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Objectives:: To investigate the relationship between sleeplessness and drug abuse and to determine the difference in male and female on sleeplessness and drug abuse. Methodology: This was a cross sectional study conducted at Hazara University, Mansehra and Haripur University, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The sample consisted of 150 university students, including 75 males and 75 females with the age limit of 18-25 years. The sample was taken by using a purposive sampling technique. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Drug Abuse Screening Test -20 were used in this study. Result: There was a significantly positive correlation between sleep problem and drug abuse (r = .257, p < 0.05). Male students (M = 9.41 ± 2.56) had verse sleep than female ((M = 8.59 ± 2.39), t(148) = 2.03, p < .05 and male students (M = 8.06 ± 4.07) more suffered drug abuse than female students (M = 6.06 ± 4.05), t(148) = 3.02, p < .05. Conclusion: Sleeplessness and drug abuse are positively associated with each other and males are more prone to drug abuse and sleeplessness as compared to females.

The present study aims to explore the potential application of Bai Salam (forward sale agreement) as substitute financial instrument in the agriculture sector of Pakistan. The conclusion is drawn through a survey questionnaire from 300 farmers and bankers in a district of Punjab. For analysis, we use SPSS software and presented the results by using descriptive methods. This study overall concludes the banker’s and farmer’s awareness, willingness, risks, hurdles and the role of institutions in the Salam promotion. The majority of the farmers are not aware of the Salam contract because the Islamic bank’s branch network is limited to urban areas and there is no proper promotion campaign launched by the Islamic banks for awareness about Salaam among the farmers. Bankers are reluctant to finance the tenants, orchards due to more operational risk for the bank. Bankers opinion that small farmers do not have personal securities which is not a solid reason because half of the sampled farmers take a loan from the formal system if they can provide securities to conventional interest-based institution why they can’t provide securities to Islamic financial institutions? There is a vast market for the Islamic Banks if they sincerely pay their attention towards forward sale contracts. The concept applies to all areas of agriculture and livestock farming to overcome financing problems and boost production.

The objective of this study was to determine the main learning strategies frequently used by the students and frequent teaching styles as perceived by students. The sample was comprised of 560 (280 boys, 280 girls) students randomly selected from 20 Public High Schools (male = 10, female =10) of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. The Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) by Wu and Cherng and Teaching Style Questionnaire by Chen was utilized for this study. It was found that help seeking learning strategy was most frequently used by students and democratic teaching style was most frequent as observed by student’s perception. A significant difference was found in the utilization of elaboration, rehearsal, help-seeking and organization strategies of learning on the basis of gender (p < .05). Whereas no significant difference was found in critical thinking, meta- cognitive, peer learning, time and study management and effort management learning strategies.

Background: It is believed that the study of personality has the potentials to enhance our prognostic abilities and can better to expose the etiology of mental illness through the relationship of revealed mechanisms. The focus of this study was to investigate and compare the habitualpatterns of behavior, thought and emotions of upper and lower limb physically disabled students in terms of personality traits. Methods: This cross sectional study consisted of 100 upper limbs and lower limbs disabled students taken from Kingston school Inclusive Education System Abottabad, Mashal special education system Haripur, Syed Ahmed Shaheed special education centerAbottabad, Al-Munir Foundation Mansehra and Hera Special Education System Haripur and 100 normal students taken from Islamic International School Abottabad, Falcon Public School Haripur, Iqra Academy Mansehra and Alhamd International School Haripur of Hazara Division bypurposive sampling technique. This study was conducted during the month of June 2013 to May 2014. Goldberg five big personality scale was used for measuring personality traits of physically disabled and normal students. Results: The significant difference of personality traits scoresbetween physically disabled students (M = 139.2, SD=12.0) and normal students (M=184.5, SD=13.2), t (198) =25.3, pConscientiousness, Emotional Stability and Openness to Experience.

