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The aims of our contribution is to examine the cognitive mechanisms at stake in the frame of the comprehension of neighboring languages and to show the efficiency of the approach by analogy, by means of the example set by phra-seological collocations. After recalling the inefficiency of an analytic approach in the understanding (mediatized or non mediatized) between neighboring languages, we will study the various relationships of analogy between equivalent phraseological collocations among neighboring languages. Besides, we will show how the practice of mutual comprehension through an analogical approach pro-vides access, more efficiently and subtly than any other approach, to the meaning of fixed phrases in foreign languages. This sets the stage to strengthen (1) the feeling that the phraseological collocations between neighboring languages are massively more transparent than they appear at first, (2) the confirmation that the systemic approach by analogy is the most efficient approach for an education to intercomprehension and multilingualism, and (3) beyond this, the avenue accord-ing to which the systemic approach by analogy could be an essential vector helping cultural and social inclusion during mobility in European territories where are spoken neighboring languages., Notre contribution a pour objectif d’examiner les mécanismes cognitifs en jeu dans le cadre de la compréhension en langues voisines et de montrer l’efficience de l’approche par analogie, en prenant pour support de démonstration la question des séquences figées. Après avoir rappelé l’inefficacité de l’approche analytique (médiatisée ou non médiatisée) en compréhension des langues voisines, nous étudierons les diverses relations analogiques qui existent entre les séquences figées équivalentes entre langues voisines et montrerons comment la pratique de l’intercompréhension par approche analogique permet d’accéder, avec plus d’efficience et de subtilité que toute autre approche, à la signification des séquences figées en langues étrangères. Chemin faisant, se renforceront (1) le sentiment que les séquences figées entre langues voisines sont massivement plus transparentes qu’elles ne le paraissent au premier abord, (2) la confirmation que l’approche systémique par analogie constitue l’approche la plus efficiente pour une éducation à l’intercompréhension et au plurilinguisme, et (3) plus largement la piste selon laquelle l’approche systémique par analogie se révèlerait être un vecteur essentiel favorisant l’inclusion culturelle et sociale lors de mobilités dans des espaces européens linguistiquement voisins.

Demouy Patrick. Renaissance de la Maison des Musiciens de Reims. In: Monuments et mémoires de la Fondation Eugène Piot, tome 96, 2017. pp. 77-117.

La philologie n’est pas une approche critique et un usage des Essais parmi d’autres ; elle est, avec l’ecdotique, à la base de toutes les approches critiques et de toutes les interprétations que l’on peut en proposer. La première établit le meilleur texte : non pas la reconstruction d’un texte idéal, mais l’édition d’un texte réel, porteur d’autorité ; la seconde le donne à lire en une forme moderne et à le comprendre dans toute sa complexité à l’aide d’un appareil critique. L’histoire de l’édition savante des Essais a été confondue avec celle du débat entre les tenants respectifs de l’édition posthume (1595) et de l’exemplaire de Bordeaux. La véritable question philologique porte en réalité sur la nature des deux textes ; la question ecdotique, sur la manière de les éditer de façon rigoureuse. Philology cannot be considered as a simple critical approach among others, neither as a mode of using Montaigne’s Essais. It represents the foundation that makes possible every approach or interpretation of Montaigne. A text established with philological accuracy from the best documented editorial tradition and a fresh collation of the extant manuscript additions and editions–given in a critical edition respecting ecdotical standards–allows us to better understand the cultural complexity of the Essais.

Chlor-alkali plants using mercury (Hg) cell technology are acute point sources of Hg pollution in the aquatic environment. While there have been recent efforts to reduce the use of Hg cells, some of the emitted Hg can be transformed to neurotoxic methylmercury (MeHg). Here, we aimed (i) to study the dispersion of Hg in four reservoirs located downstream of a chlor-alkali plant along the Olt River (Romania) and (ii) to track the activity of bacterial functional genes involved in Hg methylation. Total Hg (THg) concentrations in water and sediments decreased successively from the initial reservoir to downstream reservoirs. Suspended fine size particles and seston appeared to be responsible for the transport of THg into downstream reservoirs, while macrophytes reflected the local bioavailability of Hg. The concentration and proportion of MeHg were correlated with THg, but were not correlated with bacterial activity in sediments, while the abundance of hgcA transcript correlated with organic matter and Cl(-) concentration, indicating the importance of Hg bioavailability in sediments for Hg methylation. Our data clearly highlights the importance of considering Hg contamination as a legacy pollutant since there is a high risk of continued Hg accumulation in food webs long after Hg-cell phase out.

