Search

La investigación realizada tuvo por objetivo proponer un programa de desarrollo de competencias profesionales para la inserción laboral de egresados de una Unidad Educativa rural, ubicada en la provincia de Santa Elena, en Ecuador, para el desarrollo del proceso investigativo se utilizó la investigación de tipo cualitativa, con un diseño etnográfico, se recolectó información con la participación de catorce graduados de las diferentes promociones de bachillerato técnico en producción agropecuaria. La técnica utilizada fue la entrevista, la que se realizó con ayuda de un cuestionario abierto, como instrumento guía de la entrevista, la que fue validada mediante juicio de expertos, la información se recopiló mediante audios, que fueron organizados en matrices descriptivas e interpretativas, encontrando como parte de los resultados de la investigación que ninguno de los trabajos actuales está relacionado con la producción agropecuaria. De acuerdo a estos resultados se concluyó que es necesario el diseño de un programa que tenga como finalidad el desarrollo de competencias profesionales que son primordiales a la hora buscar un empleo, por eso se consideró como prioridad el fortalecimiento de las competencias psicológicas y las competencias participativa – social.

Cation doping is one of the most dynamic strategies to enhance the electrochemical properties of cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, the maximum partial substitution capacity depends on the solubility of each metal ion, and so the formation of impurities is a very common consequence. Thus, the correlation between electrochemical performance and the doping effect is frequently unknown. In this study, the effect of the partial substitution of copper by manganese, iron or nickel in Li2CuO2 is evaluated, as well as the effect on the electrochemical performance of the modified Li2CuO2 samples as lithium ion battery cathode materials. XRD characterization confirmed single phase formation for all samples, and the incorporation of the transition metal in the Li2CuO2 structure was evaluated by XRD profile fitting, EPR and 7Li-NMR. The results showed modifications in intra- and inter-chain interactions, associated with the variations in the Cu–O–Cu bond angle and changes in magnetic order, due to the presence of the doping transition metal. Among all samples, only manganese partial substitution reveals a drastic improvement in the electrochemical stability during the charge/discharge processes even at potentials higher than 3.9 V. It was corroborated that the higher stability is attributed to (i) the increase in the superexchange interactions between the copper sites and manganese, directly modifying lithium diffusivity and electronic conductivity, both inferred from dynamic thermogravimetric analysis for CO2 sorption and conductivity tests, respectively and (ii) the lower propensity to enable O2 evolution during several charge cycles. These results are totally attributed to manganese cation partial substitution, which has a huge impact on the utilization of copper-based materials in real applications.

Two novel semiconducting coordination oligomers with 1D chain structures, namely [H0.07 CuI0.65CuII0.14(μ-p-CNC6H4CO2)·0.9H2O]n and [Ag(μ-p-CNC6H4CO2)]n, were obtained and characterized by XRD powder patterns, and XPS, EPR, UV-vis-NIR, IR and Raman spectroscopy. According to XRD analysis, CuICuII–ICNBA is an amorphous solid, while AgI–ICNBA crystalizes with a monoclinic unit cell in the C2/c space group (Z = 4). The composition and further information of CuICuII–ICNBA were obtained from the spectroscopic data. In correspondence with the quantification of terminal groups from high-resolution XPS spectra, CuICuII–ICNBA and AgI–ICNBA are composed of an average of 9 and 7 monomer units, respectively, resulting in 1D-oligomers. The spectroscopic evidence indicates that CuICuII–ICNBA is better described as a non-stoichiometric coordination oligomer (where non-integer ratios of metal ions can be accommodated), while AgI–ICNBA is stoichiometric. In both materials, each metal center is linked by two μ-η1:η1-p-isocyanobenzoate ligands forming microfibers of around 120 nm (CuICuII-material) and 310 nm (AgI-material) in average diameters with optical band gaps of 2.60 eV and 2.17 eV, respectively.

Two novel semiconducting coordination oligomers with 1D chain structures, namely [H0.07 CuI0.65CuII0.14(μ-p-CNC6H4CO2)·0.9H2O]n and [Ag(μ-p-CNC6H4CO2)]n, were obtained and characterized by XRD powder patterns, and XPS, EPR, UV-vis-NIR, IR and Raman spectroscopy. According to XRD analysis, CuICuII-ICNBA is an amorphous solid, while AgI-ICNBA crystalizes with a monoclinic unit cell in the C2/c space group (Z = 4). The composition and further information of CuICuII-ICNBA were obtained from the spectroscopic data. In correspondence with the quantification of terminal groups from high-resolution XPS spectra, CuICuII-ICNBA and AgI-ICNBA are composed of an average of 9 and 7 monomer units, respectively, resulting in 1D-oligomers. The spectroscopic evidence indicates that CuICuII-ICNBA is better described as a non-stoichiometric coordination oligomer (where non-integer ratios of metal ions can be accommodated), while AgI-ICNBA is stoichiometric. In both materials, each metal center is linked by two μ-η1:η1-p-isocyanobenzoate ligands forming microfibers of around 120 nm (CuICuII-material) and 310 nm (AgI-material) in average diameters with optical band gaps of 2.60 eV and 2.17 eV, respectively.

En la formación de estudiantes Universitarios, se ha evaluado el efecto del uso del software Matlab sobre el rendimiento académico en un grupo de estudiantes repitentes de matemática básica, investigación de tipo cuasi experimental, cuantitativo con un diseño de investigación pre-experimental de pre prueba – post prueba con un solo grupo; se tuvo una muestra de 48 estudiantes repitientes distribuidos en un solo grupo, se usó evaluó rendimientos académicos individuales en la escala de 0 al 20; se llega a la conclusión que el uso del software matemático Matlab influye positivamente en el rendimiento académico de un grupo de estudiantes repitentes.