The aim of this study was to measure the difference of vocational interests of physically disabled students and normal to what extent their professional adaptation resembles and differs. The study is based on cross sectional research design. It makes the assessment between physically disabled student and normal students on vocational interests’ scale of Holland. The sample comprised of 200 students (100 physically disabled and 100 normal students) taken from the community of Hazara Division Khyber Puktunkhwa, Pakistan. Holland vocational interests scale (1999) was used for assessing the vocational interests of physically disabled students and normal students. In this study, the significant differences between the scores of vocational interests of physically disabled students (M= 135.4, SD= 12.1) and normal student (M= 161.5, SD= 15.5) ,t (198) = 13.27, p < .05 was observed. The significant differences between the scores of vocational interests of physically disabled students and normal students on realistic, investigative, social, enterprising and conventional types was observed and no significant difference between the scores of vocational interests of physically disabled students and normal students on artistic type was observed. This study provided a better understanding of different dimensions related to the vocation of physically disabled persons.

Background: Depression is one of the major problems faced by medical students, which have significant adverse effects on their social, academic and occupational functioning. The objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence of depression and to explore the gender differences and interrelationship between the depression and negative cognitive style among medical students of First year (FY) Last year (LY) MBBS. Methods: A Cross sectional questionnaire based study was conducted in Ayub medical college Abbottabad; Khyber medical college Peshawar; Bannu medical college; Rawalpindi medical college; Punjab medical college Faisalabad and Allama Iqbal medical college Lahore, Pakistan. Applying stratified sampling technique a battery of questionnaires naming depression screening test, self-report depression scale and cognitive style questionnaire was filed by a sample of 1000 (first and last year) medical students. The data was analysed by SPSS 16. Results: Positive relationship exists between depression and negative cognitive style (r=.57, pFurthermore, it is noticed that among female students the prevalence of depressive symptoms and negative cognitive style was higher. Moreover, it is concluded that the prevalence of depression in LY and negative cognitive styles among FY was higher respectively. Students should be provided proper counselling to avoid and cope with faulty thought patterns leading to depression.

Objectives: To investigate and compare anxiety, depression and health related quality of life among coronary heart disease(CHD) patients with and without anxiety and depression.Methodology: This case control study was conducted at Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology (FIC) from 1st January 2015 to 28th February 2015. The purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to measure the anxiety and depression and Health Related Quality of Life Inventory (HRQoL) SF-36 was used to measure the quality of life of patients.Results: The sample comprised of 150 CHD patients (Male) and 150 healthy controls(Male) with age ranging from 45 to 65 years. Higher anxiety was observed among CHD patients as compared to healthy controls (M= 10.84±4.12 vs 4.64±3.27, p< .05). Similarly higher depression was observed among CHD patients (M= 9.79± 4.91 vs 3.97±2.94 , pConclusion: Anxiety and depression are risk factors for health related quality oflife among CHD patients.

Objective: To examine the health related quality of life (HRQoL) among hypertensive persons versus normotensive persons and the effect of gender on health related quality of life among them. Methodology: A sample of 215 hypertensive persons, BP > 140/90 mm Hg with the age 45 ± 10 years (120 Male and 95 Female) and 215 normotensive persons, BP < 120/80 mm Hg with the age 45 ± 10 years (120 Male and 95 Female) were taken from the Tehsil Head Quarter Hospital (THQ) Jaranwala, Faisalabad by means of purposive sampling technique during the month of February and March 2016. For the measurement of health related quality of life, Health Related Quality of Life Inventory (HRQoL) SF-36 was utilized. Results: Poor HRQoL among hypertensive persons 65.91 ± 24.51 was observed as compared to normotensive persons 79.72 ±19.90. More poor HRQoL among female hypertensive 60.48 ±26.65 was observed as compared to male hypertensive 71.47 ± 22.36. Conclusion: Hypertension significantly adversely affects the health related quality of life of its victims and female are more at risk