Contamination by mercury (Hg) is a worldwide concern because of Hg toxicity and biomagnification in aquatic food webs. Nevertheless, bioavailability and cellular toxicity pathways of inorganic (IHg) and methyl-Hg (MeHg) remain poorly understood. We analyzed the uptake, transcriptomic, and physiological responses in the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii exposed to IHg or MeHg. Bioavailability of MeHg was up to 27× higher than for IHg. Genes involved in cell processes, energy metabolism and transport were dysregulated by both Hg species. Physiological analysis revealed an impact on photosynthesis and reduction–oxidation reaction metabolism. Nevertheless, MeHg dysregulated a larger number of genes and with a stronger fold-change than IHg at equivalent intracellular concentration. Analysis of the perturbations of the cell’s functions helped to derive a detailed mechanistic understanding of differences in cellular handling of IHg and MeHg resulting in MeHg having a stronger impact. This knowledge is central for the prediction of impact of toxicants on organisms.

A majority of authors argue today that the Parliament should refrain from enacting laws dealing with the historical past, but that it is perfectly acting in its role when it adopts resolutions with the same object. This is surprising because resolutions do not evade many of the reproaches adressed to "memorial laws". The astonishing success of the resolutions can be explained by an effort to give a strictly legal appearance to a political point of view., Il est aujourd'hui convenu, dans le discours relatif aux relations entre le Parlement et l'histoire, de soutenir que si la loi est à bannir, la résolution constitue un instrument adéquat d'expression sur l'histoire. Néanmoins, la résolution semble vulnérable à l'essentiel des reproches adressés aux "lois mémorielles". La surprenante popularité de cet argument s'explique par l'effort de donner l'apparence d'un simple constat juridique à des opinions essentiellement politiques.

International audience; L’objectif de la collection « Le droit en fiches et en tableaux » est de proposer des ouvrages facilitant la compréhension et la mémorisation des questions juridiques. Chaque question est ainsi envisagée selon deux approches juxtaposées : • le cours traditionnel en page de gauche, • des tableaux récapitulatifs en page de droite. Très didactique, ce manuel de droit constitutionnel a été conçu à partir de trois choix méthodologiques : • la mise en avant des distinctions fondamentales, • la reprise des mêmes problèmes sous des angles différents, • un effort de mise en perspective afin de faciliter la réflexion et la compréhension des continuités et ruptures.

The effects of short-term exposure to subnanomolar methyl-mercury (MeHg) concentrations, representative of contaminated environments, on the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were assessed using both physiological end points and gene expression analysis. MeHg bioaccumulated and induced significant increase of the photosynthesis efficiency, while the algal growth, oxidative stress, and chlorophyll fluorescence were unaffected. At the molecular level, MeHg significantly dysregulated the expression of genes involved in motility, energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, metal transport, and antioxidant enzymes. Data suggest that the cells were able to cope with subnanomolar MeHg exposure, but this tolerance resulted in a significant cost to the cell energy and reserve metabolism as well as ample changes in the nutrition and motility of C. reinhardtii. The present results allowed gaining new insights on the effects and uptake mechanisms of MeHg at subnanomolar concentrations in aquatic primary producers.

