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Background: Ursolic acid (UA, 3β-hydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid), a pentacyclic triterpenoid from various medicinal plants, has been blessed with proven biological effects, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant and antibacterial, but its bioavailability and solubility limit its clinical application. Objective: Synthesis of UA-based hybrid molecules to explore their antibacterial and synergy potential in combination with azithromycin (AZT) for the treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections. Methods: Hybrid molecules of UA with menthol, eugenol, and nalidixic acid (NAL) along with some other ester derivatives were synthesized, and evaluated for their antibacterial and synergy potential in combination with AZT against the clinical isolate of Escherichia coli in terms of their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), fold reduction in MIC, fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) and type of interaction. In silico screening of pharmacokinetic parameters, docking affinity against efflux pump proteins AcrA, AcrB, and TolC was performed on the most potent derivative 7 (3-O-nalidixoyl UA). Results: Derivative 7 showed MIC of 62.5 µg/mL and a strong synergistic effect with AZT reducing the MIC of AZT from 100 to 0.19 µg/mL (512-fold reduction) against E. coli at a concentration of 12.5 µg/mL. Other derivatives neither showed antibacterial activity of their own (MIC > 1000 µg/mL) nor any significant synergistic interaction in combination with AZT. The in silico studies on 7 revealed improved druggability parameters over the parent UA and NAL. Conclusion: The findings highlight derivative 7 as strong synergistic agent in combination with AZT which may be further investigated to render its efficient use for the treatment of MDR bacterial infections.

4-(tert-Butyl)-4-nitro-1,1-biphenyl has been synthesized, and its structure has been characterized by using some spectroscopic and single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. It crystallizes in a monoclinic crystal system with space group P21/n and unit cell parameters: a = 6.4478(3) Å, b = 9.2477(4) Å, c = 23.4572(9) Å, β = 95.114(4)°, V = 1393.11(10) Å3, Z = 4. The molecular structure has been solved by using the intrinsic phasing method. The crystal structure is stabilized by C-H···O interactions. Computational studies were performed using density functional theory (DFT) and Hartree-Fock (HF) methods. The optimized geometry obtained from DFT and HF in the gas phase was compared with solid-phase experimental data retrieved from single-crystal X-ray diffraction results. Frontier molecular orbitals, such as the HOMO/LUMO energy gap, the molecular electrostatic potential, and Mulliken atomic charges, have been investigated. The HOMO LUMO energy gap of 3.97 eV indicates that the molecule is soft and highly reactive. The Hirshfeld surface analysis and their associated fingerprint plots have been used to quantitatively validate the interactions. Further insilico molecular docking studies have been performed with the molecular target Type-II topoisomerase (PDB ID: 1JIJ) and their results suggest that 4-(tert-butyl)-4-nitro-1,1-biphenyl could be considered an anticancer drug.

2-Amino-4-(2, 5-dimethoxyphenyl)-4a,5,6,7-tetrahydronaphthalene-1,3,3(4H)-tricarbonitrile has been synthesized and characterized by conventional spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR and 1H NMR) and the three-dimensional structure elucidated by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies (SC-XRD). It exists in monoclinic crystal system with space group P21/c and lattice parameters: a = 14.641(13) Å, b = 8.653(4) Å, c = 16.609(10) Å, β = 116.34(3)°, and Z = 4. In the crystal packing, molecules are connected through N-H···O and N-H···N intermolecular and intramolecular C-H···O interactions. The N1-H11···N2 interaction results in the formation of a dimer corresponding to R22(12) graph-set motif. The molecular structure has been theoretically optimized by using density functional theory (DFT) with the basis set B3LYP/6-311G (d,p). The optimized bond geometry shows consistency with the SC-XRD data. Besides this, the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), Mulliken charges, and frontier molecular orbital analysis have been described. The dnorm, shape index, curvedness, crystal voids, 2D fingerprint (FP) plots, and 3D energy frameworks using Hirshfeld surface (HS) studies have also been computed and investigated. The molecular docking studies for 2-amino-4-(2, 5-dimethoxyphenyl)-4a,5,6,7-tetrahydronaphthalene-1,3,3(4H)-tricarbonitrile with DNA gyrase/lanosterol 14α-demethylase suggest that the compound may act as an active antimicrobial drug.