Objective: The present study was targeted to measure the differences in the levels of depression, anxiety and stress between female and male police officers of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, Pakistan.Research design: Quasi Experimental DesignPlace of Study: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PakistanSample and Method: The sample included 315 police officers from three districts of the province. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) was administered. It was hypothesized that female police officers would have higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress as compared to male police officers.Results: Female police officers reported “severe” levels of depression, “extremely severe” levels of anxiety and “severe” levels of stress. Male police officers, on the other hand, projected “moderate” levels of depression, “extremely severe” levels of anxiety and “moderate” levels of stress. The difference between male and female police officers for the scores of depression, anxiety and stress was highly significant.Conclusion: The study concluded that female police officers had higher levels of depression, anxiety and stress as compared with male police officers.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and comparison of depression, anxiety and stress in patients with type-2 diabetes. Study design: Cross sectional study. Place and duration: The sample was taken from Allied Hospital Faisalabad in November 2014.Materials and Method: The sample was consisted of patients with type -2 diabetes (N=240), having complications (foot ulcers, nephropathy) n=120 (male=60, female=60) and without complication n= 120 (male=60, female=60). DASS was used to measure the depression, anxiety and stress. Result: It was observed that the 47.9%, 69.6% and 62.9% patients with type-2 diabetes were suffering in depression, anxiety and stress respectively. The depression in diabetes patients with complications was significantly higher (M =13.60, SD =5.80) than thedepression in patients without complications (M =9.25, SD = 4.72). The anxiety in patients with complications was significantly higher (M = 13.64, SD = 5.03) than the anxiety in patients without complications (M = 11.29, SD = 4.35). The stress in patients with complications was significantly higher (M = 21.42, SD = 7.13) than the stress in patientswithout complications (M =14.35, SD = 4.95). The depression in female patients was significantly higher (M =13.90, SD =5.54) than the depression in male patients (M =8.95, SD = 4.73). The anxiety in female patients was significantly higher (M = 14.19, SD = 4.46) than the anxiety in male patients (M = 10.74, SD = 4.59). The stress in female patients was significantly higher (M = 20.88, SD = 7.16) than the stress in male patients (M =14.90, SD = 5.60). Conclusion: The high prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress in patients with type- 2 diabetes was observed. The diabetes patients with complications (foot ulcers, nephropathy) and female patients have higher levels of depression, anxiety and stress compared to diabetes patients without such complication and male patients.

Objective: To examine the prevalence of depression, anxiety and psychological distress among male and female HBV patients.Design: This was a cross sectional comparative study.Materials & Methods: The sample of the study consisted of (N= 100) Hepatitis B patients, male (n=50) and female (n=50), ranging in age from 17 year to 50 year. The sample was taken from Liver Centre District Hospital Faisalabad. Psychological distress was measured by (MHI 38). Data was analyzed by using SPSS and percentages were calculated.Results: The level of depression, anxiety& loss of behavioral / emotional control was found higher in HBV patients. Results indicated the prevalence of mild, moderate and severe psychological distress in HBV male patientswere 32%, 68 %, 0% and in HBV female patients were 22%, 76%, 2%. The prevalence of mild, moderate and severe depression in HBV male patients were 32%, 64%, 4% and in HBV female patients were 18%, 76%,6%. Theprevalence of mild, moderate and severe loss of behavioural/emotional control in HBV male patients were10%, 84%, 4% and in HBV female patientswere 6%, 78%, 16%. In female hepatitis patient’s psychological distress were higher comparatively to male hepatitis patients.Conclusion: In the present study it is concluded that there is high prevalence of depression and anxiety in hepatitis B patients (HBV patients) in Pakistan compared to other countries. Female hepatitis patients have higher level of psychological distress comparatively to male hepatitispatients.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to measure the impact of infertility duration on the mental health of infertile women.Study Design: Cross sectional study.Place and duration of Study: The data for this study were taken from DHQ hospital Mansehra,DHQ hospital Abbottabad, DHQ hospital Haripur, Ayub medical complex Abbottabad, Saad Maternity hospital Mansehra, Afshan fertility hospital Mansehra, Similia fertility treatment center Abbottabad, Sher Khan hospital Ghazi Haripur, Al Ishaq hospital and American hospital Haripur, Jinnah maternity clinic Haripur. This study was conducted during the month of October 2015 to April 2016.Methodology: A sample of 200 infertile women, with the age of 25-50 years and infertility duration from 5-33 years were taken. To measure the mental health of infertile women, Mental Health Inventory(MHI-38) was used.Results: The results indicate that infertile women have high levels of depression, anxiety and loss of behavioral/ emotional control (psychological distress). The results of the study also indicate that as infertility period prolong the infertile women tend to have higher levels of anxiety, depression and loss of behavioral/ emotional control (psychological distress).Conclusion: Infertility is the risk factor for women for anxiety, depression and loss of behavioral/ emotionalcontrol (psychological distress).