Cation doping is one of the most dynamic strategies to enhance the electrochemical properties of cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, the maximum partial substitution capacity depends on the solubility of each metal ion, and so the formation of impurities is a very common consequence. Thus, the correlation between electrochemical performance and the doping effect is frequently unknown. In this study, the effect of the partial substitution of copper by manganese, iron or nickel in Li2CuO2 is evaluated, as well as the effect on the electrochemical performance of the modified Li2CuO2 samples as lithium ion battery cathode materials. XRD characterization confirmed single phase formation for all samples, and the incorporation of the transition metal in the Li2CuO2 structure was evaluated by XRD profile fitting, EPR and 7Li-NMR. The results showed modifications in intra- and inter-chain interactions, associated with the variations in the Cu-O-Cu bond angle and changes in magnetic order, due to the presence of the doping transition metal. Among all samples, only manganese partial substitution reveals a drastic improvement in the electrochemical stability during the charge/discharge processes even at potentials higher than 3.9 V. It was corroborated that the higher stability is attributed to (i) the increase in the superexchange interactions between the copper sites and manganese, directly modifying lithium diffusivity and electronic conductivity, both inferred from dynamic thermogravimetric analysis for CO2 sorption and conductivity tests, respectively and (ii) the lower propensity to enable O2 evolution during several charge cycles. These results are totally attributed to manganese cation partial substitution, which has a huge impact on the utilization of copper-based materials in real applications.

Several materials have been studied as electrodes for aqueous batteries that use sodium as alkali ion; these include Prussian blue analogue or hexacyanoferrates. The inhibition or disruption on met...

International audience; ICTs are used improperly and are caused by the limited knowledge, understanding and application of ICTs by teachers and if this situation is reversed as we find in this study, it can benefit: improving teacher performance and ability ofstudent learning, we find the use of these tools in teaching can motivate the improvement of teacher performance and student learning and that after school hours the NTIC will use it appropriately for the benefit of a better future.; Las NTIC son empleados de una manera inadecuada y son causados por el limitado conocimiento, comprensión y aplicación de los NTICS por parte de los docentes y si esta situación se revierte como encontramos en este estudio puede beneficiar: mejorando el desempeño docente y la capacidad de aprendizaje de los estudiantes, encontramos que el uso de estas herramientas en la enseñanza puede motivar a la mejora del desempeño docente y el aprendizaje de los estudiantes y que después de las horas de clase lo usaran las NTIC de manera adecuada en beneficio para un futuro mejor.

Soot is one of the primary atmospheric pollutants coming from incomplete combustion in diesel engines. Therefore, its mitigation is mandatory to preserve air quality and to diminish the already known harmful effects on human health. In the present work, it is studied the chemical synthesis of nanocrystalline powders of CeO2-based oxides and their catalytic performance on the combustion of soot at low temperatures. Specifically, cerium oxide co-doped with zirconium and yttrium was successfully synthesized via hydrothermal synthesis and subsequently loaded with an active phase of Co3O4. The obtained catalysts were physicochemical, structural, and microstructurally characterized. Different samples were tested by thermogravimetric analysis looking forward to elucidating both the effect of the composition and other features of the catalyst on the soot combustion's kinetic and temperature. Results showed the obtaining of a high activity catalyst by reaching values of 255.4 and 327.2 °C for the T10 and T50, respectively. It is discussed the role of the Co3O4 acting as a promoter phase in the catalyst.

A wide band of photoluminescence (PL) emission in structurally disordered lead zirconate titanate (PZT) powders, prepared by sol–gel route, was observed at room temperature excited with a laser line (488 nm). Powders with PbZr 0.53 Ti 0.47 O 3 nominal composition annealed at different temperatures were studied by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Luminescence, Diffuse Reflectance and Electronic Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (EPR). Our results indicate that the PL response can be associated to order–disorder degree in the perovskite structure, with the exception of samples annealed at low temperature, where a mixture of oxides precursors׳ phases was observed. Furthermore, in quasi-crystalline ordered samples (95% of crystallinity) a small generation of PL remains. In these experiments, the band gap increases with the formation of crystalline structure. EPR experiments were conducted in order to follow the evolution of paramagnetic species with thermal treatment from the mixture of oxides precursors to the perovskite phase and paramagnetic point defects were identified (Pb +3 and Ti +3 ). EPR data suggest the presence of order–disorder within the lattice network. Paramagnetic species are similar in samples treated at 700 and 800 °C, nevertheless the emission intensity decreases by a factor of 6, indicating that the defects associated with PL are not paramagnetic at both temperatures.

In this work we report the synthesis, structural, electronic and magnetic characterization of [MnIV2MnII2(HL)2(H2L)2(H2O)4](NO3)2 1. This novel compound was obtained from (E)-2-((2-hydroxybenzylidene)amine)-2-(hydroximethyl-propane-1,3-diol, (H4L) and Mn(NO3)2. The UV-Vis and IR spectrophotometry showed the typical d-d transitions of MnIV in and octahedral geometry compounds 1 and vibrational transitions in 477 cm-1, which is assigned to the Mn-O group 2. The cM vs T gave J = 164 cm-1 3. The ESR (g = 11.03, 4.87, 1.78, and g = 3.23, 2.03) analysis of 1 showed the presence of MnII (s = 5/2) and MnIV (s = 3/2) ions within the molecule. The hyperfine interaction is observed in ESR spectrum which showed two species of Mn ions4. An x ray diffraction suitable monocristal of 1 was obtained and its structure was possible to describe as a tetramer of [MnIV MnII MnII MnIV] building a 2D stepped supramolecular structure with a step of [MnIV–O-O-MnII] and a second step with [MnII–O-O-MnIV]. The structural study informed us that each magnetic box of [MnIV-O-O-MnII] have a superexchange antiferromagnetic interaction by the dx2-y2-sp3 (with more contribution of p orbitals) orbitals; however, among the boxes or steps there is a super-exchange ferromagnetic interaction, by oxo bonds MnII-O-MnII. Ye T., Li S., Wu X., Xu M., Wei X., Wang K., Bao H., Wang J. and Chen J. J. Mater. Chem. C, 2013, 1, 4327–4333. Lever A. B. P. Inorganic Electronic Spectroscopy. 2a Edition. Elsevier, 1997. Czernuszewicz S. R., Su O. Y., Stern K. M., Macor A. K., Kim D., Groves T. J. and Spiro G. T. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 4158-4165. Nakamoto K. Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds. 6a edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2009. Yoo J., Brechin E., Yamaguchi A., Nakano M., Huffman C. J., Maniero L. A., Brunel L. C., Awaga K., Ishimoto H., Christou G. y Hendrickson D. Chem. 2000, 39, 3615-3623. Milios J. C., Piligkos S., Bell R. A., Laye H. R., Teat J. S., Vicente R., McInnes E., Escuer A., Perlepes P. S. y Winpenny P. E. R. Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 2006, 9, 638–641. Ramirez R. D., Zamorano U. R., Perez M. O. Solid State Communications. 2001, 118, 371-376.

