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Higher education institutions and educators must provide their students with the opportunity to have global, intercultural, and collaborative experiences that will enable them to solve specific problems in different socio-cultural contexts. Industry 4.0 provides a very suitable context in which to carry out these experiences from home, thus contributing to the wider goals of environmental sustainability and global availability. This work analyzes students’ experiences and engagement when involved in collaborative online international learning (COIL), aimed at establishing how pluricultural competence can be digitally developed in the field of architecture at university level. The experiment was carried out as part of the assessments for first year undergraduate students enrolled in a bachelor’s degree in architecture in Piura, Peru and postgraduate students enrolled in a master’s degree in inspection, rehabilitation, and energy efficiency in Burgos, Spain. Results show that the experience motivated participants, with 48% responding that they were very satisfied, 38% extremely satisfied, and 14% moderately satisfied. The study’s findings confirm that pluricultural competence among students can be enhanced by using virtual cooperation. The learning experience offered participants the chance to boost their confidence and communication skills and to take part in a new learning environment as well as to exchange knowledge with international peers, thereby preparing them to form part of a global environment.

Estudiar macroinvertebrados acuáticos es útil para la estimación de la integridad de un ecosistema, debido a su capacidad de reflejar el efecto de una gran variedad de contaminantes. La investigación se realizó para evaluar la diversidad de macroinvertebrados acuáticos, presentes en dos ecosistemas lóticos del municipio de El Doncello, Caquetá, entre agosto de 2019 y marzo de 2020, comprendiendo periodos de aguas altas, transición y aguas bajas. Se establecieron tres estaciones de muestreo en el río Doncello y la quebrada Anayá del mismo municipio. Las colectas se realizaron con una red tipo D, empleando el método de muestreo intensivo en los diferentes microhábitats encontrados. La información se analizó con los paquetes estadísticos past y EstimateS para índices de diversidad y representatividad del muestreo, respectivamente. Se identificaron 95 géneros, 56 familias y 15 órdenes. Chironomidae (Diptera) fue la familia más abundante, seguida por Philopotamidae (Trichoptera) y Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera). Los índices bióticos de calidad BMWP, ASPT y EPT permitieron evidenciar la influencia de la contaminación por residuos orgánicos de origen doméstico y la capacidad de autodepuración del agua de la quebrada Anayá. La comunidad de macroinvertebrados reportados responde a las perturbaciones antrópicas en los ecosistemas estudiados; las estaciones menos intervenidas presentaron la mayor riqueza, mientras que las más afectadas presentaron baja diversidad y alta dominancia.

La corrección quirúrgica de grandes asimetrías faciales son un desafío para el equipo quirúrgico. En dichos casos, los resultados de la corrección utilizando técnicas quirúrgicas convencionales son limitados, lo que hace necesario la utilización de otras herramientas terapéuticas. La distracción ósea (DO) es una de ellas, pues permite el estiramiento controlado del callo óseo previamente creado mediante osteotomías. La DO permite realizar cambios en el posicionamiento óseo de gran envergadura, favoreciendo el crecimiento óseo como mecanismo de acción. El objetivo de este artículo es describir los resultados quirúrgicos de DO intraoral del tercio medio facial utilizado en dos pacientes con severas asimetrías faciales asociadas a malformaciones de origen genético. Se relata el diagnóstico, la planificación, las herramientas tecnológicas utilizadas, técnica quirúrgica y los resultados obtenidos.

RESUMEN: La reconstrucción de las paredes orbitarias fracturadas es compleja debido a la gran cantidad de parámetros volumétricos que posee. Una restitución inadecuada de ellas habitualmente está asociada a secuelas postquirúrgicas en el paciente. El contar con herramientas que optimicen la restitución de la forma anatómica de la órbita en su reconstrucción es de vital importancia, y la utilización de nuevas tecnologías ha permitido mejorar los resultados quirúrgicos, tanto anatómicos como funcionales. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar dos herramientas quirúrgicas que permiten optimizar los resultados terapéuticos en pacientes con fractura de órbita, que son el modelo estereolitográfico con imagen en espejo y la tomografía computada intraoperatoria. Se presentan las características de estas herramientas, su utilización en tres casos de pacientes con fractura orbitaria y los resultados obtenidos en el post operatorio.

Resumen: Bruxismo de sueño es un comportamiento al que se vinculan una variedad de explicaciones, síntomas y terapias. El objetivo de esta revisión es entregar una visión actualizada de la fisiopatología, diagnóstico y tratamiento del bruxismo de sueño que aporte al acercamiento clínico general. La etiología de bruxismo de sueño es relacionada con procesos fisiológicos multisistémicos complejos, como desregulación central de sistemas motores y neuro-masticatorios entre otros. Estas características son comunes con otras patologías y condiciones y de esta forma se le relaciona a actividades que podrían favorecer la actividad muscular mandibular. El diagnóstico se realiza a través de los datos anamnésicos/clínicos y se puede confirmar mediante polisomnografía, incluyendo estudio electromiográfico de los músculos masticatorios y grabación audiovisual. Dada las diferentes posibilidades de evaluar bruxismo de sueño, se ha sugerido clasificarlo por niveles de diagnóstico resguardando el criterio de profundizar cada caso según la necesidad de salud general. La falta de rigor en la evaluación del bruxismo y la posterior selección terapéutica hace difícil interpretar la abundante evidencia científica disponible. De ahí que la selección de las variadas terapias sugeridas se debe realizar con criterio y mesura. Se debe alentar a los clínicos en adquirir el conocimiento necesario para evaluar e identificar la relación de signos y síntomas observados en pacientes con bruxismo de sueño de otras posibles coexistencias y se queda a la espera de futura investigación en diagnóstico y terapia que cumpla con la debida solidez metodológica. Summary: Sleep bruxism is a behaviour to which a variety of explanations, symptoms and therapies are linked. The aim of this review is to provide an updated view of the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of sleep bruxism that will contribute to the general clinical approach. Sleep bruxism aetiology, among other things, has been connected to complex multisystemic physiological processes and associated with hypotheses of central dysregulation of motor and neuro-masticatory systems. These motor characteristics are shared with other pathologies and conditions, and in this way, it is related to activities that could favour mandibular muscle activity. Clinical history and examination contribute to the diagnosis, whereas a sleep lab test, with mandibular muscle electromyography and audiovisual recording, provides the definitive diagnosis. Given the different possibilities for assessing sleep bruxism, the level of diagnosis reached is classified under a suggested score, taking care to adjust each case according to general health needs. Despite the amount of literature on the subject, it is difficult to interpret the available scientific evidence and subsequent therapeutic selection due to the lack of clarity in sleep bruxism evaluation. Hence, clinicians must choose amongst the various suggested therapies with discretion and are encouraged to acquire the necessary knowledge to evaluate and identify other coexistences related to sleep bruxism. Future research in diagnosis and treatment that complies with due methodological soundness is undoubtedly needed.