La gestion du risque dans le cirque a surtout été étudiée d’un point de vue sociologique qui met largement en avant la « gestion des émotions » (Fourmaux, 2006) ou l’importance des « dimensions personnelles, psychologiques » (Legendre, 2014). Notre étude exploratoire, constituée de 30 entretiens semi-directifs d’étudiants en écoles supérieures de cirque, vise une compréhension plus approfondie de ces dimensions personnelles à la lumière de données issues de la psychologie du sport appliquée. Les résultats mettent en avant des dimensions intra-individuelles de gestion du risque (gestion de la peur, confiance en soi et dans son corps, et concentration) et des dimensions interindividuelles (forte confiance accordée à l’enseignant ou aux partenaires, émulation du groupe). L’apprentissage ou le développement de la plupart de ces dimensions personnelles passe indirectement par la maitrise technique issue d’apprentissages formels répétitifs et progressifs. Les techniques mentales plus spécifiques concernant la gestion de la peur ou la concentration sont, par contre, plutôt issues d’un apprentissage personnel et informel, qui semble pertinent, mais le serait probablement encore plus s’il était formalisé. Risk management in the field of circus art has until now mainly been studied from a sociological perspective which emphasises “emotion management” (Fourmaux, 2006) or the importance of personal and psychological dimensions of risk management (Legendre, 2014). This exploratory study, based on 30 semi-directive interviews with students from graduate circus schools, aims at increasing our understanding of these personal dimensions of risk management in the light of issues raised in sport psychology research. The results highlight two key dimensions of risk management: intra-individual dimensions (fear management, self-confidence and confidence in the body, and concentration) as well as inter-individual dimensions (trust placed in teachers or partners, group competition). Learning or development of most of these personal dimensions of risk management indirectly involves the technical mastery of skills through repetitive and progressive formal learning. On the other hand, mental skills and strengths around fear management and concentration are gained through personal and informal learning; these skills are highly relevant and would be much more so if they were formalised as part of learning process.

Vacuolar compartmentalization or cell wall binding in leaves could play a major role in hyperaccumulation of heavy metals. However, little is known about the physiology of intracellular cadmium (Cd) sequestration in plants. We investigated the role of the leaf cells in allocating metal in hyperaccumulating plants by measuring short-term 109Cd and 65Zn uptake in mesophyll protoplasts of Thlaspi caerulescens “Ganges” and Arabidopsis halleri, both hyperaccumulators of zinc (Zn) and Cd, and T. caerulescens “Prayon,” accumulating Cd at a lower degree. The effects of low temperature, several divalent cations, and pre-exposure of the plants to metals were investigated. There was no significant difference between the Michaelis-Menten kinetic constants of the three plants. It indicates that differences in metal uptake cannot be explained by different constitutive transport capacities at the leaf protoplast level and that plasma and vacuole membranes of mesophyll cells are not responsible for the differences observed in heavy metal allocation. This suggests the existence of regulation mechanisms before the plasma membrane of leaf mesophyll protoplasts. However, pre-exposure of the plants to Cd induced an increase in Cd accumulation in protoplasts of “Ganges,” whereas it decreased Cd accumulation in A. halleri protoplasts, indicating that Cd-permeable transport proteins are differentially regulated. The experiment with competitors has shown that probably more than one single transport system is carrying Cd in parallel into the cell and that in T. caerulescens “Prayon,” Cd could be transported by a Zn and Ca pathway, whereas in “Ganges,” Cd could be transported mainly by other pathways.

International audience; Cet article vise à expliquer pourquoi la sociologie fiscale, malgré son intérêt pour le chercheur, le citoyen et le décideur, ne bénéficie pas d'une reconnaissance institutionnelle en France. L'état du savoir n'étant pas en cause, la réponse à cette question de sociologie de la connaissance est à chercher dans l'analyse du marché de la recherche fiscale. D'abord, des obstacles socio-institutionnels bloquent la demande publique, compte tenu de la réticence de l'administration à encourager des études dont l'urgence sociale est peu visible. Ensuite, la spécialisation technique de l'offre de connaissances favorise l'hégémonie normative de l'économie et du droit. Les variables du modèle proposé croisent ainsi des facteurs relevant de la demande ou de l'offre publique de connaissances, de caractéristiques générales ou propres à un pays, de logiques socio-institutionnelles ou épistémologiques. La conclusion suggère que la sociologie fiscale progressera dans le dialogue critique avec le droit et l'économie

In this study, the uptake and sub-toxic effects of CuO nanoparticles (CuO-NPs), dissolved Cu(II) alone or in combination with UV radiation on the aquatic macrophyte Elodea nuttallii were studied. Emphasis was on Cu accumulation, growth, photosynthesis and the oxidative stress related enzymes peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The results showed stronger Cu accumulation in plants exposed to 10 mg L(-1) CuO-NPs, corresponding to 1.4-2 mg L(-1) dissolved Cu(II), than to 256 μg L(-1) Cu(II). However, the ratio between the accumulated Cu and dissolved Cu in CuO treatments was lower than in Cu(II) treatments. Additional UV exposure increased accumulation in both treatments, with the effect being stronger for Cu accumulation from CuO-NPs than for dissolved Cu(II). Photosynthetic capacity was strongly reduced by UV treatment, whereas remained unaffected by Cu(II) or CuO-NP treatments. Similarly, the increase of SOD activity was more pronounced in the UV treatments. On the other hand, POD activity enhancement was strongest in the plants exposed to CuO-NPs for 24 h. Expression of the copper transporter COPT1 as revealed by RT-qPCR was inhibited by Cu(II) and CuO-NP treatment, limiting the uptake of excess Cu into the cells. Overall, the combined exposure of E. nuttallii to UV radiation with CuO-NPs or Cu(II) has a higher impact than exposure to CuO-NPs or Cu(II) alone. The results imply that heavy pollution of natural water with CuO-NPs or dissolved Cu might have stronger effects in combination with natural UV irradiation on organisms in situ.