The location of individuals is a key element for commercial and assistive location-based applications. Since the Global Positioning System, the most eective technology for positioning a mobile object in the outdoors does not work in indoor environments. Several technological approaches have been proposed to tackle this problem. In this paper, we present an alternative approach based on the use of indoor lighting variations, feature extraction of the signal and a deterministic selection to get a model in order to estimate localization of an individual in indoor environments.

The present work shows the defect chemistry at room temperature of Bi4Ti3O12, emphasizing the effect of point defects on the ferroelectric properties. Electrical measurements of conductivity, dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss as well as structural characterization and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) were used to deduce the existence of different point defects. Pure and Niobium doped bismuth titanate ceramic were prepared by a conventional solid state reaction technique. Rietveld refinement analysis suggested that niobium atoms occupy the titanium lattice sites and the presence of bismuth vacancies. Electron Spin Resonance measurements showed signals that are associated to iron impurities. The present communication supports the models of compensation mechanisms dominated by free electrons and bismuth vacancies.

The discoloration-degradation of yellow 5 dye was achieved through the heterogeneous Fenton reaction using Cu-Y catalysts. Cu-Y materials were prepared by an aqueous ion exchange method from the NH4-Y parent zeolite. The solids are characterized by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen physisorption, EPR and, 27Al and 29Si NMR spectroscopies. Discoloration around 100% with 60% of COD removal was achieved before 90 min at 50°C using the next reaction conditions: 50 mL of colored solution containing 50 ppm of dye, 0.129 mmol of H2O2, catalyst mass/volume of solution ratio (g L−1)= 0.016 and pH = 4–5. The influence of temperature and H2O2 concentration was also studied. The discoloration kinetics were modeled using the pseudo-first order reaction. High catalytic activity was observed even after four reaction cycles, which is credited to the good stability of the Cu species and the zeolite structure. Because the Fenton reaction was favored by the acid media provided by the Cu-Y catalyst and temperature, the addition of any acid was not necessary, avoiding the generation of sludge, resulting in an eco-friendly process. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 990–998, 2015

La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad crónica generada cuando el páncreas no produce suficiente insulina o el organismo no la puede aprovechar eficazmente. En el mundo existen 422 millones de personas que padecen diabetes, aproximadamente uno de cada 11 adultos son afectados y se estima que cada siete segundos una persona muere por esta enfermedad.En México la segunda causa de muerte es la diabetes, se han registrado 29, 058 casos, siendo Tabasco el estado con mayor prevalencia.Por su parte en Hidalgo se registran 54.9% casos de diabetes en mujeres y 45.1% de casos en hombres, que equivalen a 5020 casos.La diabetes puede ser diagnosticada de diversas maneras: prueba de hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c), glucosa plasmática en ayunas, prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa oral y la prueba aleatoria de glucosa plasmática. El tratamiento actual de la diabetes incluye el uso de medicamentos y/o insulina, un adecuado plan de alimentario, diseño de actividades físicas y la preparación para el cambio de comportamientos.

In the present work, the hydrotalcite-like materials known as layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were synthesized. The Ni–Al and Ni–Fe materials with different Ni/Fe ratio were obtained by coprecipitation method at variable pH. The LDH structure was verified by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and Raman spectroscopy. No secondary extra phases were observed for any material. The electronic properties were evaluated by UV–vis spectroscopy, while the magnetic ones were followed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The results suggested that sample H/Ni–Fe2 (Ni/Fe = 2) has a ferrimagnetic behavior as a result of the combined action of NiII–OH–NiII, FeIII–OH–NiII, and FeIII–OH–FeIII pairs across the layers and ferromagnetic interactions operating between layers. Furthermore, the material H/Ni–Fe1 (Ni/Fe = 1.5) showed a combination of paramagnetic and ferromagnetic interactions which favors a superexchange interaction among metal centers through the OH bridges across the cationic sheets; the su...

Introduction: The frequency and mortality of the pandemic caused by influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 might have been underestimated, especially in developing countries. This study was designed to quantify the possible underestimation of pandemic influenza mortality and evaluate the concordance between the data reported for A(H1N1)pdm09 mortality and the causes of death reported during the pandemic period of April 2009 to February 2010. Methodology: The death certificates of 754 confirmed cases of A(H1N1)pdm09 infection were included in the study. Data was analyzed using the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s statistical model accounts for the variability in the proportion at each step using the Monte Carlo probabilistic model sampled from a uniform probability distribution. Results: A total of 1,969 deaths were estimated, with an estimated lethality of 5.53 per 100,000 (range, 3.5-8.76 per 100,000) in contrast with the 754 deaths and a lethality of 1.98 per 100,000 infected patients officially reported. In 631 of 754 (83.7%) death certificates from A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza-positive patients, influenza was not mentioned as a cause of death. Conclusions: It is possible that the mortality of the pandemic was three times higher than officially reported in Mexico. One source of error that could explain this underestimation is in the completion of death certificates, because in > 80% of confirmed cases of infection with influenza virus, it was not reported as the cause of death.

In the present work the system Cu-ZSM5 was prepared by aqueous ion-exchange method from zeolite H-ZSM5. The solids were characterized by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen physisorption, temperature-programmed reduction with hydrogen (TPR-H2) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). These porous materials were mixed with poly (methacrylic acid methyl ester) and methyl acrylate (MA), and immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode in order to obtain the so-called zeolite-modified electrode (ZME). The as-prepared electrodes were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and electrochemical techniques as cyclic voltammetry and chronocoulometry. The presence of copper in the zeolite was confirmed by TPR-H2. The XRD results indicate not important structural changes in the zeolite ZSM5 due to copper incorporation. The EPR spectroscopy showed that copper in Cu-ZSM5 is as isolated form of Cu2+ ions. The results of nitrogen physisorption suggest that the Cu2+ cations are occupying the exchange sites in zeolite ZSM5. On the other hand, the IR spectroscopy revealed the presence of C O and C C groups in the mixture Cu-zeolite/polymer. The electrochemical profiles showed that reduction of Cu2+ to Cu0 occurs by two steps in presence of chloride due to stabilization of Cu+. The influence of anion in the electrolyte suggests that the redox processes Cu2+ to Cu+ and Cu+ to Cu0 occurs on the zeolite-modified electrode even at nitrate- and sulfate-based solutions at the glassy carbon/zeolite interface. This stabilization is mainly associated to the interactions between Cu+ and C C group and the zeolite framework acting as “electron reservoir”.