Lobular capillary hemangioma is an inflammatory hyperplasia in response to chronic irritation, resulting in an exophytic erythematous lesion due to proliferation of fibrovascular tissue. Intraorally, it can appear in any location, but it is more frequent in the gingival region. This article describes a case of a 38-year-old pregnant woman who attended the Maxillofacial Surgery Unit at San José Hospital, presenting a tumoral lesion on the right lateral area of the tongue compatible with a lobular capillary hemangioma. The diagnosis was confirmed with histopathology. The aim of this report is to specify the characteristics and treatment of a lesion with infrequent location., El hemangioma lobular capilar es una hiperplasia inflamatoria en respuesta a una irritación crónica, la cual da lugar a una lesión exofítica eritematosa debido a la proliferación de tejido fibrovascular. En la boca puede verse en cualquier ubicación, pero es más frecuente en la zona gingival. Se reporta el caso clínico de una paciente embarazada de 38 años que consultó al equipo de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Hospital San José al presentar una lesión tumoral compatible con hemangioma lobular capilar en cara lingual lateral derecha, diagnóstico confirmado con histopatología. El objetivo de este reporte es especificar características y tratamiento de dicha lesión con localización infrecuente.

RESUMEN: Las fracturas mandibulares conminutadas por impacto de proyectil balístico son un desafío terapéutico debido a la presencia de múltiples fragmentos óseos y el compromiso a nivel de periostio, plano muscular y mucoso. Su tratamiento inicial requiere de una estabilización de las urgencias médico - quirúrgicas y posteriormente tratar los segmentos óseos fracturados. La fijación externa con tutores mandibulares permite estabilizar los segmentos mandibulares de forma cerrada manteniendo así la viabilidad de los fragmentos sin interrumpir su suministro de sangre. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar los resultados post operatorios obtenidos en tres casos clínicos de pacientes con diagnóstico de fractura mandibular conminutada por trauma por impacto de proyectil balístico, tratados por un método alternativo a los tutores de fijación externa convencional.

The economic model of the construction sector is becoming more circular by emphasizing sustainability at all stages from the design, the production phase, the installation, the use, the removal and finally its transport to landfill. This work analyses the influence of added polyurethane foam waste from refrigerated industry on the technical properties (bulk density, water vapor permeability, and reaction to fire performance). The environmental properties were also measured through a comparative Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) between the traditional gypsum ceiling tile and a new organic one. The re-use of polyurethane waste in ceiling tiles causes technical improvements. The most relevant improvements noticed are the decrease in the density (28%), reduction in thermal conductivity (27%) and A1 classification for fire reaction. The comparative (LCA) between both tiles shows that the new product that incorporates polyurethane waste has significant improvement in CO2 (14%) and lower use of energy during the manufacturing process (14%). The following impact categories were also reduced: 9% in the case of the acidification of the ground and water, 9% for eutrophication and 31% reduction for non-hazardous waste. This work intends to reduce the carbon footprint and increase the sustainability of polyurethane gypsum products.

The amount of plastics deposited in the environment is constantly increasing. To improve their circularity, numerous research lines emerge, such as the creation of new construction materials that incorporate polymeric waste. This practice manages to extend the life cycle of the waste, avoids the consumption of limited natural resources and gives the product additional characteristics. The re-use of polyurethane foam waste as a substitute for gypsum in ceiling tiles carries technical improvements such as a decrease in the weight of the material and in its thermal conductivity, maintaining a positive fire reaction performance. The goal of this work is to analyse its economic viability. For this, the financial assessments of the PU-Gypsum product and its standard alternative are compared. The results show that the Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) of the new precast is 6% cheaper. Despite the fact that the waste processing entails an extra cost, this is widely offset by the increase in the factory’s production capacity due to its shorter drying time. The manufacturing stage represents 3/5 of the total cost for both materials. The PU-Gypsum precast is an ideal market alternative to the traditional gypsum one with improved properties and proficient in an economic level.

RESUMEN: El linfoma de Burkitt es un linfoma de células B maduras altamente agresivo, de baja incidencia. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud presenta tres variantes: endémico, esporádico y asociado al Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana. Este último representa el 30-40% de los linfomas no Hodgkin en pacientes seropositivos para virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. El tratamiento con quimioterapia en combinación a terapia antirretroviral de gran actividad da muy buenos resultados. Se reporta caso de paciente seropositivo para virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana con linfoma de Burkitt en la cavidad oral, tratado con la terapia anteriormente mencionada.

