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The surgical ressection of petroclival meningiomas is challenging due to its deep location and relationship with vital neurovascular structures. Usually they are benign injuries, but they can involve or infiltrate skull base bones, dura mater and brainstem. This makes the total removing very difficult or impossible without causing neurological deficits. The objective of this study is to review the surgical approaches used on the treatment of petroclival meningiomas and the knowledge which we achieved upon the surgical management of 30 cases.Series of 30 petroclival meningioma-cases. In the beginning of our series we used petrous approach for all the cases, however, with the acquiring of experience, we are indicating the retrosigmoid approach, leaving the petrous and skull-orbito-zigomatics approaches for selected cases.Owing to the difficulty of the access, the petroclival meningiomas usually require different surgical approaches and have distint surgical difficulties. There are three main approaches: fronto-orbito-zigomatics and variants; petrous and variants and retrosigmoid, and they can be combined. The choice for a surgical approach is usually on the location and size of the tumor, on the skull shape, the involvement of venous structures and according to the surgeon´s experience.Petroclival meningiomas are rare and complex on the skull base. The adequate choice is crucial to achieve the good surgical result.

Several kinds of marital conflict might be solved through constructive communication, development of interaction skills, and behavioral and thought modification. The aim of this study was to show results of the application of a protocol based on cognitive behavioral couple therapy (CBCT) on dyadic adjustment, marital social skills, depression, and anxiety symptoms. The sample consisted of 32 participants (16 couples) divided in two groups by length of marriage: Group 1 (1–7 years) and Group 2 (8–12 years). All subjects recruited were older than 18 and reported having communication problems in their relationship. The ages were M = 30.4, SD = 4.13. The measures were Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS), Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Marital Social Skills Inventory (Inventário de Habilidades Sociais Conjugais [IHSC]), and the Sociodemographic Questionnaire. Participants were assessed pre- and postintervention and had a 6-month follow-up. The intervention consisted of twelve 50-min sessions per couple. Based on three time analyses, both groups obtained the following results: DAS ( p = .001), BDI-II ( p = .000), BAI ( p = .000), and IHSC ( p = .001). We conclude that the CBCT protocol developed for this study, resulted in statistically significant improvements in the couple’s relationship for all variables studied in both groups.

Antecedentes: La resección quirúrgica de los meningiomas petroclivales es un desafío debido a su ubicación profunda y su relación con las estructuras neurovasculares vitales. Por lo general, son lesiones benignas, pero pueden involucrar o infiltrar huesos en la base del cráneo, la duramadre y el tronco encefálico. Esto hace que la extirpación total sea muy difícil o imposible sin causar déficits neurológicos. El objetivo de este estudio es revisar los abordajes quirúrgicos utilizados para tratar los meningiomas petroclivales y las lecciones que hemos aprendido en el manejo quirúrgico de 30 casos. Métodos: Serie de casos de 30 meningiomas petroclivales. Al comienzo de nuestra serie, utilizamos el abordaje petroso para todos los casos, pero con la adquisición de experiencia comenzamos a indicar cada vez más el abordaje retrosigmoideo, reservando los abordajes petrosos y cráneo-orbitocigomático para casos seleccionados. Resultados: Debido a la dificultad de acceso, los meningiomas petroclivales generalmente requieren diferentes abordajes quirúrgicos y presentan diferentes dificultades quirúrgicas. Hay tres abordajes principales: fronto-orbito-cigomático y variantes; petroso y variantes; y retrosigmoideo, pudiendo ser combinados. La elección del abordaje quirúrgico generalmente se basa en la ubicación y extensión del tumor, la forma del cráneo y la participación de las estructuras venosas, y la experiencia del cirujano. Conclusión: Los meningiomas petroclivales son raros y complejos en la base del cráneo. Elegir el abordaje correcto es crucial para un resultado quirúrgico exitoso.