[Cu(II)(saleanN3H3)] 1 (saleanN3H3 = N,N″-bis(2-oxybenzyl)-diethylenetriamine dianion) is obtained by direct synthesis. 1 crystallizes in orthorhombic space group Pbca. The crystalline network features one-dimensional (1D) columns of zigzag chains well separated in the [1 0 0] direction. Each column is a supramolecular structure, with triangles formed among the Cu(II) ions of the chain. Local Cu(II) geometry in 1 is intermediate between square-pyramidal and trigonal–bipyramidal conformations. UV–Vis spectrum, IR, and NMR 1H spectra prove the formation of 1. X-band ESR spectra at 77 K/300 K of a polycrystalline sample show a broad singlet with temperature independent values g||/g⊥ = 2.1967/2.1074. An area ratio A77/A300 of 1.63 suggests an incomplete antiferromagnetic (AF) coupling of the copper ions. The X-band ESR spectra at 77 K in solution show typical hyperfine interactions of monomer paramagnetic copper ions. The linear chain model fits well the magnetic susceptibility data vs temperature from 2 to 300 K and is consistent with antiferromagnetic exchange interaction.

The epidemiology of infective endocarditis (IE) has changed over the last decades, due to various factors. This chapter focuses on IE in patients with end-stage renal disease. Then it reviews the most relevant reports published in the last decade worldwide; the different scenarios in developing countries versus developed countries; different microorganisms, treatment times, and outcomes; and also our own experience in these patients. Finally, it mentions the recommendations that have helped some developed countries to reduce more than 50% of bacteremia in catheter patients and how to make them possible in developing countries.

Septic shock is characterized by an excess of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The induction of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis has been related to vasoplegia, myocardial depression, and decompensated shock. Decompensation cannot be diagnosed in its early phases and is associated with high mortality. The goal of this study was to detect the NO radical, by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), in organs isolated from septic male Wistar rats to establish a time course of septic shock and to detect the onset of decompensation. The heme-nitrosyl (HbNO) adduct was detected in hearts and livers 1 h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. Advantage was taken of the heme group which acts as endogenous spin-trap. Three hours after the LPS dosing, HbNO was evident in the lung and ileum. The early increase of HbNO in the heart, a new finding, could indicate that cardiovascular dysfunction begins earlier that it was thought before.

ResumenIntroducciónClostridium difficile (C. difficile) es un bacilo anaerobio gram positivo, capaz de producir diarrea o colitis en el paciente hospitalizado, particularmente aquellos expuestos al uso de antibióticos. Se ha descrito una mortalidad que va de 6% hasta 38%, en pacientes con diarrea asociada a C. difficile (DACD).ObjetivoDeterminar la mortalidad hospitalaria en pacientes que presentan DACD. Como objetivo secundario, se registraron los días de estancia hospitalaria y los factores de riesgo para una evolución desfavorable.Material y métodosSe realizó un estudio de cohorte de tipo retrospectivo. Se revisaron los expedientes de pacientes hospitalizados con diarrea y una prueba positiva de toxinas A y B para C. difficile. Se registró el número de pacientes que fallecieron durante el internamiento, en el cual presentaron DACD. Se documentaron los principales factores asociados a una evolución desfavorable.ResultadosDe 66 pacientes incluidos en el estudio, 6 pacientes (9,1%) fallecieron durante su internamiento. La mediana de edad fue menor en el grupo que no fallecieron con 51,5 años (rango 36 a 66,75), frente a 81,5 años (rango 69,5 a 83,25) (p = 0,002), en el grupo que falleció. Los días de estancia hospitalaria fueron de 32,50 días (rango 8,25 a 64,25) en el grupo de pacientes que fallecieron, frente a 6,5 días (rango 4 a 15,75) (p = 0,045), en el grupo que no falleció.ConclusiónEncontramos una mortalidad elevada en pacientes con DACD hospitalizados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, lo cual nos obliga a mantener una vigilancia estrecha en esta población, para realizar una detección y tratamiento oportuno.AbstractBackgroundClostridium difficile (C. difficile) is a gram-positive anaerobic bacillus capable of producing diarrhea or colitis in the hospitalized patient, particularly in those exposed to the use of antibiotics, and 6% to 38% mortality in patients with C. difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been described.AimsTo determine the hospital death rate in patients presenting with CDAD. As a secondary aim, hospital stay and risk factors for unfavorable outcome were recorded.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was carried out. The case records of hospitalized patients presenting with diarrhea and that tested positive for C. difficile through toxin A and B assays were reviewed. The number of non-surviving patients that presented with CDAD during hospitalization was recorded along with the principal factors associated with the worst outcome.ResultsOf the 66 patients enrolled in the study, 6 (9,1%) died during their hospitalization. The median age was lower in the group of surviving patients than in the group of non-surviving patients, with 51,5 years (range 36 to 66,75) and 81,5 years (range 69,5 to 83,25), respectively (p=0,002). Hospital stay was 32,50 days (range 8,25 to 64,25) in the group of non-surviving patients and was 6,5 days (range 4 to 15,75) (p=0,045) in the group with no deaths.ConclusionsThe elevated mortality found in the hospitalized CDAD patients in the Intensive Care Unit makes the maintenance of strict surveillance in this population imperative so there can be opportune detection and treatment.