O presente trabalho, que representa os desenvolvimentos de investigações iniciadas há cerca de quatro anos, propõe cumprir o seguinte objetivo imediato: fundamentar uma ciência tradutológica autônoma, orientada pelo paradigma teórico da rearticulação textual e sustentada pelos conceitos encaminhados por Vilém Flusser, Edmund Huserl e Ernst Cassirer, no que tange a filosofia da linguagem, o método fenomenológico e a epistemologia, respectivamente, e por Ferdinand de Saussure, Roman Jakobson, Louis Hjelmslev e Gérard Genette, no que tange a ciência dos discursos. A justificativa da relevância e da pertinência de tal programa se verificará a partir da identificação e da investigação de problemas relacionados à lógica de alguns dos sistemas teóricos vigentes para a tradutologia. Reconhece-se que a proposta de um novo sistema metodológico para a condução da tradutologia implica a necessidade não somente de demonstrar sua aplicabilidade e validade, mas também de considerar suas consequências para a ciência da tradução, de modo que serão conduzidos, na segunda seção deste estudo, exercícios de aplicação do modelo encaminhado, em que se explicitará seu alcance enquanto teoria descritiva do traduzir. Deseja-se subsidiariamente, com isso, demonstrar que os conceitos aqui propostos não se fecham em si mesmos, mas, porque derivam as categorias em que se enquadram e as funções que estabelecem entre si a partir dos próprios objetos que sistematizam, permitem o encaminhamento de uma nova perspectiva de entendimento do fenômeno da tradução. This work, representing the development of investigations started four years ago, aims to fulfill the following objective: fundamenting an autonomous translation science, oriented by the paradigm of textual rearticulation, based on the concepts created by Vilém Flusser, Edmund Husserl and Ernst Cassirer, regarding the philosophy of language, the phenomenological method and epistemology, respectively, and by Ferdinand de Saussure, Roman Jakobson, Louis Hjelmslev and Gérard Genette, regarding discourse sciences. The justification of both relevance and pertinence of such research program will be verified by the identification and investigation of problems related to the logic of some of the current theoretical systems in translatology. One recognizes that the proposition of a new methodological system for conducting translatology implies the necessity of not only demonstrating its validity and applicability, but also considering its consequences for translation science, being that application exercises for the method will be performed on this study\'s second section, in which its range as descriptive theory of translation will be shown. Secondarily, one aims, as a direct consequence, to demonstrate that the concepts hereby proposed are not closed with in themselves, but allow, because they derive their categories and functions from the very objects they systematize, the development of a new perspective for the phenomenon of translation.

Narraciones y experiencias literarias en el Valle del Cauca es un libro pensado por los profesores de la Facultad de Educacion de la Universidad Santiago de Cali. Desde el Club Literario Clepsidra fundado por Gladys Zamudio Tobar en el ano 2014, libramos distintas “luchas” para aportar nuestro granito de arena al panorama literario vallecaucano, nacional e internacional. De ahi, la organizacion de eventos cientificos como el Coloquio Internacional de Literatura Comparada en el marco del Ano Cruzado Francia-Colombia 2017, ademas de talleres, mesas redondas y otras actividades culturales realizadas en alianza con el Festival Internacional de Poesia de Cali y la Feria Internacional del Libro de Cali. Nuestro objetivo principal, con publicaciones como Ciudad y rebeldia. Vida y obra de Andres Caicedo, Maqroll, El imperio de la literatura. Ensayos sobre la vida y obra de Alvaro Mutis (Tomos 1 y 2) y la presente compilacion, es difundir capitulos –resultado de investigacion en literatura– con el fin de reconocer la produccion artistica e intelectual que ha trascendido los horizontes del territorio geografico y se ha extrapolado hacia las profunidades del pensamiento humano.

Introducción: La detección precoz de hipoacusia permanente en lactantes beneficia el desarrollo integral del paciente. Los programas cuyo objetivo es la identificación universal de hipoacusia debieran tener como meta determinados criterios de calidad en su ejecución. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente trabajo es comunicar los resultados del Programa de Detección Precoz de Hipoacusia en el Hospital Padre Hurtado. Material y método: Se incluyen los recién nacidos entre el 1 de enero de 2014 y el 31 de agosto de 2016. Los pacientes sin factores de riesgo para hipoacusia congénita se evalúan con examen de emisiones otoacústicas, y los pacientes con factores de riesgo con potenciales auditivos automatizados de tronco encefálico. Refieren aquellos pacientes con exámenes alterados en forma uní o bilateral. La etapa diagnóstica incluye potenciales auditivos evocados con tono, impedanciometría de alta frecuencia y audiometría de refuerzo visual. Los pacientes con diagnóstico de hipoacusia permanente son amplificados e inician proceso de habilitación. Resultados: En el período de estudio el universo a evaluar fue de 12.313 recién nacidos. Se completó la etapa de pesquisa en 98.4% con una tasa de referencia de 0.6%. 79 pacientes pasaron a etapa diagnóstica, completaron su evaluación antes de 3 meses en 95% de los casos. Se confirmó hipoacusia sensorioneural en 7 casos, con una tasa de 0.56 por 1.000 recién nacidos vivos. En 57% de los pacientes se amplificaron antes de los seis meses de vida. Conclusiones: El Programa de Hipoacusia Congénita del Hospital Padre Hurtado cumple con los indicadores de calidad recomendados en los ítemes de pesquisa y diagnóstico. En la etapa de habilitación con audffonos esto se realiza antes de los seis meses de vida sólo en 57% de los casos.