The present study showed the important role of light intensity and spectral composition on Cu uptake and effects on green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. High-intenisty light (HL) increased cellular Cu concentrations, but mitigated the Cu-induced decrease in chlorophyll fluorescence, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation at high Cu concentrations, indicating that Cu and HL interact in an antagonistic manner. HL up-regulated the transcription of genes involved in the antioxidant response in C. reinhardtii and thus reduced the oxidative stress upon exposure to Cu and HL. Combined exposure to Cu and UVBR resulted in an increase of cellular Cu contents and caused severe oxidative damage to the cells. The observed effects were higher than the sum of the effects corresponding to exposure to UVBR or Cu alone suggesting a synergistic interaction.

Macrophytes bioaccumulate metals, the suggestion being made that they be considered for phytoremediation. However, a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of metal tolerance in these plants is necessary to allow full optimization of this approach. The present study was undertaken to gain insight into Hg and Cd accumulation and their effects in a representative macrophyte, Elodea nuttallii. Exposure to methyl-Hg (23 ng dm(-3)) had no significant effect while inorganic Hg (70 ng dm(-3)) and Cd (281 μg dm(-3)) affected root growth but did not affect shoots growth, photosynthesis, or antioxidant enzymes. Phytochelatins were confirmed as having a role in Cd tolerance in this plant while Hg tolerance seems to rely on different mechanisms. Histology and subcellular distribution revealed a localized increase in lignification, and an increased proportion of metal accumulation in cell wall over time. Proteomics further suggested that E. nuttallii was able to efficiently adapt its energy sources and the structure of its cells during Hg and Cd exposure. Storage in cell walls to protect cellular machinery is certainly predominant at environmental concentrations of metals in this plant resulting in a high tolerance highlighted by the absence of toxicity symptoms in shoots despite the significant accumulation of metals.

Vegetated and shallow areas such as wetlands and salt marshes, as well as freshwater lakes and rivers, have been identified as hotspots for Hg methylation. The presence of aquatic macrophytes, the predominant primary producers in shallow waters, plays an important but still poorly understood role in the fate of Hg in these environments. The present review focuses on the influences of macrophytes on Hg speciation and distribution in sediments, the rhizosphere, and the water column; on Hg transformation; and on Hg release to the environment, including transfer to the trophic web. Future research will require an improved understanding of the mechanisms and the factors controlling these aspects as well as a broader general view. Thus, the main gaps in knowledge are also discussed.

International audience

International audience

The high number of peroxidase genes explains the description of numerous physiological functions and the fact that the in planta function of a single isoform has never been characterized yet. We analyzed in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana the localization of a zucchini isoperoxidase (APRX), previously purified thanks to its pectin binding ability. We confirmed that the protein is localized near the cell wall, mainly produced in the elongation area of the hypocotyls and respond to exogenous auxin. In addition, the ectopic overexpression of APRX induced changes in growth pattern and a significant reduction of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) level. In agreement with these observations APRX showed an elevated in vitro auxin oxidase activity. We propose that APRX participates in the negative feedback regulation of auxin level and consequently terminates the hypocotyl elongation process.

National audience; à venir

International audience

International audience; G.E. Moore est avec Bertrand Russell et Ludwig Wittgenstein l'un des fondateurs de la philosophie analytique. Il a contribué avec Russell à chasser l'idéalisme des universités anglaises pendant cinquante ans, cependant qu'il composait deux des plus beaux ouvrages d'éthique publiés dans les pays anglo-saxons entre 1900 et 1950 : "Principia Ethica" et "Ethics". L'intuitionnisme de Moore a influencé la pensée anglaise jusqu'à nos jours. En même temps, Moore s'est interrogé sur les propositions qui expriment les croyances et les certitudes, construisant une méthode d'analyse riche et féconde qui mobilisera l'attention - et suscitera les critiques - de Wittgenstein.