Using different spectroscopic techniques and computational calculations, we describe the structural and electromagnetic relationship that causes many interesting phenomena within a novel coordination compound with mixed valence manganese (II, III and IV) in its crystal and powder state. The novel compound [MnII MnIII MnIV(HL)2(H2L)2(H2O)4](NO3)2(H2O) 1 was obtained with the Schiff base (E)-2-((2-hydroxybenzylidene)amine)-2-(hydroximethyl)propane-1,3-diol, (H4L), and Mn(NO3)2.4H2O. The coordination reaction was promoted by the deprotonation of the ligand by the soft base triethylamine. The paper’s main contribution is the integration of the experimental and computational studies to explain the interesting magnetic behavior that the mixed valence manganese multimetallic core shows. The results presented herein, which are rarely found for Mn(II), (III) and (IV) complexes, will contribute to the understanding of the magnetic communication generated by the valence electrons and its repercussion in the local geometry and in the overall crystalline structure.

We report the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of natural clinoptilolite from a mine in Sonora, Mexico. From these measurements we determined the chemical state and binding energy of the elements in the zeolite framework and of those in the extra framework sites. The analysis was done on natural clinoptilolite and on cation-exchanged clinoptilolites with Na + and NH 4 + ions. Complementary analysis by several experimental techniques was performed to determine the structural, chemical composition and chemical state modifications experimented by clinoptilolite samples processed by the two types of cation exchange. The clinoptilolite samples were studied by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine their structural composition, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) to measure the chemical composition and electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to determine the chemical state of iron inside the natural zeolites.

Synthesis, structural, electronic, and magnetic characterization of two [CuII 2(thb)] (thb = N,N,N’,N’- tetrakis-{3-[(2- hydroxibenzyliden)-amine]propyl}-1,4-butanodiamine)]) crystalline phases (1a and 1b) are reported. Both, 1a and 1b, showed free radical scavenging activity, which was quantified by the DPPH free radical scavenging activity assay. 1b crystallized in a P21/c space group. In 1b each molecule contains two CuII-(hidroxibenzyliden) groups bonded in the extremes of the organic DAB-Am nucleus. The CuII-(hidroxibenzyliden) groups of each extreme, form 1D chains along of the b-axis. IR and UV-Vis spectra showed d-d transitions and νCu-O, νCu-N vibrations respectively, confirming the formation of the compound. 1H-NMR spectra of 1a and 1b showed similar spectra, being characteristics of paramagnetic compounds. Bulk magnetization of 1a and 1b from 2 K to 300 K showed paramagnetic behaviour. The best fit for the susceptibility data was obtained using Curie-Weiss and modified Curie-Weiss equations with θ and C values of θ1a/1b C-W = 0 ± 1K, C1a/1b C-W = 0.82/0.66 cm3 K mol-1, and θ1a/1b modified C-W = 0.6 ± 1K and C1a/1b modified C-W = 0.80/0.70 cm3 K mol-1. The X-band ESR spectra of 1a and 1b in solid samples showed a single and a rhombic signals, respectively, with g values around 2.1 at 77 K and 300 K, however, in CH2Cl2 solutions at 77 K the spectra were similar. The spectroscopic and magnetic results allowed us to conclude that 1a and 1b are two different crystalline phases which were proven to act as effective antioxidants showing both an IC50 = 16.5 μM, in contrast with Trolox, IC50 = 39.3 μM, normally used as a vitamin E analog and a strong antioxidant. Additionaly the DPPH free radical is scavened by reduction mechanism of CuII to CuI. The overall electronic, magnetic and structural information about 1a and 1b provide us some characteristics of this kind of transitional metal ionic coordination compounds.

Mobil Crystalline Material (MCM-41) can be used for the immobilization of enzymes and the investigation of electron transfer in biological systems. Electron transfer between MCM-41 with aluminum (Al-MCM-41) and cytochrome P-450 (CYP2B4) was observed using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). When CYP2B4 was immobilized by adsorption, it catalyzed the conversion of aniline to p-aminophenol. The electron transfer was evidenced when the signal with a g value (also called g-factor or spectroscopic manifestation of the magnetic moment) of 1.98 increased at the same time that the signal with a g value 2.24 decreased due to the addition of NADPH to CYP2B4 immobilized on Al-MCM-41, indicating that FeIII was reduced to FeII. Therefore, it is possible that Al-MCM-41 participates in the electron transfer process in biological systems.

The synthesis, structural, electronic and magnetic characterization of five dinuclear Co(II) azacryptand compounds (1-5) bridged through different ions are reported. The magnetic exchange interactions, 2J values, obtained from theoretical computations show that the variation of the intermetallic angles and distances lead to antiferromagnetic behaviours. Magneto-structural correlations show a trend, where the angles Co(II)-bridge-Co(II) closer to 180 degrees favour an increase in the superexchange pathway leading to higher AF interaction values.

Complex [Cu(II)(Br)(PhCO2)(Sp)] 1 is obtained starting from copper(0), (−)-sparteine (sp) and benzoyl bromide. 1 Crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21 with a=14.8857(11), b=8.9257(9), c=17.4456(14) A, β=111.689(5)°, and Z=4. The UV–vis spectrum is characteristic of Cu(II) complexes with tetragonally distorted square pyramidal geometry. The far IR spectrum of 1 shows characteristic vibrations of Cu–Br (239 cm−1), Cu–N (437 cm−1) and Cu–O (466 cm−1) bonds. The 1H NMR broad chemical shifts of 1 integrated for a total of 31 protons and are typical of Cu(II) complexes. ESR spectra of polycrystalline 1 at 77 and 300 K show axial spectra with areas in the ratio A77/A300=4.02, suggesting a very weak Cu–Cu ferromagnetic interaction. Complex 1-doped with Zn(II) gives hfs with hyperfine interaction constant value A∥=112.45×10−4 cm−1. The magnetization vs temperature data in the 2–299 K range, show that cupric ion pairs interact through a small antiferromagnetic Heisenberg exchange energy—JS1·S2 with a ground singlet state S=0, separated by J=−1.3 cm−1 from the excited triplet state S=1. The sign of the very weak interchange interaction constant, J, does not agree with the ESR spectra areas ratio of 1 at 77 and 300 K, which is a more accurate quantification of the weak ferromagnetic interaction Cu–Cu through the space.