ResumenObjetivosDeterminar el efecto de la utilización de tubos de drenaje con relación a la respuesta inflamatoria y dolorosa postoperatoria en las exodoncias de terceros molares inferiores impactados.Material y métodoMediante un estudio experimental, aleatorizado, se analizó la respuesta de edema y dolor en 20 pacientes con relación al uso de drenajes, tras la extracción de sus 2 terceros molares inferiores impactados, los cuales debían estar en posición similar.Para ello, en el mismo acto quirúrgico, una herida operatoria se suturó con el objetivo de lograr una cicatrización por primera intención, constituyendo este el lado control. En el lado contralateral se instaló un tubo de drenaje por 48 h en la herida operatoria, siendo este el lado experimental.Para comparar el edema de ambos lados, en cada paciente se realizó una fotografía estandarizada y una medición clínica numérica, preoperatoria y a las 48 h postoperatorias. A su vez, el dolor se evaluó con la escala visual análoga a las 48 h y a la semana postoperatoria.ResultadosSegún este estudio, el uso de un tubo de drenaje reduce con diferencia estadísticamente significativa el edema postoperatorio en comparación con las heridas suturadas sin drenaje en la exodoncia de terceros molares inferiores impactados.Por el contrario, no existieron diferencias significativas con relación a la respuesta dolorosa, al comparar ambos lados.ConclusionesEl uso de drenaje posterior a la extracción de terceros molares inferiores impactados reduce el edema, mejorando el bienestar del paciente en el postoperatorio.AbstractObjectivesTo determine the effect of the use of drainage tubes in relation to the inflammatory response and postoperative pain in extractions of impacted lower third molars.Material and methodsAn experimental, randomized study on the response of edema and pain was conducted on 20 patients in relation to the use of drainage. The patients included had to have underwent extraction of their 2 impacted lower third molars, which had to be in a similar position.The same surgical procedure was used. A surgical wound was sutured in order to achieve healing at first attempt, and was considered the control side. In the contralateral side, a drainage tube was installed for 48h in the surgical wound, this being the experimental side.To compare the edema of both sides, a standardized clinical photography and a numerical measurement were taken for each patient, preoperative and 48h after the surgery.The pain was then assessed using the visual analog scale, 48h and one week after the surgery.ResultsAccording to this study, the use of a drainage tube decreases, with a statistically significant difference, the postoperative edema compared to the wounds sutured without drainage in the extraction of impacted lower third molars.On the other hand, there were no significant differences regarding the pain response when comparing both sides.ConclusionsThe use of drainage after removal of impacted third molars reduces the edema, improving patient comfort in the postoperative period.

In the Chilean market there are hybrid varieties of radicchio (Cichorium intybus L.) with high yield and homogeneity, where its main limitation is the high cost of the seed. The most important variety is ‘Leonardo’, which represents 90% of the market. Moreover, it is believed that there are open-pollinated varieties that could be used as an alternative to hybrids at lower cost. The study aim was to select open-pollinated varieties with equal or better exportable yield than ‘Leonardo’, in order to establish bases on the recommendation of cultivars for the Chilean central area. Eleven varieties of radicchio were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with five replications. The trial was conducted in four locations of Chilean central area, during seasons 2007–2008. At each site, three planting dates were evaluated. The combination of locality × transplant date generated 12 environments. Exportable yield, head weight, percentage of sick plants, early flowering bolting and exportable color were evaluated. Combined analyzes of variance, stability, additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model (AMMI), sites regression analysis (SREG) and principal components were made. The exportable yield of the varieties ranged from 23.34 t ha−1 (‘Leonardo’) to 6.84 t ha−1 (‘CH121’), and the environments ranged between 25.89 and 8.18 t ha−1. The analysis of the exportable yield variance showed significant G × E effect. The type of radicchio (Treviso or Chioggia) was the main cause of interaction for exportable yield. In terms of exportable yield, ‘Ciro’ (Chioggia) could be considered as a good alternative to ‘Leonardo’ in the mega environment formed by the three planting dates of Polpaico, Santo Domingo and Lampa, while ‘Tullio’ (Treviso) could be an alternative in the three planting dates of Padre Hurtado. ‘Ciro’ yield 18.7% less than ‘Leonardo’ (P

© 2020 by the authors., Agronomy solutions for modifying pre-harvest grape ripening are needed for a more sustainable viticulture. Field experiments were performed in Vitis vinifera L. vines to study the effect of the previously described stomata-closing compound (Z)-3-hexenyl butyrate (HB). Exogenous treatments at different doses were periodically carried out using a randomized block design. Firstly, we observed that HB was able to induce stomatal closure in grapevine plants. Under field conditions, the application of HB around veraison induced a higher color intensity in berries, and vines treated at higher doses reached this stage earlier than the un-treated controls. There was also a clear increase in both grape anthocyanin concentration and total soluble solids without having a negative impact on total yield. We therefore, confirm the role of HB as a universal natural stomatal closure compound and propose a new use for HB in viticulture as a ripening inducer, by accelerating anthocyanin accumulation., This research was funded by Grant INNVAL10/18/005 from the Agència Valenciana de la Innovació (Spain). C.P. was a recipient of a predoctoral contract of the Generalitat Valenciana (ACIF/2019/187). D.S.I. is supported by AEI-FEDER grant AGL2017-83738-C3-3-R.

La diafanización dentaria consiste en lograr transparentar la estructura mineralizada, permitiendo observar la arquitectura interna del diente. Se realiza principalmente a partir de métodos por deshidratación de la muestra. Por otro lado existen técnicas utilizadas para el estudio de centros de osificación basadas en métodos por maceración utilizando hidróxido de potasio y glicerina, de las cuales no se tiene antecedentes de haber sido utilizada en diafanización dentaria. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir una técnica de diafanizado por maceración de tejidos dentarios mediante hidróxido de potasio y mostrar el resultado obtenido con un seguimiento de 5 años. Se seleccionó una muestra de 40 dientes (10 incisivos, 6 caninos, 10 premolares y 14 molares). Se limpiaron los dientes (destartraje) y luego se descalcificaron parcialmente con ácido clorhídrico. El 25% de la muestra fue diafanizada con el método clásico de deshidratación. El 75% restante fue diafanizado con el método por maceración, que consistió básicamente en una maceración parcial del diente mediante baños en hidróxido de potasio de baja concentración, luego agregando glicerina en forma ascendente hasta terminar en glicerina pura por tiempo indefinido. La técnica por maceración logró diafanización adecuada de los tejidos con una óptima visualización del sistema de canales radiculares en las muestras diafanizadas. Con ambas técnicas se logró transparentar los dientes pero con diferencias evidentes. Con la primera los dientes lograron un tono amarillento, perdiéndose gran cantidad de tejido dentario en cambio las muestras diafanizadas por maceración conservaron mejor su estructura y obtuvieron un color más cercano al del diente original. Con el método por maceración se obtienen dientes diafanizados más similares a la realidad que lo logrado con el método por deshidratación.