Given its hybrid status which involves health and trade the retail distribution of pharmaceuticals is at a cross-road. Three different issues polarize the attention : The opening of the capital of the pharmacies, the maintaining of the monopoly positions of the pharmacies, and, finally, the criterias set forth for the establishment and the geographical repartition of the pharmacies. In application of the principle of sub-sidiary, Member States have developed three different models following different rationales : a deregulated model that promotes competition within the pharmaceuticals retail business, a regulated model which takes into account the specificities of the pharmaceutical sector and a mixed model. The European Commission has expressed its opposition to the regulated and mixed models which, it contends, violate the core principles of the freedom of establishment and the free movement of capitals. It has initiated several lawsuits before the European Court of Justice based on the violation of Article 258 TFUE against some Member States. The legislations applicable to the functioning of the pharmacies are subject to increasing changes which create uncertainties expressed by the Member States and the professional orders. Through several law suits, the European Court of Justice had to decide to what extent Member States could disregard the application of the basic freedoms on the grounds of public interest considerations. The Court ruled in favour of the protection of public health to the detriment of an absolute and unlimited competition.

In order to fully understand the hyperaccumulation process and to increase the potential of plants for phytoextraction purposes, there is a need for more investigation of hyperaccumulating species or populations. Five Swiss populations of Thlaspi caerulescens J. & C. Presl originating from non-metalliferous but naturally Cd-rich soils (1.1–9.2 mg Cd kg–1) were compared with Ganges and Prayon populations and a non-accumulating species, Thlaspi perfoliatum (L.) F.K. Meyer, for their tolerance (shoot and root dry weight and root length) and Cd hyperaccumulation in hydroponics (0, 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 μm Cd). In the field, the Swiss populations accumulated Zn and clearly hyperaccumulated Cd (up to 505 mg Cd kg–1 dry weight). The general response was significantly different between populations but in general an increasing Cd concentration in solution led to a decrease in dry weight production and an increase in Cd concentration in shoots. The shoot dry weight was a more discriminating parameter for tolerance than root dry weight and total root length. The Swiss populations behaved similarly to the Ganges population but differently from the Prayon population. Cadmium concentrations in shoots were above 100 mg kg–1 when plants were grown in 1 μm Cd, except for the Prayon population and T. perfoliatum. In addition, as 1 μm Cd did not induce any visible toxicity symptoms, it was found to be adequate to test Cd hyperaccumulation. However, the most striking feature was the positive linear relationship observed between the transfer factor (TF) calculated in the field and the response of a population to increasing Cd concentrations in solution, indicating that plant uptake in the field had an influence on the plant response in solution.

International audience

International audience; Il s'agit de comparer les connecteurs 'c’est-à-dire' et 'à savoir' pour montrer que le choix complémentaire de l’un ou de l’autre dépend de processus référentiels, du mode de donation, connu ou inconnu, de leur référent

International audience; à venir

National audience; A venir

National audience; Tout est parti d'images, celles du film Retour à l'école? (Alain Bercovitz et Jacques Demeure) qui donne la parole à des adultes-hommes en formation. Parce qu'il met en scène des auditeurs de cours du soir, certains en compagnie de leur \guillemotleft épouse \guillemotright, mais aucune auditrice, le fi lm, de manière tout à fait involontaire, désigne les femmes comme \guillemotleft non-public \guillemotright de la formation. Il devient alors prétexte à revisiter l'histoire. Une recherche archivistique est venue confirmer le message porté par les images: les femmes ont bel et bien été oubliées par la première politique nationale de formation des adultes en France, la promotion sociale (1959-1966). Sont ensuite examinés les circonstances et les évènements qui ont progressivement conduit, au plan national, à soulever la question de la promotion féminine à partir de la mi-1966. Les femmes vont alors acquérir une nouvelle, mais éphémère, visibilité, en tant que public spécifique de la formation. Mais Retour à l'école? n'est pas seulement le point de départ d'une recherche sociohistorique. Il est également objet d'une exploration archéologique et analysé en tant que \guillemotleft concentré de savoir \guillemotright sur la formation des années 1960. Réalisé au moment d'un basculement de l'histoire, il a très vite été oublié. Cet ouvrage propose de décrypter le sens de ces différents oublis et entend prolonger l'histoire de l'éducation des filles, maintenant bien étudiée, par une histoire de l'éducation des femmes adultes, qui en est quant à elle à ses premiers balbutiements. Il s'adresse à toutes celles et tous ceux qui s'intéressent à l'histoire de la formation, à l'histoire des femmes, ou encore à ces années soixante, si proches et si lointaines à la fois, qui nous sont révélées, ici, à travers les images d'un fi lm de formation de formateurs.