The paper analyses the relationship between share pledging and firm performance and explores the influence of the monitoring mechanism on share pledging using the Indian dataset. The data set includes BSE Midcap firms from March 2009 to March 2019. Following Two-way Fixed Effect Model (2FE) with lagged dependent variables (LDV), we conclude that pledging activity is positively associated with stock volatility and institutional-holding serves as a monitoring mechanism for share pledging.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder. Recent studies show that AD is the most common cause of dementia. There are several symptomatic treatments available to counterbalance the neurotransmitter disturbance. Currently, cholinesterase inhibitors are available for the treatment of mild to moderate AD. In addition to that, memantine (an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor non-competitive antagonist) is also available for moderate to severe AD. Poor blood-brain barrier permeability is a limitation of existing drugs. These drugs may slow the disease progression, but there are chances of reoccurrence of the disease. Several medicinal plants such as Jasminum sambac, Rosmarinus officinalis, Eucalyptus globulus, Nigella sativa, and Acorus gramineus are reported to have neuroprotective effects. Salvia officinalis has cholinergic binding properties. Ginger root extract may prevent behavioral dysfunction in AD. Extensive research on these plants should be carried out. Drug delivery systems such as lipid nanoparticles, polymer nanoparticles, nano-micelles, nano-gels, liposomes, phytosomes, etc., could significantly improve the pharmacokinetics, stability, efficacy and reduce the side effects. Phytosomes have the advantage over other drug delivery systems to selectively target the drugs into the brain. In contrast to traditional approaches, polar phytoconstituents loaded phytosomes are more bioavailable on the site of brain tissue, as they can easily go for systemic circulation crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). Phytosomes have a low hazard profile as toxicological outcomes are negligible and assure duration of action at a low-risk profile due to upgraded absorption of the active constituents. In addition to this, the improved pharmacodynamic properties of phytosomes make them suitable for the treatment of neurological disorders.

The usefulness of plant extracts in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have received a lot of interest since it is easy, environmentally benign, stable and economical. The present study involves biosynthesis of AgNPs using Trigonella foenum-graceum L. leaf extract belonging to specific variety HM (Hisar Mukta) 425. The different reaction conditions such as amount of leaf extract, temperature, concentration of silver nitrate, pH and incubation period were optimized by using UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The average particle size, morphology and elemental composition of the AgNPs were studied through UV-Vis spectroscopy, Particle size analyser (PSA), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The average size of AgNPs was found to be 19 nm and were spherical in shape. The efficacy of AgNPs as a catalyst was confirmed by the 13 minutes completion of the organic pollutant p-nitrophenol (p-NP) reduction. Their catalytic capabilities strongly support the use of AgNPs in the purification of contaminated water.

5-methylcytosine (m

Molecular structures of four 6-chloro-coumarins have been optimized using DFT/B3LYP method. The energy of the HOMO and LUMO has been predicted. Lattice energy analysis (based on CLP-PIXEL module) in case of each structure indicates that the crystal packing stability is mainly derived by C–H…O and π…π type interactions. Besides this, the intermolecular interactions of the type C–H…Cl, C–H…π, C–Cl…π and C–Cl…O also exist in the crystal structures. Quantitative analysis of each intermolecular interaction using 3D-Hirshfeld surfaces and corresponding 2D-fingerprint has been carried out.

The nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds play a very important role in defining their biological and pharmacological properties. Two such important compounds having known crystal structure, viz. 5-Methoxy-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2(3H)-thione (M1) and 4, 5- Dimethylbenzimidazolene-2-thione (M2), have been investigated for their optimal molecular geometry, atomic Mulliken charges, molecule electrostatic potential, HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital)-LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital), and associated molecular characteristics using DFT (density functional theory). The optimized geometry of (M1) and (M2), slightly deviates from the X-ray structure. The N-H...S and N-H...O hydrogen bonding contribute to the Hirshfeld surface in the molecular structure M1 [24.2 % and 7.1 % of the overall contribution, respectively] while the N-H...S hydrogen bonding contribution is 25.4% in M2. The crystal void analysis has also been reported, besides the energy frameworks built using distinct intermolecular interaction energies. The computational antibacterial activity of both structures has been analyzed in silico with Staphylococcus epidermidis bacterial protein (PDB ID: 4EJV). The results indicate that M1 and M2 possess higher binding energy with more interactions as compared to the standard drug chloramphenicol with receptor complex and this observation leads us to the state that these two derivatives could be the potential candidates for the antibacterial drug development process. KEYWORDS: Crystal voids; Density Functional Theory; Hirshfeld surface; Interaction energy; Mulliken charges; Molecular orbital energy; Molecular docking

Insurance has been the back bone of Indian society and economy. For India, a developing country, insurance does serve the need to a limited extent as social security practices are absent in India compared to foreign nations. Insurance has been sold mainly through traditional channels with Agency garnering major share of the pie. The study started with robust literature review, formulating the objectives to examine existing offline distribution channels for insurance and the relative significance of emerging online distribution channel for insurance. Accordingly hypothesis were promulgated for understanding difference between online and offline insurance in terms of cost and convenience, difference between economies of scale and accuracy, beneficial to customer and/or company and on the growing trend of young internet users being a high potential target market for insurance business suitable to online channel. The study further gives suggestions and recommendations for promotion of online channels and highlights its relative significance to various stakeholders.

Three complexes of Cu(i), [Cu(PPh3)2(mts)] (1), [Cu(dppf)(mts)] (2) and [Cu(dppe)(mts)]2 (3) (mts = methylthiosalicylate; dppf = diphenylphosphinoferrocene; dppe = diphenylphosphinoethane), have been synthesized and characterized.

Although the non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals bonds are considered as weak but have a significant impact on the characteristics of the molecule in solution and the crystalline phase. The nature and strength of such intermolecular interactions result in various physicochemical and biological properties in crystal structures. In the present study, a quantitative analysis of intermolecular interaction in the crystal packing of some bromine substituted coumarin derivatives has been undertaken for lattice energy and intermolecular interaction energies analyses using a computational approach. The analysis shows that the energy contribution of halogen bonds such as C-Br…O and C-Br…π is quite significant in the crystal structures of bromine substituted coumarins. Besides, the C-H…O, C-H…Br and π…π interactions are also found to have a profound effect on the molecular packing of these structures. Molecular interactions with reference to the packing mechanism in each molecule are studied in detail. It is expected that empirical analysis of molecular energy interactions will help in understanding the role of various structural motifs in crystal packing

The structures of three di-ortho-substituted halogenated biphenyls have been revisited for their optimized geometry and other quantum chemical investigations. The X-ray data, in conjunction with quantum chemical investigations, reveals some interesting results. The Hirshfeld surface analysis helps visualize various intermolecular interactions and the energy frameworks dwell further on the dominant interaction energy component for each structure. To study the inhibitory behaviour of each biphenyl against Cytochrome-P450-14alpha-sterol demethylase fungal enzyme (PDB code: 1EA1), the results of molecular docking studies suggest that the di-ortho-substituted halogenated biphenyls may be regarded as effective and efficient antifungal drugs.

Green finance has been one of the trending keywords in Google trends in the recent years. Though it is not a buzzword for developed economies per se, it is for emerging markets. The goal of green finance is to provide funding for sustainable development projects. Green bonds (GB) are one of the green finance instruments and are issued to fixed-income seeking investors, and the funds collected through these are invested in green projects. Traditionally, firms in emerging economies (EE) have remained skewed towards bank loans as debt in the capital structure. It is important to highlight here that bank loans as debt were not always by their choice but by compulsion, also because other avenues of debt like bond markets in EEs are not well developed and are thinly traded. It is well known that bond markets are a better source of debt funding than other debt sources from the cost of funding and loan-concentration risk perspectives

Background: Seasonal outbreaks of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) have been reported especially in the pediatric population with a high case fatality rate in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. Orienti...