The COVID-19 pandemic has become one of the main international concerns regarding its impact on mental health. The present study aims to investigate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, and behavioral aspects amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in a Brazilian population. An online survey was administered from May 22 to June 5, 2020 using a questionnaire comprising of sociodemographic information, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and the Coping Strategies Inventory. Participants comprised 3,000 people from Brazil’s 26 states and the Federal District, with an average age of 39.8 years, women (83%), married (50.6%), graduates (70.1%) and employees (46.7%). Some contracted the virus (6.4%) and had dead friends or relatives (22.7%). There was more consumption of drugs, tobacco, medication, and food (40.8%). Almost half of participants expressed symptoms of depression (46.4%), anxiety (39.7%), and stress (42.2%). These were higher in women, people without children, students, patients with chronic diseases, and people who had contact with others diagnosed with COVID-19. The existence of a group more vulnerable to situations with a high stress burden requires greater attention regarding mental health during and after the pandemic. That said, it should be emphasized that these findings are preliminary and portray a moment still being faced by many people amid the pandemic and quarantine measures. Therefore, we understand that the magnitude of the impacts on mental health will only be more specific with continuous studies after total relaxation of the quarantine.

[eng] The γ-­‐tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) is required to efficiently generate new microtubules (MT) in a process known as MT nucleation. In mitotic cells, MT nucleation by γTuRC occurs from the centrosome, in vicinity of the chromosomes and from the lattice of pre-­‐ existing MTs in a process additionally involving the augmin complex. In neurons, the centrosome loses its MT nucleation capacity, while the γTuRC can still promote nucleation elsewhere. Still, it remains unclear how the γTuRC is regulated in these cells and whether other non-­‐centrosomal sites function as microtubule-­‐organizing centre in neurons. The aim of this thesis is to understand how MT nucleation mediated by augmin and γTuRC contributes to brain development and how nucleation is regulated during this process. In this thesis we show that the augmin complex is required for both axonal and dendritic development in vitro. In the axon, augmin guarantees that MTs are nucleated with the correct orientation, ensuring uniform axonal MT polarity. On the other hand, augmin depletion leads to an overall decrease in MT density in dendrites with no major effect on their polarity. Surprisingly, despite our findings, analysis of augmin function by other groups in vivo in flies and zebrafish has not revealed any dramatic defects. Strikingly, we show that, in conditional KO mice with gene deletion in the augmin subunit Haus6 in neural progenitors, brain development is halted before embryonic day 13 and the animals die at birth. These major brain defects are caused by impaired mitosis and massive cell death in neuroprogenitors, indicating significant, species-­‐specific differences in the requirement for augmin function. In the last part of this thesis we identified KIF2A and CEP170 as γTuRC interactors in in vitro cultured mouse cortical neurons and we show that, in agreement with published data on KIF2A function, CEP170 seems to inhibit growth of axon collateral branches. We speculate that KIF2A and CEP170 may function as negative regulators of microtubules nucleation by γTuRC. Together these results establish augmin-­‐mediated nucleation as essential for mammalian brain development and provide first insight in the regulation of microtubule nucleation in neurons by γTuRC interactors., [spa] El complejo de anillo gamma-­‐tubulina (γTuRC) es necesario para generar microtúbulos de manera eficiente en un proceso conocido como nucleación de microtúbulos. En células mitóticas, la nucleación a partir del γTuRC tiene lugar en el centrosoma, en regiones próximas a los cromosomas y en la superficie de microtúbulos previamente formados, en un proceso que requiere adicionalmente la presencia del complejo de augmina. A pesar de que en neuronas el centrosoma pierde su capacidad nucleadora de microtúbulos, el γTuRC aún puede inducir la nucleación en otros lugares. Sin embargo, aún se desconoce cómo se regula el γTuRC en estas células y si, aparte del centrosoma, existen otros lugares que puedan funcionar como centros organizadores de microtúbulos. El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es entender cómo la nucleación de microtúbulos dependiente de augmina y del γTuRC contribuyen al desarrollo cerebral y cómo se regula la nucleación de microtúbulos durante este proceso. En esta tesis hemos demostrado que el complejo de augmina es necesario para el desarrollo de axones y dendritas in vitro. En el axón, augmina garantiza que los microtúbulos se nucleen en una orientación adecuada, asegurando una polaridad microtubular uniforme a lo largo del axón. Por otro lado, la ausencia de augmina causa una disminución general en la densidad de microtúbulos de las dendritas, sin afectar a su polaridad. Sorprendentemente, a pesar de nuestros descubrimientos, otros grupos han analizado la función de augmina in vivo (en moscas y pez cebra) sin encontrar ningún defecto significativo. Curiosamente, hemos observado que, en ratones knockout condicionales en los que la subunidad Haus6 de augmina ha sido delecionada de progenitores neuronales, el desarrollo cerebral se interrumpe antes del decimotercer día del desarrollo embrionario. Adicionalmente, esta condición resulta letal para los animales, que mueren durante el nacimiento. Se ha encontrado que las causas de estos dramáticos defectos cerebrales son problemas en mitosis y una muerte masiva de neuroprogenitores. Estos resultados indican que existen diferencias en el requerimiento de augmina entre diferentes especies. En la última parte de esta tesis identificamos KIF2A y CEP170 como interactores del γTuRC en neuronas corticales de ratones cultivadas in vitro. También demostramos que, en concordancia con datos publicados sobre KIF2A, CEP170 parece inhibir el crecimiento de ramificaciones laterales en axones. Nuestra hipótesis es que tanto KIF2A como CEP170 podrían actuar como reguladores negativos de la nucleación de microtúbulos dependiente de γTuRC. En conclusión, estos resultados demuestran que la nucleación dependiente de augmina es un proceso esencial en el desarrollo cerebral humano, y proporcionan una primera visión de cómo interactores del γTuRC pueden regular la nucleación de microtúbulos en neuronas.