New complexes of the pinch-porphyrin family were obtained from the dimethylester of (proto-, meso-, and deutero-porphyrinato)iron(III) with the ligand [N,N'-bis-pyridin-2-ylmethyl-propane-1,3-diamine] 1-3 and with the ligand [N-pyridin-2-ylmethyl-N'-[3-[(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-amino]-propyl]-propane-1,3-diamine] 4-6. The UV/VIS studies of 1-6 indicate an increase in the distortion of the ligand field excited state. The 1H NMR spectra of 1-6 at RT and over the range 223-328 K show iron(III)-complexes with quantum mixed spin state (qms) S=5/2, S=3/2. The chemical shifts of the meso protons are consistent with qms state S=3/2, S=5/2, where the S=3/2 spin state is lowest in energy. For methyl-heme the chemical shifts are also consistent with a qms state but now the S=5/2 ground state is lowest in energy. ESR spectra of 1-6 show two different species, B and C, of iron(III) with qms, S=5/2, S=3/2 consistent with the 1H NMR results. Species B with 70% of S=5/2 and species C with 72.5% of S=3/2. The catalytic activity as peroxidase of 1-6 was quantified by guaiacol test; their theoretical maximum rate constants were k(cat) approximately 10(2)-10(3) M(-1) s(-1). A quantitative empirical correlation is found: the higher the 32 spin contribution to the qms state and the higher proportion of this species into the samples, the higher the peroxidase activity. Such a correlation was also obtained for pinch-porphyrins already reported.

[((−)-Sparteine)(PhCO 2 )(Cl)]Cu(II) 1 complex is obtained by direct synthesis using copper(0). 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 with a =14.7355(12), b =8.9768(5), c=17.2810(10) A , β =111.916(5)°, and Z =4. The electronic spectrum of 1 shows a broad band with λ max ∼841 nm (e=0.261 mM −1 cm −6 ) characteristic of a low symmetry and tetragonally distorted square pyramidal local Cu geometry. The far IR spectrum of 1 shows characteristic vibrations of Cu–Cl (260, 267 cm −1 ), Cu–N (436, 467 cm −1 ) and Cu–O (457 cm −1 ) bonds. The 1 H NMR spectrum of 1 is typical of magnetic Cu(II) complexes with line broadening due to efficient nuclear relaxation from the metal center. ESR spectra of polycrystalline 1 at 77 K show an axial spectrum with linewidth of 58.6 G and at 300 K of 89.0 G, with areas in the ratio A 77 / A 300 =2.79, indicative of antiferromagnetic order. The linewidth is reduced by 34% on going from 300 to 77 K. Standard magnetization measurements at low temperatures show an Curie–Weiss behavior with θ=−21.67 K , suggesting a weak exchange coupling interaction. The crystalline structure of 1 shows that the lattice is arranged so that the space between molecules is smaller than 40 A 3 , not enough to accommodate solvent molecules. However, the shortest Cu–Cu contact is 7.5912(8) A.

[CuL]Cl·H2O 1 (L=N-glycyl-2(aminomethyl)benzimidazol) compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna21 with unit cell parameters a=7.140(5) A , b=17.621(5) A , c=9.941(5) A . Its structure shows that the copper(II) ion is tetra coordinated with a square planar geometry. The ligand acts as a tridentate and the chloride ion is the fourth ligand. Symmetry related units stack into helicoidal columns along the ā direction producing weakly bonded strips with dihedral angles of 2.6° between two consecutive molecular planes. UV/VIS spectrum of 1 shows one broad and weak band at 622 nm, characteristic of d–d transitions, indicative of low local Cu(II) symmetry. X band ESR spectra of 1 at 300 and 77 K are axial exchange narrow lines with g∥=2.135 and g⊥=2.028. However, the axial spectrum at 6.4 K shows an increment Δg∥=0.076(6) and Δg⊥=0.028(4) which suggests a cooperative Jahn–Teller interactions between complexes via the hydrogen-bonding network. Magnetic susceptibility data at 18–300 K and fitted to the modified Bleany–Bowers equation indicate a weak ferromagnetic coupling with 2J≅+17 cm −1 , which is compatible with the helium temperature ESR results and with the helicoidal stacking into columns of the molecules along the a-axis with 78.9° Cu′–Cl′–Cu and 81.2° Cu′–N(1)–Cu bonds angles. The synthesis is a novel, simple and efficient method: in aqueous conditions and heterogeneous phase with basic copper(II) carbonate, which carries out the formation of the stable peptide bond.

Six novel pinch-porphyrin complexes [(picdien)(protoporphyrinate dimethyl ester)]copper(II) (7), [(picdien)(mesoporphyrinate dimethyl ester)]copper(II) (8) and [(picdien)(deuteroporphyrinate dimethyl ester)]copper(II) (9), [(picdien)(protoporphyrinate dimethyl ester)]zinc(II) (13), [(picdien)(mesoporphyrinate dimethyl ester)]zinc(II) (14) and [(picdien)(deuteroporphyrinate dimethyl ester)]zinc(II) (15), were prepared from the corresponding free copper(II)-porphyrins (4–6), and zinc(II)-porphyrins (10–12) and picdien (N-(3H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-N′-{2-[(3H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-amino]-ethyl}-ethane-2,3-diamine). Spectroscopic studies show that complexes (7–9) and (13–15) have the pinch-porphyrin type structure previously found in iron(III) complex models of peroxidases. Complexes (7–9), were characterized by u.v.–vis., m.c.d., and e.s.r. spectroscopy. E.s.r. spectra of the copper parent compounds (4–6) at ca. 10−2–10−4 M concentrations were typical of copper(II)-dimers. The addition of the picdien ligand broke up the dimers as detected by e.s.r. Compounds (7–9) are predominantly monomeric at ca. 10−3 M concentration. The presence of picdien in (7–9) distorts the porphyrin internal portion of the plane so as to make these four internal nitrogen atoms, coordinated to copper(II), e.s.r.-distinguishable. MO and ligand field theories were used to characterize and to evaluate the directional covalence parameters of compounds (7–9). A non-fully axial, out-of-the-porphyrin-plane bonding was found for (7–9), similar to the bonding of the pinch-porphyrins-iron(III). However the in-plane distortion produced by the presence of the picdien ligand on copper(II) is significantly larger than in pinch-porphyrin-iron(III). The n.m.r. data show that the porphyrin-zinc(II) is the less strained and has the weakest bonded structure. The coordination number of the pinch-porphyrin with iron(III), copper(II) and zinc(II), is in all cases six.