BackgroundRecent studies on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reveal that Omicron variant BA.1 and sub-lineages have revived the concern over resistance to antiviral drugs and vaccine-induced immunity. The present study aims to analyze the clinical profile and genome characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 variant in eastern Uttar Pradesh (UP), North India.MethodsWhole-genome sequencing (WGS) was conducted for 146 SARS-CoV-2 samples obtained from individuals who tested coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) positive between the period of 1 January 2022 and 24 February 2022, from three districts of eastern UP. The details regarding clinical and hospitalized status were captured through telephonic interviews after obtaining verbal informed consent. A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree was created for evolutionary analysis using MEGA7.ResultsThe mean age of study participants was 33.9 ± 13.1 years, with 73.5% accounting for male patients. Of the 98 cases contacted by telephone, 30 (30.6%) had a travel history (domestic/international), 16 (16.3%) reported having been infected with COVID-19 in past, 79 (80.6%) had symptoms, and seven had at least one comorbidity. Most of the sequences belonged to the Omicron variant, with BA.1 (6.2%), BA.1.1 (2.7%), BA.1.1.1 (0.7%), BA.1.1.7 (5.5%), BA.1.17.2 (0.7%), BA.1.18 (0.7%), BA.2 (30.8%), BA.2.10 (50.7%), BA.2.12 (0.7%), and B.1.617.2 (1.3%) lineages. BA.1 and BA.1.1 strains possess signature spike mutations S:A67V, S:T95I, S:R346K, S:S371L, S:G446S, S:G496S, S:T547K, S:N856K, and S:L981F, and BA.2 contains S:V213G, S:T376A, and S:D405N. Notably, ins214EPE (S1- N-Terminal domain) mutation was found in a significant number of Omicron BA.1 and sub-lineages. The overall Omicron BA.2 lineage was observed in 79.5% of women and 83.2% of men.ConclusionThe current study showed a predominance of the Omicron BA.2 variant outcompeting the BA.1 over a period in eastern UP. Most of the cases had a breakthrough infection following the recommended two doses of vaccine with four in five cases being symptomatic. There is a need to further explore the immune evasion properties of the Omicron variant.

5-methylcytosine (m 5 C) is one of the most prevalent modifications of RNA, playing important roles in RNA metabolism, nuclear export, and translation. However, the potential role of RNA m 5 C methylation in innate immunity remains elusive. Here, we show that depletion of NSUN2, an m 5 C methyltransferase, significantly inhibits the replication and gene expression of a wide range of RNA and DNA viruses. Notably, we found that this antiviral effect is largely driven by an enhanced type I interferon (IFN) response. The antiviral signaling pathway is dependent on the cytosolic RNA sensor RIG-I but not MDA5. Transcriptome-wide mapping of m 5 C following NSUN2 depletion in human A549 cells revealed a marked reduction in the m 5 C methylation of several abundant noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). However, m 5 C methylation of viral RNA was not noticeably altered by NSUN2 depletion. In NSUN2-depleted cells, the host RNA polymerase (Pol) III transcribed ncRNAs, in particular RPPH1 and 7SL RNAs, were substantially up-regulated, leading to an increase of unshielded 7SL RNA in cytoplasm, which served as a direct ligand for the RIG-I–mediated IFN response. In NSUN2-depleted cells, inhibition of Pol III transcription or silencing of RPPH1 and 7SL RNA dampened IFN signaling, partially rescuing viral replication and gene expression. Finally, depletion of NSUN2 in an ex vivo human lung model and a mouse model inhibits viral replication and reduces pathogenesis, which is accompanied by enhanced type I IFN responses. Collectively, our data demonstrate that RNA m 5 C methylation controls antiviral innate immunity through modulating the m 5 C methylome of ncRNAs and their expression.

A comparative crystallographic and detailed computational analysis of four known 6-chloropurine X-ray structures, accessed from the CSD repository, has been reported in this paper. The quantum chemical analysis of each structure, including the optimized geometry, lattice energy, Hirshfeld surface, HOMO-LUMO energies, has been made to account for the properties of this class of biologically important organic materials. The lattice energy contribution in terms of intermolecular interactions, responsible for the packing stability, has been estimated by PIXEL procedure. Three-dimensional Hirshfeld surfaces and the corresponding 2D-fingerprint plots include the analysis of short intermolecular contacts. The π…π interactions and stacking features of molecules in the packing, have been analyzed using shape index and curvedness plots.