L’Institut international des films du travail, l’ILFI (International Labour Film Institute), issu du mouvement syndical mondial, a consacré son activité à l’éducation ouvrière par le cinéma. Les conditions de sa création et son action au fil des ans sont reconstituées ici à partir de documents d’archives. L’ILFI ne parviendra jamais à s’émanciper de la Confédération internationale des syndicats libres (CISL) dont il dépend financièrement. Il a travaillé, pendant 20 ans, à mettre sur pied une cinémathèque, à réaliser différentes productions (dont un seul film), à inciter les syndicats des différents continents à se former à travers les films et à organiser 5 festivals internationaux. Les « moyens audiovisuels » éclipsent peu à peu la suprématie des films. L’article revient sur quelques moments-clés de l’histoire de cet institut et sur quelques films qu’il a promus. The International Labour Film Institute (ILFI) originated from the international labour movement. It was devoted to workers’ education through film. Archived documents reconstitute the conditions of its creation and its activities. The ILFI, which depended financially on the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), never succeeded in emancipating itself from the confederation. The ILFI functioned for 20 years establishing a film library, producing a variety of visual media (only one film), encouraging trade unions in different continents to use films in union education, and organising 5 international festivals. Little by little, audio-visual means overshadowed the supremacy of film. The article explores key moments of the institute’s history and the films it promoted.

International audience; 'The Picture of Dorian Gray' est une œuvre où se dessinent deux problématiques centrales : celle des limites de la représentation et celle des frontières entre l' écrit et l'image. De ce fait, le roman de Wilde constitue sans doute une entreprise séduisante mais également une véritable gageure pour un artiste qui souhaite en proposer une ou des image(s). Le portrait qui figure au centre du récit s'inscrit dans le texte sous le mode de l'absence. L'un des enjeux de l'illustration de ce texte est ainsi la représentation d'un tableau imaginaire et absent ; il s'agit de rendre visible une œuvre d'art qui touche aux limites de la représentation. L'illustrateur se trouve ainsi placé dans la même position que le lecteur du roman, invité, comme celui-ci, à combler la lacune centrale du récit.

International audience; Nous nous proposons d’analyser l’emploi d’un nombre conséquent d’énoncés négatifs employés par le président François Hollande lors de ses interventions télévisées pendant l’année 2014 et 2015. Nous savons que le discours politique fait appel à un grand nombre de stratégies discursives, comme l’autoréférence, l’emploi de modalisateurs, entre autres. Parmi ces stratégies, nous étudierons l’emploi d’énoncés négatifs dans le but de juger, d’opposer et de contredire les propos d’autrui, mais aussi dans le but de construire une image par et dans le discours. Notre objectif principal est de mettre en évidence les différents emplois de la structure négative mis en place par le locuteur politique dans ses discours dans le but de créer ou recréer une image discursive. Ce qui nous intéresse, concrètement, est de décrire et d’analyser le schéma stratégique pour la construction d’un ethos qui légitime la parole de François Hollande par l’appui sur des énoncés négatifs.

International audience

International audience

Symposium, Montpellier, 19-20 février 2014

International audience

National audience; Cet ouvrage propose une progression sur l'année en 5 périodes de 3 quinzaines. Un thème principal est retenu par période (nombre, numération, calcul). Chaque quinzaine est organisée autour de l'une de ces situations "essentielles" : le robot, les bo\ⁱtes alignées, les mosa\"iques, la bo\ⁱte noire, le nombre-cible, calculette, le jeu du château, maisons à construire, monnaie, le jeu du banquier, les fourmillons, carreler une pièce, le nombre-cible, carreler une maison, rollers.

National audience