It is well known that the principal biomolecules involved in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acetylcholine (ACh) and the amyloid beta peptide of 42 amino acid residues (Aβ42). ACh plays an important role in human memory and learning, but it is susceptible to hydrolysis by AChE, while the aggregation of Aβ42 forms oligomers and fibrils, which form senile plaques in the brain. The Aβ42 oligomers are able to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which reacts with metals (Fe2+, Cu2+, Cr3+, Zn2+, and Cd2+) present at high concentrations in the brain of AD patients, generating the hydroxyl radical (·OH) via Fenton (FR) and Fenton-like (FLR) reactions. This mechanism generates high levels of free radicals and, hence, oxidative stress, which has been correlated with the generation and progression of AD. Therefore, we have studied in vitro how AChE catalytic activity and ACh levels are affected by the presence of metals (Fe3+, Cu2+, Cr3+, Zn2+, and Cd2+), H2O2 (without Aβ42), and · OH radicals produced from FR and FLR. The results showed that the H2O2 and the metals do not modify the AChE catalytic activity, but the ·OH radical causes a decrease in it. On the other hand, metals, H2O2 and ·OH radicals, increase the ACh hydrolysis. This finding suggests that when H2O2, the metals and the ·OH radicals are present, both, the AChE catalytic activity and ACh levels diminish. Furthermore, in the future it may be interesting to study whether these effects are observed when H2O2 is produced directly from Aβ42.

Electron spin resonance (ESR) studies of the Pb0.88Eu0.08 Ti1−yMnyO3 (y=0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3); PbTi0.98Mn0.02O3 and PbTiO3 ferroelectric ceramics are reported. The conversion of Mn4+ to Mn2+ in the Pb0.88Eu0.08Ti1−yMnyO3 ceramics compositions have been clearly demonstrated. The presence of the Eu cation is necessary for such conversion to take place and it does not take place in the PbTi0.98Mn0.02O3 ceramic. Analysis of its ESR spectra indicates that Mn4+ substitution occurs at the Ti4+ at two different ESR-distinguishable locations. Both factors, namely the Mn4+→Mn2+ conversion and the Eu3+ presence are responsible for the large microstrain and the deterioration of crystallinity observed in this ceramics, which seemed to play a crucial role for reading large piezoelectric anisotropy in the system.

AgInS2 and AgInS2:Sn semiconductors are currently interesting because of their potential applications like solar cells. Earlier results show that electrical and optical properties of AgInS2 appear to be dominated by donor-like intrinsic defects because it usually displays n-type conductivity. Chalcopyrite AgInS2 and AgInS2:Sn thin films were prepared by spray pyrolysis. It was noted that the Sn-doping produces no appreciable effect on the structural neither the optical properties. The remarkable difference between undoped and some Sn-doped samples lies in the conductivity type. Photoluminescence (PL) studies reveal that Sn reduces sulphur vacancies; electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies in Sn-doped samples, show two superimposed signals close to the g ~ 2 region. One of them was assigned to punctual defects in the lattice due to substitution of Sn instead of In or S sites. This promotes a conductivity increase in this material; the second one shows a hyperfine structure which implies a nuclear spin l = 9/2 assigned to In in the lattice. Both signals were used to determine relative Sn quantities which substituting In or S determining the conductivity type.

The novel complexes [1,9-bis(2-pyridyl)-2,5,8-triazanonane]-(protoporphyrinato)iron(III) 4, -(mesoporphyrinato)iron(III) 5 and -(deuteroporphyrinato)iron(III) 6 were synthesized from the parent compounds chloro-(porphyrinato)iron(III) 1, -(mesoporphyrinato)iron(III) 2 and -(deuteroporphyrinato)iron(III) 3 and 1,9-bis(2-pyridyl)-2,5,8-triazanonane (picdien). The complexes 1–6 were characterized by UV/VIS, 1H NMR and ESR spectroscopies and their catalytic activity was determined. The measured theoretical maximum rate constant (kcat) for guaiacol + H2O2 → oxidation guaiacol products (guaiacol = 2-methoxyphenol) in the presence of complexes 4–6, were 7.6 × 106, 4.4 × 105 and 9.0 × 104 mol–1 s–1, respectively. These peroxidase activities are to our knowledge the largest reported for model complexes. The UV/VIS spectra show Soret and Q bands for all compounds at energies typical of axially co-ordinated complexes with symmetry D4h or lower. The intensity of the charge-transfer transitions indicates that the presence of the picdien ligand diminishes the distortion of the parent compounds. The 1H NMR spectra of complexes 4–6 are indicative of six-co-ordinated complexes with different degrees of quantum mixed-spin (qms) state S = into S = . The ESR spectral features are characteristic of qms species, A and B, for each compound. Maltempo’s theory for qms states gives the admixture percentage of species A (53–64%) and species B (

The molecular and crystal structure of the complex [MnL(H2O)2]Cl2·4H2O 1 (L = 2,13-dimethyl-3,6,9,12,18-pentaazabicyclo[12.3.1]octadeca-1(18),2,12,14,16-pentaene) have been determined, the solid state and solution electronic spectra recorded and the thermogravimetric analysis as well as an ESR analysis at different temperatures performed. The structure shows that the cation displays a distorted pentagonal-bipyrimidal co-ordinated geometry, with the macrocycle in the pentagonal plane and two water molecules in the axial positions. From the UV/VIS spectra it can be seen that the electronic structure of 1 is very sensitive to surroundings. The 300 K ESR spectrum of 1 consists of five fine-structure lines centred at g = 2.111, showing anisotropy. A sequence of spectra neatly shows that the compound has a clear magnetic dependence on temperature. Spectral analysis and theoretical calculations give the best 300 K zero-field splitting parameters as D = 0.07 cm–1, E = 0.008 cm–1, λ = E/D = 0.1142. The 77 K zero-field splitting parameters increase to D = 0.074 cm–1 and E = 0.012 cm–1, thus indicating an increasing rhombic distortion as the temperature decreases. The Q-band spectra at 300 and at 77 K are isotropic, and the zero-field effects are very small. The theoretical Q-band spectra were calculated on the basis of the X-band parameters. The temperature variation of the crystal-field parameters is interpreted as a smooth magnetostructural temperature dependence of the compound.