Background Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is a major public health concern in India, and the Japanese Encephalitis (JE) virus is the most common cause of viral encephalitis in Asia affecting children under the age of 15 years. In India, despite the introduction of the JE vaccine (SA-14-14-2) in the immunization programme, JE continues to account for 15–20% of AES cases to date. This study evaluates the immunogenicity of live attenuated SA-14-14-2 JE vaccine in terms of persistence of the humoral response after two doses. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 266 children belonging to one of the JE endemic regions of Uttar Pradesh, India. Blood samples were taken from children (2–10 years) and grouped according to the duration (in years) after two doses of the vaccine (5 groups with a class interval of 2 years). Informed written consent was obtained from the parents/guardians. All the samples collected were tested for the presence of anti-JEV-specific IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and further confirmed by micro neutralization test (MNT) and immunofluorescence assays. Results Of the 266 samples tested by ELISA for anti-JEV-specific IgG antibodies, 260 (97.74%) were negative and 6 (2.26%) were equivocal. The geometric mean immune status ratio across the five groups, 0–2 years (n = 59), 2–4 years (n = 73), 4–6 years (n = 65), 6–8 years (n = 48) and 8–10 years (n = 21) post-two doses of SA-14-14-2 JE vaccine was 1.143, 1.059, 1.138, 1.075 and 1.130, respectively, and the geometric mean titre obtained from MNT across the five groups was 10.77, 8.400, 8.453, 9.517 and 9.674, respectively. Conclusion The study showed a decreasing trend of anti-JEV specific IgG antibody titres across the five groups based on the duration following two doses of SA-14-14-2 vaccine. The results emphasize the significance of booster doses of vaccine for children living in endemic areas.

Euonymus tingens Wall is a temperate dendriform plant species, collected from Great Himalayan National Park, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh. It is found that this plant is related with the local people daily needs and now a day it is also demanded by the some industries. This plant is used by the local as timber, dye, fuel and fodder. So number of plant individuals decreases or there is decline in the populations of plant in the area.

CD3-epsilon(CD3e) immunotoxins (IT), a promising precision reagent for various clinical conditions requiring effective depletion of T cells, often shows limited treatment efficacy for largely unknown reasons. Tissue-resident T cells that persist in peripheral tissues have been shown to play pivotal roles in local and systemic immunity, as well as transplant rejection, autoimmunity and cancers. The impact of CD3e-IT treatment on these local cells, however, remains poorly understood. Here, using a new murine testing model, we demonstrate a substantial enrichment of tissue-resident Foxp3+ Tregs following CD3e-IT treatment. Differential surface expression of CD3e among T-cell subsets appears to be a main driver of Treg enrichment in CD3e-IT treatment. The surviving Tregs in CD3e-IT-treated mice were mostly the CD3e