In Pakistan learning of English as Foreign language has always been considered as a matter of vital importance. This research explored English language learning attitudes of the Secondary school student’s in District Lahore, Pakistan. The study was concentrated on three major attitudinal features (cognitive, behavioral and emotional) of language learning. Moreover, investigations were also made about differences in attitude towards learning English as an external language on the basis of Gender and area (Science or arts subjects) of study. The study sample was comprised of 150 high school students. The present study was based on cross sectional survey research design. In this study it was observed that the behavioral aspect of attitude, cognitive aspect of attitude and emotional aspect of attitude were (M = 2.55, SD = 0.61), (M = 2.65, SD = 0.62), M = 2.58, SD = 0.63) respectively whereas overall English language attitude was (M = 2.60, SD = 0.58). All the said values suggested the negative attitude of the students towards learning English as Foreign English (EFL). It was observed that the girl students revealed significantly higher learning attitudes towards EFL (M = 2.74, SD = 0.54) compared to the boy students (M = 2.45, SD = 0.59), t (148) = 3.21, p < .05 and the students of Science subjects exposed significantly higher learning attitudes towards EFL (M = 2.72, SD = 0.54) compared to the students of arts subjects (M = 2.42, SD = 0.51), t (148) = 3.24, p < .05

Objectives:(1)To assess the relationship between breastfeeding and postpartum depression. (2)To assessthe relationship between sleep and postpartum depression.Study Design: Cross sectional study.Place and duration of Study: The sample was drawn from Faisalabad, fromOctober4,2015 to December 22,2015.Methodology: A sample of 90 breastfeeding and 90 non-breastfeeding mothers were takenby purposivesampling technique. The sample inclusion criteria were, all participants were undergone vaginal delivery, sixweeks ago. Postpartum depression was measured by Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) andsleep was assessed by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).Results: In this study a significant association between breastfeeding, non- breastfeeding and postpartumdepression scores χ2 = 6.95, p < 0.05 was observed and similarly a significant association between sleepscores and postpartum depression scores χ 2 = 11.17, p < 0.05 was observed. Results reveal that there is asignificant relationship between breastfeeding, sleep and postpartum depression.Conclusion: Non- breastfeeding and poor sleep both are risk factors for postpartum depression.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the behavioral problems of physically and emotionally abused and non-abused children. To see the association between child abusing and factors like gender, birth order, parents' education and socioeconomic status. STUDY DESIGN: Cross sectional research design. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: The sample of the study was taken from Govt. High school Jaranwala and Govt. M.C. Girls high school Jaranwala during the month of May 2015. SUBJECTS & METHODS: Preliminary a sample of 600 hundred students was randomly taken for the study. Abused children and non-abused children were screened out by using a child abusing scale. 130 abused and 130 non-abused children were selected Randomly. The behavioral problem scale was used to measure the behavioral problems of abused and non-abused children. RESULTS: Most abused children belong to a poor socioeconomic group, middle order birth and uneducated parents. Abused children displayed more behavioral problems as compared with non-abused children. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that there was a strong association between parents’ education and child abusing as well as parents’ socioeconomic status. Middle order birth children were more abused as compared to first born and last born child. Abused children have more behavioral problems as compared to non-abused children.

Ng and Perron (2001) designed a unit root test which incorporates the properties of DF-GLS and Phillips Perron test. Ng and Perron claim that the test performs exceptionally well especially in the presence of negative moving average. However, the performance of test depends heavily on the choice of spectral density estimators used in the construction of test. There are various estimators for spectral density available in literature, having crucial impact on the output of test however there is no clarity on which of these estimators gives optimal size and power properties. This study aims to evaluate the performance of Ng-Perron for different choices of spectral density estimators in the presence of negative and positive moving average using Monte Carlo simulations. The results for large samples show that: (a) in the presence of positive moving average, test with kernel based estimator give good effective power and no size distortion (b) in the presence of negative moving average, autoregressive estimator gives better effective power, however, huge size distortion is observed in several specifications of data generating process

Since times of Yule (1926), it is known that correlation between two time series can produce spurious results. Granger and Newbold (1974) see the roots of spurious correlation in non-stationarity of the time series. However the study of Granger, Hyung and Jeon (2001) prove that spurious correlation also exists in stationary time series. These facts make the correlation coefficient an unreliable measure of association. This paper proposes ‘Modified R’ as an alternate measure of association for the time series. The Modified R is robust to the type of stationarity and type of deterministic part in the time series. The performance Modified R is illustrated via extensive Monte Carlo Experiments.