As muitas crises sao instaladas no individuo devido ao pouco conhecimento que cada pessoa tem de suas proprias reacoes diante das situacoes de tensao, a perda de controle sobre o pensamento e comportamento, gerando atitudes irracionais e dificuldades na comunicacao clara e objetiva Este artigo oferece um panorama geral sobre a TCC (Terapia Cognitivo Comportamental) e o seu desenvolvimento, bem como algumas tecnicas, avaliacoes, procedimentos no atendimento a pessoas em conflitos gerados por crencas disfuncionais. O artigo tambem a importância do dialogo entre aconselhamento pastoral e suas interacoes com as ciencias.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o nível de estresse e Qualidade de Vida (QV) em 86 diretores de Escolas Municipais (16,04% do total) da Cidade de São Paulo. Foi utilizado um Questionário sociodemográfico, Qualidade de Vida da Organização Mundial de Saúde-Breve (WHOQOL-bref) e a Escala de Estresse Percebido (PSS-14). Assim, evidenciou-se que 70,9% dos pesquisados possuem excessiva rotina de trabalho. Destes, 60,05% acredita que as condições de trabalho de um diretor influenciam negativamente na saúde pessoal. Tanto o índice geral da QV quanto os resultados relativos aos domínios do WHOQOL-bref mostraram médias significativamente abaixo dos dados normativos brasileiros, com significância de p

Male sheep of reproductive age were distributed into three groups: GI, a sheep inoculated (oral) with 2.0×10(5) oocysts of the P strain of Toxoplasma gondii; GII, a sheep infected (subcutaneous) with 1.0×10(6) tachyzoites of the RH strain of T. gondii; and GIII, a sheep kept as a control (not infected). After the inoculation of the males, 12 breeding ewes, which were not pregnant and which were serologically negative for reproductive diseases (particularly toxoplasmosis), were distributed into three groups, synchronized, and subsequently exposed to natural mating with previously inoculated males. The distribution was as follows: five ewes that underwent natural mating with the GI male, five ewes that were exposed to natural mating with the GII male, and two ewes that were mated with the non-infected male (control). Serum samples of all the ewes were collected on days -30, -14, -7, -1, and 0 (days before natural mating) and on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 14, and weekly until birth; the presence of serum antibodies against T. gondii was assessed by IFAT. Using a bioassay and PCR, T. gondii was isolated from the semen of the infected reproducing sheep before mating. Following natural mating, 5 of the 12 females displayed antibodies specific for T. gondii; of these animals, two of the ewes underwent natural mating with the male inoculated with oocysts (GI) and three with the male infected with tachyzoites (GII). One of the females that displayed antibodies specific to this coccidian and that underwent natural mating with the GII sheep had a macerated fetus on the 70th day following coverage. Using a bioassay after the birth, it was possible to isolate T. gondii from samples of the "pool" of tissues from the five females that seroconverted after natural mating and from their respective lambs. Using PCR, the DNA of T. gondii was isolated from the "pool" of tissues from one and two females exposed to natural mating with the reproductive males infected with the oocysts and tachyzoites, respectively. Using this technique, it was also possible to diagnose the presence of the parasite in the "pool" of tissues from the lambs of one female that underwent natural mating with the male sheep infected with oocysts. These results demonstrated the sexual transmission of T. gondii in the sheep species with consequent vertical transmission to their lambs.