CD3-epsilon(CD3e) immunotoxins (IT), a promising precision reagent for various clinical conditions requiring effective depletion of T cells, often shows limited treatment efficacy for largely unknown reasons. Tissue-resident T cells that persist in peripheral tissues have been shown to play pivotal roles in local and systemic immunity, as well as transplant rejection, autoimmunity and cancers. The impact of CD3e-IT treatment on these local cells, however, remains poorly understood. Here, using a new murine testing model, we demonstrate a substantial enrichment of tissue-resident Foxp3+ Tregs following CD3e-IT treatment. Differential surface expression of CD3e among T-cell subsets appears to be a main driver of Treg enrichment in CD3e-IT treatment. The surviving Tregs in CD3e-IT-treated mice were mostly the CD3edimCD62Llo effector phenotype, but the levels of this phenotype markedly varied among different lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs. We also found notable variations in surface CD3e levels among tissue-resident T cells of different organs, and these variations drive CD3e-IT to uniquely reshape T-cell compositions in local organs. The functions of organs and anatomic locations (lymph nodes) also affected the efficacy of CD3e-IT. The multi-organ pharmacodynamics of CD3e-IT and potential treatment resistance mechanisms identified in this study may generate new opportunities to further improve this promising treatment.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are an increasingly common cause of respiratory infection in people with cystic fibrosis (PwCF). Relative to those with no history of NTM infection (CF-NTM(NEG)), PwCF and a history of NTM infection (CF-NTM(POS)) are more likely to develop severe lung disease and experience complications over the course of treatment. In other mycobacterial infections (e.g., tuberculosis), an overexuberant immune response causes pathology and compromises organ function; however, since the immune profiles of CF-NTM(POS) and CF-NTM(NEG) airways are largely unexplored, it is unknown which, if any, immune responses distinguish these cohorts or concentrate in damaged tissues. Here, we evaluated lung lobe–specific immune profiles of 3 cohorts (CF-NTM(POS), CF-NTM(NEG), and non-CF adults) and found that CF-NTM(POS) airways are distinguished by a hyperinflammatory cytokine profile. Importantly, the CF-NTM(POS) airway immune profile was dominated by B cells, classical macrophages, and the cytokines that support their accumulation. These and other immunological differences between cohorts, including the near absence of NK cells and complement pathway members, were enriched in the most damaged lung lobes. The implications of these findings for our understanding of lung disease in PwCF are discussed, as are how they may inform the development of host-directed therapies to improve NTM disease treatment.

Metabolic reprogramming is an important cancer hallmark that plays a key role in cancer malignancies and therapy resistance. Cancer cells reprogram the metabolic pathways to generate not only energy and building blocks but also produce numerous key signaling metabolites to impact signaling and epigenetic/transcriptional regulation for cancer cell proliferation and survival. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which metabolic reprogramming is regulated in cancer may provide potential new strategies for cancer targeting. Recent studies suggest that deregulated transcription factors have been observed in various human cancers and significantly impact metabolism and signaling in cancer. In this review, we highlight the key transcription factors that are involved in metabolic control, dissect the crosstalk between signaling and transcription factors in metabolic reprogramming, and offer therapeutic strategies targeting deregulated transcription factors for cancer treatment.

BACKGROUND: The first national severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) serosurvey in India, done in May-June, 2020, among adults aged 18 years or older from 21 states, found a SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody seroprevalence of 0·73% (95% CI 0·34-1·13). We aimed to assess the more recent nationwide seroprevalence in the general population in India. METHODS: We did a second household serosurvey among individuals aged 10 years or older in the same 700 villages or wards within 70 districts in India that were included in the first serosurvey. Individuals aged younger than 10 years and households that did not respond at the time of survey were excluded. Participants were interviewed to collect information on sociodemographics, symptoms suggestive of COVID-19, exposure history to laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases, and history of COVID-19 illness. 3-5 mL of venous blood was collected from each participant and blood samples were tested using the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay. Seroprevalence was estimated after applying the sampling weights and adjusting for clustering and assay characteristics. We randomly selected one adult serum sample from each household to compare the seroprevalence among adults between the two serosurveys. FINDINGS: Between Aug 18 and Sept 20, 2020, we enrolled and collected serum samples from 29 082 individuals from 15 613 households. The weighted and adjusted seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in individuals aged 10 years or older was 6·6% (95% CI 5·8-7·4). Among 15 084 randomly selected adults (one per household), the weighted and adjusted seroprevalence was 7·1% (6·2-8·2). Seroprevalence was similar across age groups, sexes, and occupations. Seroprevalence was highest in urban slum areas followed by urban non-slum and rural areas. We estimated a cumulative 74·3 million infections in the country by Aug 18, 2020, with 26-32 infections for every reported COVID-19 case. INTERPRETATION: Approximately one in 15 individuals aged 10 years or older in India had SARS-CoV-2 infection by Aug 18, 2020. The adult seroprevalence increased approximately tenfold between May and August, 2020. Lower infection-to-case ratio in August than in May reflects a substantial increase in testing across the country. FUNDING: Indian Council of Medical Research.