T his paper reports the largest content analysis yet of television adverts targeted at children in Latin America. Findings show similar patterns to those previously reported from developed countries in terms of amount of advertising, depicted products and persuasive strategies. However, a relevant deficit is evidenced regarding the use of elements facilitating young viewers understanding of commercial messages.

ResumenEl carcinoma de células escamosas intraóseo primario (CCEIP) derivado de un tumor odontogénico queratoquístico (TOQ) es un tumor odontogénico maligno que se presenta con poca frecuencia y exclusivamente en los huesos maxilares. Afecta a personas de mediana edad, principalmente hombres y usualmente se localiza en la zona posterior mandibular. Clínicamente puede presentar las características clásicas de un tumor odontogénico benigno, aunque también puede asociarse a sintomatología dolorosa y alteraciones de la sensibilidad.Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 86 años de edad en la que se diagnosticó CCEIP derivado de un TOQ.Se describen las características clínicas, radiológicas e histológicas, discutiendo la importancia de tomar biopsia de distintas zonas de una lesión quística caracterizada por afectar amplias zonas de los huesos maxilares.AbstractPrimary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma (PIOSCC) derived from a keratocystic odontogenic tumour (KCOT) is a rare malignant bone tumour that exclusively involves the maxillary bones. It affects middle-age patients, mainly men, and is usually located in the posterior mandibular area. Clinically, it may exhibit classic characteristics of benign odontogenic tumors, though it may also be associated with pain and sensitive alterations.We present the case of an 86-year-old woman who was diagnosed with a PIOSCC derived from a KCOT.The imaging, clinical, and histological characteristics are described, and the importance of taking a biopsy from different parts of a cystic lesion that is characterized by extensive anatomical area involved are discussed.

ResumenEl trauma máxilo facial corresponde a todas las lesiones de origen traumático que afectan al macizo facial, incluyendo tejidos óseos, blandos y las estructuras alveolo dentarias.El trauma en el territorio facial representa uno de los problemas de salud más importantes a nivel mundial, particularmente por su alta prevalencia, diversidad etiológica y alta morbilidad. Reflejándose en importantes alteraciones funcionales y estéticas, que determinan un alto costo social y económico.El diagnóstico y tratamiento del trauma máxilo facial debe realizarse de forma oportuna por un profesional competente, para minimizar las secuelas de esta patología.En el presente artículo se revisan, a modo general, los principales diagnósticos de trauma máxilo facial incluyendo el traumatismo alveolo dentario, con sus respectivos manejos y tratamientos de urgencia.SummaryThe maxillo facial trauma corresponds to all injuries of a traumatic origin that affects the facial components, including bones and soft tissues and the alveolo dental structures.The trauma in the facial area represents one of the most important problems of health at a world wide level, particularly for its high prevalence, etiologic diversity and high morbidity. Being reflected as an important functional and aesthetic alteration, that can determine a high social and economic cost.The diagnosis and treatment of the maxillo facial trauma must be realized in an opportune form by a competent professional to diminish the sequels of this patology.In this article they are reviewed, in a general way, the main diagnosis of maxillo facial trauma including alveolar dental traumatism, with its respective handlings and emergency treatments.

Resumen Se describe el caso de un varon de 45 anos que ingreso con signos clinicos de un sindrome de vena cava superior (SVCS), destacando en la exploracion edema en esclavina y gran circulacion colateral en el cuello y en la region anterosuperior toracica, asi como una gran masa testicular. La fibrobroncoscopia mostro una lesion endobronquial tumoral, cuyo diagnostico histopatologico fue de seminoma, con las mismas caracteristicas que la biopsia testicular. Se inicio tratamiento con cirugia, quimioterapia y radioterapia, presentando gran mejoria clinica. Senalamos la importancia de considerar el SVCS como entidad relacionada con procesos neoplasicos menos frecuentes, como son los tumores germinales.

Rare cancers are an understudied and deadly public health problem. Estimates for the percentage of cancer diagnoses that are rare vary depending upon the source cited and the definition of what constitutes a rare cancer. A frequently cited report states that 25% of all adult cancers are rare. However, given the ever-changing landscape of cancer biology and as a result of changes in disease classification, oft-cited percentages underestimate the burden of rare cancers. To address this discrepancy, we reviewed the most recent publicly available data regarding the incidence of all cancers in the United States. Following the NCI definition of a rare disease as one affecting fewer than 15 persons per 100,000 per year, for 2017, a cancer affecting 48,952 or fewer is classified as rare. We considered each cancer individually, acknowledging subtypes based upon the criteria of scientifically accepted definitions, treatments, and histology. We then compiled statistics for each type and subtype. By this method, the total number of estimated new cancer patients in 2017 was 1,685,346, which differed only 0.2% from the Cancer.gov's publicly available estimate of 1,688,780. However, in contrast to previously published data that indicated that 60 of 71 cancer types were rare, we identified a total of 347 cancers, of which 337 were rare. The estimate for rare cancer diagnoses in the U.S. per year was therefore 875,084. Ultimately, 51.9% of all cancer diagnoses are classified as rare cancers by this method. In addition, of 52 major groupings of cancer, 35 (67.3%) disproportionately affect minorities in terms of incidence or overall survival. Seven groupings exclusively or almost exclusively affect women, and 7 additional groups display disproportionate incidence or negative outcomes in women. In addition, while many cancers affect children, and while all cancer in children is rare, at least 55 cancers exclusively or frequently affect children. This analysis clearly shows that the incidence of rare cancer in the United States is widely misunderstood and that cancer in total disproportionately affects historically underserved populations. Treatment options are needed for each form of cancer and should be developed based on a thorough understanding of each disease's biology. In addition, efforts to understand and address the origins of demographic disparities can help reduce disease burden. Citation Format: Katherine Arline, Emily Zeme, Robert L. Treuting, Rodrigo Bravo, Jamie Barber, Christopher Higginson, Jon Goetz, William Siders, Johanne Kaplan. Rare isn't rare: Rare cancers compose over 50% of all U.S. diagnoses [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1198.

