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Data with more severe mutations of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, compared with the original wild-type strain of COVID-19 disease, were reported worldwide. The study aims to describe the clinical and laboratory manifestations of a multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with SARS-CoV-2 in the Republic of Kazakhstan and to compare the severity of the disease depending on the time of the circulating variant of SARS-CoV-2 virus.A retrospective, multicentre, nationwide study of 89 children with MIS-C who received inpatient treatment from August 1, 2020, to December 1, 2021. The patients were allocated into two groups: 1(2020) - 45 children and 2 (2021) - 44 children. Study periods were characterized by the circulation of different strains of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.In children with MIS-C in 2021, acute renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome, and shock were statistically more frequently found, which led to fairly common admittance to the intensive care unit. When comparing laboratory data, the children with MIS-C in 2021 had higher values of inflammation markers: ferritin, procalcitonin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, leukocytes, and neutrophils. Furthermore, these children had a lower level of lymphocytes than children with MIS-C in 2020.MIS-C is a severe, life-threatening systemic disease characterized by multiple organ damage and important inflammatory changes in laboratory parameters. A more aggressive clinical course of MIS-C in 2021 may be associated with the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 strains.

Germ cell tumors (GCTs) may occur from the neonatal period to late adulthood, characterized by extensive clinical and pathologic heterogeneity. MicroRNAs are a family of small noncoding RNAs that regulate a wide array of biological processes including carcinogenesis. MicroRNAs may be used for many purposes in clinical diagnostics. Numerous studies have proven the diagnostic value of microRNA371-373 and microRNA302/367 expression in malignant GCT. The diagnostic value of microRNA375 is disputable, because while its value is confirmed by some research data, there are still others denying it.The results of our own research on the relative expression of 10 microRNAs, including microRNA375, associated with GCT in the tumor tissues of 84 children and adolescents are presented.In our research, overexpression of microRNA 371-373, 302/367 detected in the group of malignant GCT subtypes. Statistically significant expression of microRNA375 have been defined not only in the group of malignant GCT subtypes, but also in the group of immature teratomas. Among malignant GCTs, high expression of microRNA375 is specific for yolk sac tumors. In the group of seminomas, embryonic carcinomas, and mature teratomas expression of microRNA375 was observed imperceptible, even so the results were statistically insignificant.Expression of microRNA 371-373, 302/367 is representative of malignant GCT subtypes. Statistically significant and high expression of microRNA375 attributable for yolk sac tumors and immature teratomas.

Background: To date, there have been no studies of COVID-19 infection in children in Central Asia, particularly the Republic of Kazakhstan. This report analyses the epidemiological data on COVID-19...

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is a rare genetic disease involving active storage of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Accumulation of GAGs in the connective tissues of airways leads to progressive pulmonary dysfunction. Studies conducted in Taiwan revealed mainly restrictive pulmonary dysfunction, whereas the same studies in Egypt and California revealed obstructive pulmonary dysfunction. The contradictory results and lack of studies of respiratory system in patients with MPS in Asian populations are an indication to study pulmonary impairment in patients with MPS in Kazakhstan. The prospective study of respiratory system in patients with MPS was conducted in the Scientific Centre of Paediatrics and Paediatric Surgery. Patients with MPS (n = 11) were examined for respiratory function. Different types of pulmonary dysfunction were present in MPS patients, they were mainly of a restrictive pathology. One patient with MPS II had obstructive dysfunction. Enzyme replacement therapy was provided for an average duration of four years, leading to improvements in respiratory function in two patients with total normalization in one. All observed patients had respiratory dysfunction, mainly of the restrictive type. Pulmonary impairment in patients with MPS is the main reason for death. Thus, it is necessary to follow up with pulmonary function assessments in children with MPS.