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Ringer’s or phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution buffer usually was used as dilution butter in intraperitoneal injection. Stress could activate immune response, inflammatory response and glycogen metabolic process. The impact of solution buffer as a stressor to immune system was ignored in immunostimulatory experiment. In this report, we tested the hypothesis that the innate immune response and glycogen metabolic process were altered when it were challenged with Ringer’s in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). RNA-seq was performed after challenge with Ringer’s at 8 h and 48 h. The data revealed that the expression profiles of blood, gill, and kidney were significantly changed. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and energy metabolic and immune-related genes were up-regulated or down-regulated obviously. GO and KEGG analyses showed that DEGs were mainly enriched in innate immune terms and pathways. Weighted gene co-expression networks analysis (WGCNA) also indicated the highest association module with stress. A total of 16 genes were detected in the gray module, which were immune-related and metabolic-related genes. These results provided fundamental information on intraperitoneal injection with solution buffer. It offered useful clues to further explore the functional mechanism of stress and immunity.

Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the effect of phacoemulsification on the corneal endothelium using Ringer's and Ringer's lactate as the intraocular irrigating solution. Setting Mansoura Ophthalmic Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt. Design Prospective randomized comparative study. Materials and methods A total of 102 eyes of 102 patients with senile cataract were randomized to have phacoemulsification with foldable intraocular lens implantation performed using Ringer's (group 1) or Ringer's lactate (group 2) as the intraocular irrigating solution. Specular microscopy was done preoperatively, 1 week and 3 months postoperatively to evaluate endothelial cell density (ECD), coefficient of variation (CV), and central corneal thickness. Data were analyzed using the t -test, the Mann-Whitney U -test, and the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results Mean ECD was 2532 cells/mm 2 preoperatively, 2345 cells/mm 2 1 week, and 2284 cells/mm 2 3 months postoperatively in group 1, and 2526, 2374, and 2322 cells/mm 2 , respectively, in group 2. There was a statistically significant difference between preoperative ECD and each of 1 week and 3 months postoperative ECD in each group. No significant difference was found between 1-week mean ECD reduction in group 1 (7.35%) and group 2 (6.05%) or between 3-month mean ECD reduction in group 1 (9.69%) and group 2 (8.07%). Conclusion Ringer's and Ringer's lactate solutions are associated with minimal changes in corneal ECD, morphology, and function during uncomplicated phacoemulsification with foldable intraocular lens implantation in patients with normal endothelial cell counts. There is no clinically significant difference in endothelial cell preservation and polymegathism and corneal swelling between Ringer's and Ringer's lactate solutions.