An analysis of the potato yield from experimental plots established in the 2004-2005 season in potato growing areas of the IX and X region was carried out, with 4 phytosanitary treatments compared in each experimental site. An automated alarm system to detect potato late blight disease was analyzed, from climatic data compiled and later processed through the ISO 9000 Standard. The financial economical analysis that was conducted included estimations of the following indices: Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and break-even point. The system appears to be a viable alternative, with values of $1 and 12% for NPV and IRR, respectively.

Purpose: Aurora kinases play critical roles during mitosis in chromosome segregation and cell division. The aim of this study was to determine the preclinical profile of a novel, highly selective Aurora kinase inhibitor, PHA-680632, as a candidate for anticancer therapy. Experimental Design: The activity of PHA-680632 was assayed in a biochemical ATP competitive kinase assay. A wide panel of cell lines was evaluated for antiproliferative activity. Cell cycle analysis. Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and Array Scan were used to follow mechanism of action and biomarker modulation. Specific knockdown of the targets by small interfering RNA was followed to validate the observed phenotypes. Efficacy was determined in different xenograft models and in a transgenic animal model of breast cancer. Results: PHA-680632 is active on a wide range of cancer cell lines and shows significant tumor growth inhibition in different animal tumor models at well-tolerated doses. The mechanism of action of PHA-680632 is in agreement with inhibition of Aurora kinases. Histone H3 phosphorylation in Ser10 is mediated by Aurora B kinase, and our kinetic studies on its inhibition by PHA-680632 in vitro and in vivo show that phosphorylation of histone H3 is a good biomarker to follow activity of PHA-680632. Conclusions: PHA-680632 is the first representative of a new class of Aurora inhibitors with a high potential for further development as an anticancer therapeutic. On treatment, different cell lines respond differentially, suggesting the absence of critical cell cycle checkpoints that could be the basis for a favorable therapeutic window.

O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar, através de dispositivos das ciências linguísticas e da semiologia de orientação saussuriana, quatro composições do poeta austríaco Ernst Jandl (1925-2000), um dos precursores da poesia concreta e experimental no pós-Modernismo. Ricamente influenciado pelas vanguardas Modernas, como o dadaísmo e a poesia sonora, Jandl apresenta uma poesia capaz de nos conduzir a reflexões profundas sobre aspectos específicos das linguagens verbais em praticamente todos os seus níveis (isto é, fonológico, morfológico, semântico, sintático etc.), sobretudo da língua alemã, em que compôs suas obras. Deste modo, resta também como objetivo deste trabalho expandir os sentidos de leitura e o alcance destas reflexões a partir da reunião dos campos da linguística e da crítica literária, cuja reconciliação foi mais do que recomendada pelo linguista Roman Jakobson. Ao término de cada seção, uma tradução em língua portuguesa para cada poema estudado será proposta, valendo-se da adaptação, tanto lexical quanto métrica e prosódica, dos mesmos critérios que nortearam as análises aqui dispostas. Busca-se, por fim, com estas traduções, explicitar a aplicabilidade empírica das ferramentas da semiótica no estudo da poesia, bem como contribuir indiretamente com a tese da arbitrariedade do signo concebido através de uma perspectiva imanente, conforme proposta por Ferdinand de Saussure.

The NF-κB family of transcription factors are associated with the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity to infection. Infection of C57BL/6 mice with Toxoplasma gondii resulted in up-regulation of NF-κB activity that included the NF-κB family member RelB. To assess the role of RelB in the regulation of the immune response to this infection, we challenged RelB-deficient mice (RelB−/−) and wild-type (WT) littermate controls with T. gondii. Although WT controls were resistant to T. gondii, RelB−/− mice succumbed 10–15 days after infection. Examination of accessory cell functions associated with resistance to T. gondii revealed that RelB−/− macrophages stimulated with IFN-γ plus LPS or TNF-α produced IL-12 as well as reactive nitrogen intermediates and inhibited parasite replication similar to WT macrophages. Analysis of the systemic responses of RelB−/− and WT mice revealed that infected mice had similar serum levels of IL-12. However, RelB−/− mice challenged with T. gondii produced negligible levels of IFN-γ and had reduced NK cell activity compared with WT mice. Similarly, splenocytes from uninfected RelB−/− mice stimulated with polyclonal stimuli were deficient in their ability to produce IFN-γ. Together, our results demonstrate that RelB is essential for the development of innate NK and adaptive T cell responses that lead to the production of IFN-γ and resistance to T. gondii.