The role of nitric oxide (NO) in shock depends on its evolution. It seems that an early NO increment compensates for systemic vasoconstriction whereas a late massive production participates in vasoplegia. NO spin traps are used to form short life time adducts with NO, and evidence for NO by electron paramagnetic resonance. The goal of this study was to evaluate the early administration of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DETC, an NO spin trap) on survival and NO production in septic shock. Septic shock was induced in Male Wistar rats through the iv administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 mg/Kg). To assess their survival the animals were divided into two groups (n=6) which were treated at exactly the same time as the LPS with either: 1) Isotonic saline solution (ISS, 600 µl ip, and 600 µl sc) or 2) DETC (500 mg/Kg, diluted in 600 µl of ISS, ip) and iron citrate complex (iron sulfate and sodium citrate diluted in 600 µl of ISS, sc). Survival times were recorded and differences evaluated by the Mantel Cox Test. Two more groups (the same treatments as above) were used to measure NO2/NO3 ions (indirect NO measurement, modified Griess reaction) in arterial blood samples (1ml, replaced with 3ml of Hartman solution) before (time 0) and after (1, 2 and 6 h) LPS. The animals were sacrificed by anesthesia overdose after the last blood sample was taken. Differences were evaluated by two way ANOVA testing. Survival was significantly shorter (p=0.01) and NO2/NO3 concentration was significantly smaller (p This study was supported by CONACYT 216184 and 225115 Grants.

Cadmium (Cd(2+)) produces toxic effects on various tissues as kidney and liver, so several studies have focused to explore the effect produced by different doses and exposure times of this metal. However, little has been reported about the effect that Cd(2+) shows in the brain in vivo. Hence, this study aimed at comparing the effect of chronic Cd(2+) exposure on antioxidant defense systems of kidney and brain in rats. Six groups of male rats were employed; five were administered for 45 days with different doses of cadmium chloride (0.187, 0.375, 0.562, 0.937 and 1.125 mg/kg; i.p.) and the other was used as control. Free radicals (FRs) were directly quantified by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy; malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and the activity expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and catalase (CAT) were also measured. The EPR results showed that there was no increase in FR content in kidney or brain. MDA and GSH levels increased in kidney but not in the brain. The SOD2 activity was not altered, but its expression decreased in both tissues. On the other hand, CAT activity and expression tended to increase at low doses and decrease at high doses in both tissues. Therefore, these results suggest that there exist compensatory mechanisms in both kidney and brain that are capable of avoiding the toxic effects exerted by Cd(2+) at these doses and exposure time.

It is well known that CR (caloric restriction) reduces oxidative damage to proteins, lipids and DNA, although the underlying mechanism is unclear. However, information concerning the effect of CR on the host response to infection is sparse. In this study, 6-month-old mice that were fed AL (ad libitum) or with a CR diet were infected with Salmonella serovar Typhimurium. EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance; also known as ESR (electron spin resonance)) was used to identify FRs (free radicals). These results were subsequently correlated with SOD (superoxide dismutase) catalytic activity, iNOS [inducible NOS (nitric oxide synthase) or NOSII] expression and NO (nitric oxide) content. EPR analysis of liver samples demonstrated that there was a higher quantity of FRs and iron–nitrosyl complex in infected mice provided with a CR diet as compared with those on an AL diet, indicating that CR was beneficial by increasing the host response to Salmonella Typhimurium. Furthermore, in infected mice on the CR diet, NOSII expression was higher, NO content was greater and spleen colonization was lower, compared with mice on the AL diet. No changes in SOD activity were detected, indicating that the NO produced participated more in the formation of iron–nitrosyl complexes than peroxynitrite. These results suggest that CR exerts a protective effect against Salmonella Typhimurium infection by increasing NO production.

La educación mexicana se encuentra en crisis, lo cual ha puesto en el centro del debate la formación del magisterio y su profesionalización. Para la mayoría de los analistas los maestros son los actores principales y por ende los responsables de los resultados educativos; hoy más que en otras épocas el magisterio se encuentra en el foco de las críticas al punto de sugerir la desaparición del normalismo. Este trabajo se propone brindar algunas claves de lectura acerca de un grupo de especial relevancia: los formadores de maestros y la urdimbre de relaciones manifiestas en la vida cotidiana de las escuelas normales, que finalmente son las instituciones donde se forman los maestros mexicanos.

to evaluate the coverage and impacts of the vaccination component in Integrated Health Programs.a descriptive study of secondary data analysis was carried out. We analyzed data generated by the Universal Vaccination Program (PROVAC) since 1991, the data compiled in the 2000 National Health Survey (ENSA) and the 2005 National Survey of Coverage of Integrated Health Programs (ENCOPREVENIMSS), as well as the IMSS Annual Epidemiological Gazettes since 1973.the coverage of the basic schemes of the Extended Immunization Program (PAI) in children from one to four years old increased from 46.0% in 1990 to 92.5% in 1992 and 98.2% in 2005. The coverage with booster doses was substantially lower, ranging between 57.0% and 97.3% depending on the type of vaccine and the number of doses. The coverage also varied, although to a lesser extent, among public healthcare institutions. In relation to the impact of the Universal Vaccination Program and the PREVENIMSS strategy among IMSS affiliates, we distinguished at least three situations: (1) illnesses in which a drop in incidence predates the Universal Vaccination Program: tuberculous meningitis, diphtheria, whooping cough, and tetanus; (2) illnesses in which the drop in incidence is clearly related to the program: measles, rubella, mumps, and meningitis due to H. influenzae b. (3) illnesses for which the impact has not yet been assessed: hepatitis B. In addition to a drop in the incidence of immunopreventable diseases, we observed changes in the age distribution of cases.the PREVENIMSS strategy has not interfered with, and in some case has helped to consolidate the achievements of the Universal Vaccination Program. The results of this investigation point to the need to modernize the current system of evaluating coverage and expanding vaccination schemes with booster doses.