de Gennes [J. Phys. I 6, 1295 (1996)] but we introduce more realistic collision functions. To compare the partial- and complete-segregation effects, we also discuss calculations for the complete-segregation model proposed by Makse [Phys. Rev. E 56, 7008 (1997)]. Our experiments confirm the analytical solutions for both types of segregation. We find that the transition from complete segregation to partial segregation appears as the size ratio of the species is decreased below a critical value, which is found to be ${d}_{2}∕{d}_{1}\ensuremath{\simeq}1.4$ for our system. Our experimental and analytical studies predict the regime for applicability of both partial- and complete-segregation models in terms of the size ratio of the species and the respective model parameters.

Orientation distributions in droplets of liquid crystals with homeotropic anchoring are computed with a simulated annealing algorithm that minimizes the free energy of the Oseen-Frank continuum theory. The droplets exhibit multiple orientational steady states that are separated by finite energy barriers over the entire range of the dimensionless ratio of surface to elastic forces, with maximum transition energy densities of the order of $2000\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{J}∕{\mathrm{m}}^{3}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}(\mathrm{Pa})$ for a typical liquid crystalline droplet with a spherical radius of $1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$. The transition energy densities decrease with elongation to spheroidal droplets with aspect ratios of four or more, indicating that droplet elongation is favored to drive surface-induced transitions.

Agricultural spraying involves atomizing a liquid stream through a hydraulic nozzle, thus forming a liquid sheet that is subsequently destabilized into drops. Standard adjuvants such as dilute oil-in- water emulsions are known to influence the spray drop size distribution. Although being documented, the physical mechanisms at the origin of the size increase remain unclear. To elucidate the mechanisms causing the changes on the drop size distribution, we investigate the influence of dilute emulsions on the destabilization mechanisms of liquid sheets. Model laboratory experiments based on the collision of a liquid tear on a small solid target are used to produce and characterize liquid sheets. With dilute oil-in-water emulsions, the liquid sheet is destabilized during its expansion by the nucleation of holes that perforate the sheet and grow. The emulsion concentration and the size of the oil droplet of the emulsion are varied to rationalize their influence on the sheet destabilization mechanisms. The results obtained with the model laboratory experiments are compared to the measurement of the drop size distribution resulting from a conventional agricultural spray. The very good correlation between the number of perforation events and the volume fraction of small drops in the spray suggests (i) that the model experiment on liquid sheet is appropriate to investigate and gain an understanding of the physical mechanisms governing the spray drop size distribution and (ii) that the perforation destabilization mechanism of liquid sheets, which dominates for dilute emulsions, is at the origin of the increase of the size of the spray drops.

Pesticide spraying in agriculture involves atomizing a liquid stream through a hydraulic nozzle. The spray droplets results from the destabilization of a liquid sheet formed by the nozzle. Standard pesticide solution adjuvants as dilute solution of long polymer chains or dilute emulsions are known to influence the spray drop size distribution. Although being documented, these effects are not understood yet. In order to elucidate the physical mechanisms at the origin of the change on the drop size distribution, we investigate the influence of different complex fluids on the destabilization mechanisms of liquid sheets. We here form liquid sheets by the collision of a liquid drop on a small solid target. Upon impact, the drop flattens into a radial sheet expanding in the air bounded by a thicker rim.