The real estate Business has been one of the most attractive businesses in Pakistan during the last decade. This business minimizes the investment risk and offers high profit margin simultaneously. Therefore this business attracted lot of investment. However, this business has very important implications for several socio- economic indicators. The real estate business demands huge amount of investments and earns high profit margin than the ordinary investment, therefore leads to increased income inequality. The real estate investment reduces the velocity of money leading toward lower level of production. The attraction of industrial investment reduces because of this business. However, no scientific study on the consequences of real estate business exists for Pakistan. This study discusses the economic consequences of real estate business and proposes some reforms to reduce the undesirable consequences of this business.

Performance of unit tests depends on several specification decisions prior to their application e.g., whether or not to include a deterministic trend. Since there is no standard procedure for making such decisions, therefore the practitioners routinely make several arbitrary specification decisions. In Monte Carlo studies, the design of DGP supports these decisions, but for real data, such specification decisions are often unjustifiable and sometimes incompatible with data. We argue that the problems posed by choice of initial specification are quite complex and the existing voluminous literature on this issue treats only certain superficial aspects of this choice. We also show how these initial specifications affect the performance of unit root tests and argue that Monte Carlo studies should include these preliminary decisions to arrive at a better yardstick for evaluating such tests.

According to official estimates, territory of Azad Jammu & Kashmir has a potential to generate about 4600 MW of hydroelectricity, the cheapest source of energy. Total deficit in energy Pakistan is facing these days is about 5000 MW. So, only AJK can fulfill more than 90% of deficit of now demanded energy for entire country. Beside this direct and explicit advantage of hydropower projects to power sector, these projects may be extremely useful in improving many economic and social indicators at local and national level. Many socioeconomic indicators reveal that Azad Kashmir is there is huge gap in development level of AJK and National level. Development of power sector is extremely important to fill this gap. In this paper, we analyze effect of possible implementation of these projects on various economic and social sectors at local and national level. We discuss the obstacles in implementation of projects and recommendations are given at the end.

In this paper we highlight the necessity of new criteria for evaluation of performance of unit root tests. We suggest focusing directly on the reasons that create ambiguity in unit root test’s results. Two reasons for unsatisfactory properties of unit root tests can be found in the literature (i) the model misspecification and (ii) observational equivalence. Regarding first reason, there is immense literature on several components of model specification covering specification techniques, consequence of misspecification and robust methods. However complete model specification involves multiple decisions and most of studies on performance of unit root tests do not address issue of multiple specification decisions simultaneously. The Monte Carlo studies are conditional on some of implicit specification and for Monte Carlo; these specifications are by construction valid. But for real data, the implicit decisions are often not true and specification decisions need to be endogenized. A closer match with real case is possible if multiple specification decisions are endogenized, thus providing more reliable measure of performance of unit root tests. Second problem in differentiating trend and difference stationary process is the observational equivalence between two processes. We suggest exploring data generating processes with different long run dynamics and small sample equivalence so that a researcher should have an idea about other plausible models for a data set for which he has estimated some model.

We study the test for location parameter of a random number from Cauchy density, focusing on point optimal tests. We develop analytical technique to compute critical values and power curve of a point optimal test. We study the power properties of various point optimal tests. The problem turned out to be different in its nature, in that, the critical value of a test determines the power properties of test. We found that if for given size α and any point θm in alternative space, if the critical value of a point optimal test is 1, the test optimal for that point is the most stringent test.

Objectives: To investigate and compare anxiety, depression and health related quality of life among coronary heart disease(CHD) patients with and without anxiety and depression.Methodology: This case control study was conducted at Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology (FIC) from 1st January 2015 to 28th February 2015. The purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to measure the anxiety and depression and Health Related Quality of Life Inventory (HRQoL) SF-36 was used to measure the quality of life of patients.Results: The sample comprised of 150 CHD patients (Male) and 150 healthy controls(Male) with age ranging from 45 to 65 years. Higher anxiety was observed among CHD patients as compared to healthy controls (M= 10.84±4.12 vs 4.64±3.27, p< .05). Similarly higher depression was observed among CHD patients (M= 9.79± 4.91 vs 3.97±2.94 , pConclusion: Anxiety and depression are risk factors for health related quality oflife among CHD patients.