Interactions between chemokines and their specific receptors are important for leukocyte trafficking. The CC-chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and its specific receptor CCR2 are essential in monocytic infiltration and have been associated with several inflammatory diseases. It has been reported that several endotoxin and proinflammatory cytokines inhibit CCR2 expression in vitro in human monocytes. We report here that lipopolysaccharides (LPS) down-regulated CCR2 expression both in vitro and in vivo. Injection of LPS into mice dramatically reduced the expression of CCR2 on the surface of peripheral blood cells and completely blocked macrophage infiltration into the peritoneal cavity in response to thioglycollate elicitation. In addition, treatment of mice with LPS reduced their efficiency to clear Listeria monocytogenes infection. These results suggest that down-regulation of CCR2 and blockage of monocyte infiltration may contribute to the inhibition of macrophage function in vivo by a low dose of LPS. J. Leukoc. Biol. 65: 265–269; 1999.

The mechanisms that regulate the selective infiltration of eosinophils in certain allergic diseases are still poorly understood. The CC chemokine eotaxin is a potent chemoattractant, highly specific for eosinophils. Recent studies have implicated that eotaxin plays an important role in the recruitment of eosinophils in different inflammation processes. A number of other chemokines, cytokines, and chemoattractants also have chemotactic activities for eosinophils and some of them present high selectivity for eosinophils. To further study the role of eotaxin in inflammation, we generated mutant mice with the eotaxin gene disrupted and replaced by the Escherichia coliβ-galactosidase gene. These mice developed normally and had no histologic or hematopoietic abnormalities. Furthermore, our studies showed that the lack of eotaxin did not affect the recruitment of eosinophils in the inflammation models induced by Sephadex beads and thioglycollate, as well as in an experimental lung eosinophilia model induced by ovalbumin aerosol challenge, even at the onset of the inflammatory response. The replacement of the eotaxin gene by the β-galactosidase gene provided a useful marker to monitor the activity of the eotaxin promoter under normal conditions and after antigen challenges. Immunohistochemical staining suggested that endothelial cells were the major sources of eotaxin expression.

The polypeptide (p)50 molecule, a subunit of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, is produced after proteolytic processing of the p105 precursor (NF-kappaB1). Although the p105 precursor has been postulated to play a role in the regulation of the Rel/NF-kappaB activity, its physiological relevance remains unclear. To investigate that, we generated mutant mice lacking the COOH terminal half of the p105 precursor, but expressing the p50 product (p105-/-). These mutant mice displayed an inflammatory phenotype composed of lymphocytic infiltration in lungs and liver, and an increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. Enlargement of multiple lymph nodes, splenomegaly due to erythrocytic extramedullary hematopoiesis, and lymphoid hyperplasia were also observed in p105-/- mice. Cytokine production in p105-/- macrophages was severely impaired, whereas proliferative responses of p105-/- B cells were increased. T cell functions were only moderately impaired in mutant mice. Loss of p105 also led to enhanced constitutive p50 homodimer and inducible NF-kappaB activities in unstimulated and stimulated cells, respectively. As several genes regulated by Rel/NF-kappaB were upregulated in p105-/- thymus but downregulated in p105-/- macrophages, the enhanced p50 homodimers appear to function as transcriptional activators or repressors, depending on the cell type. Thus, the p105 precursor is indispensable in the control of p50 activity, and lack of the precursor has distinct effects on different cells.

The nfkb2 gene is a member of the Rel/NF-kappa B family of transcription factors. COOH-terminal deletions and rearrangements of this gene have been associated with the development of human cutaneous T cell lymphomas, chronic lymphocytic leukemias, and multiple myelomas. To further investigate the function of NF-kappa B2, we have generated mutant mice carrying a germline mutation of the nfkb2 gene by homologous recombination. NF-kappa B2-deficient mice showed a marked reduction in the B cell compartment in spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. Moreover, spleen and lymph nodes of mutant mice presented an altered architecture, characterized by diffuse, irregular B cell areas and the absence of discrete perifollicular marginal and mantle zones; the formation of secondary germinal centers in spleen was also impaired. Proliferation of NF-kappa B2-deficient B cells was moderately reduced in response to lipopolysaccharide, anti-IgD-dextran, and CD40, but maturation and immunoglobulin switching were normal. However, nfkb2 (-/-) animals presented a deficient immunological response to T cell-dependent and -independent antigens. These findings indicate an important role of NF-kappa B2 in the maintenance of the peripheral B cell population, humoral responses, and normal spleen architecture.

The transcription factor NF-kappaB is normally sequestered in the cytoplasm by members of the IkappaB family, including IkappaB alpha, IkappaB beta, and the recently cloned IkappaB epsilon. Upon cellular activation, these inhibitors are rapidly phosphorylated on two amino-terminal serines, ubiquitinated, and degraded by the 26S proteasome, releasing a functional NF-kappaB. To determine the importance of IkappaB beta in NF-kappaB regulation in T cells, we generated transgenic mice expressing a constitutively active IkappaB beta mutant (mIkappaB beta) under the control of the lck promoter. The transgene contains the two critical N-terminal serine residues mutated to alanines and therefore no longer susceptible to degradation upon cell activation. mIkappaB beta is unable to totally displace IkappaB alpha from RelA-containing complexes, thus allowing a transient activation of NF-kappaB upon T-cell stimulation. However, mIkappaB beta completely blocks NF-kappaB activity after IkappaB alpha degradation. In addition, as a consequence of this inhibition, ikba expression is down regulated, along with that of other NF-kappaB-regulated genes. These transgenic mice have a significant reduction in the peripheral T-cell population, especially CD8+ cells. The remaining T cells have impaired proliferation in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus phytohemagglutinin or calcium ionophore but not to anti-CD3/anti-CD28 costimulation. As a result of these alterations, transgenic animals present defects in immune responses such as delayed-type hypersensitivity and the generation of specific antibodies against T-cell-dependent antigens. These results show that in nonstimulated T cells, IkappaB beta cannot efficiently displace IkappaB alpha bound to RelA-containing complexes and that persistent NF-kappaB activity is required for proper T-cell responses in vivo.

The nfkb1 and nfkb2 genes encode closely related products regulating immune and inflammatory responses. Their role during development and differentiation remains unclear. The generation of nfkb1 null mice (p50-/-) resulted in altered immune responses, but had no effect on development. Similarly, nfkb2 knockout mice (p52-/-) did not show developmental defects (J.C. et al., manuscript submitted). We have investigated the potential for in vivo compensatory functions of these genes by generating double-knockout mice. The surprising result was that the animals developed osteopetrosis because of a defect in osteoclast differentiation, suggesting redundant functions of NF-kappaB1 and NF-kappaB2 proteins in the development of this cell lineage. The osteopetrotic phenotype was rescued by bone marrow transplantation, indicating that the hematopoietic component was impaired. These results define a new mouse osteopetrotic mutant and implicate NF-kappaB proteins in bone development, raising new directions in the treatment of bone disorders.

The nfkb2 gene encodes the p100 precursor which produces the p52 protein after proteolytic cleavage of its COOH-terminal domain. Although the p52 product can act as an alternative subunit of NF-kappaB, the p100 precursor is believed to function as an inhibitor of Rel/NF-kappaB activity by cytoplasmic retention of Rel/NF-kappaB complexes, like other members of the IkappaB family. However, the physiological relevance of the p100 precursor as an IkappaB molecule has not been understood. To assess the role of the precursor in vivo, we generated, by gene targeting, mice lacking p100 but still containing a functional p52 protein. Mice with a homozygous deletion of the COOH-terminal ankyrin repeats of NF-kappaB2 (p100(-/-)) had marked gastric hyperplasia, resulting in early postnatal death. p100(-/-) animals also presented histopathological alterations of hematopoietic tissues, enlarged lymph nodes, increased lymphocyte proliferation in response to several stimuli, and enhanced cytokine production in activated T cells. Dramatic induction of nuclear kappaB-binding activity composed of p52-containing complexes was found in all tissues examined and also in stimulated lymphocytes. Thus, the p100 precursor is essential for the proper regulation of p52-containing Rel/NF-kappaB complexes in various cell types and its absence cannot be efficiently compensated for by other IkappaB proteins.

Summary We have previously shown that transgenic mice expressing the oncoprotein v-Rel under the control of a T cell‐specific promoter develop T cell lymphomas. Tumor formation was correlated with the presence of p50/v-Rel and v-Rel/v-Rel nuclear k B-binding activity. Since experimental evidence has led to the suggestion of a potential tumor suppressor activity for I k B a , we have studied the role of I k B a in the transforming activity of v-Rel by overexpressing I k B a in v- rel transgenic mice. Overexpression of I k B a in v- rel transgenic mice resulted in an extended survival, and the development of cutaneous T cell lymphomas of CD8 1 CD4 2 phenotype. These phenotypic alterations were associated with a dramatic reduction of p50/v-Rel, but not v-Rel/v-Rel nuclear DNA binding activity and an increased expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule 1. Our results indicate that v-Rel homodimers are active in transformation and that the capacity of v-Rel‐containing complexes to escape the inhibitory effect of I k B a may be a key element in its transforming capability.

A research study was carried out in the Peninsula of Lacuy in the Northwest of Isla Grande, Chiloe (Southern Chile) with the purpose of collecting data in order to improve the diagnosis and participation of the main limitting factors in small-holdings existing in the region. Through static and dynamic surveys, we were able to identify at least three kinds of predominant production systems which combine animal and vegetable productions- bovine production being the main source of income for the peasant families. With the aim of ensuring the production objectives of the peasant family unit, the producer movilizes and orders the family workforce by means of a technical process of production based on ecological and climatic factors. Thus the possibility of making the production process viable, regarding functions of the systemic objectives and within the restrictions framework, is based on the family workforce, up to levels which include over-exploitation. In farms having enough workforce, the factor that limits productions is soil productivity.

The generation of animal models in which individual members of a gene family are genetically altered is a particularly attractive way to elucidate their function. Members of the Rel/NF-κB/IκB family constitute an important network of transcription factors and regulatory proteins that control the expression of numerous cellular and viral genes crucial for a variety of processes. A few examples are developmental pattern formation and immune response in Drosophila , viral replication, and immune, inflammatory, acute phase and stress responses in vertebrates. The findings from knockout and transgenic mice developed to study Rel/NF-κB/IκB function in vivo are reviewed here. In general, these studies point to the essential role of these factors in the development and function of the vertebrate immune system.

A stimulated brain renin-angiotensin system has been implicated in genetic hypertension. We compared the effects of an intracerebroventricular injection of angiotensin II (100 ng) on the expression of inducible transcription factors c-Fos, c-Jun, and Krox-24 in the brain of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), in Wistar rats with nephrogenic hypertension induced by aortic banding, and in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto and Wistar rats immunohistochemically. Generally, the angiotensin II–induced transcription factor expression was strictly confined to four distinct forebrain areas: the subfornical organ, median preoptic area, paraventricular nucleus, and supraoptic nucleus. In SHR, the angiotensin II–induced c-Fos and c-Jun expressions were significantly enhanced compared with those in normotensive control strains as well as in secondary hypertensive Wistar rats. Krox-24 expression in the subfornical organ, median preoptic area, and paraventricular nucleus of SHR was also significantly increased compared with that in all control strains. In the supraoptic nucleus, significant differences could be discriminated between SHR and secondary hypertensive Wistar rats. Injection of isotonic saline or arginine vasopressin (100 ng) as controls did not induce any expression of c-Fos, c-Jun, or Krox-24. Our findings demonstrate an enhanced sensitivity of SHR to angiotensin II–induced transcription factor expression in distinct brain areas involved in central blood pressure and osmotic control that is independent of blood pressure.

We describe the case of a 45-year-old male who was admitted with clinical signs of superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS). Physical examination showed collar of Stokes and extensive collateral circulation in the neck and anterosuperior thoracic region, as well as a large testicular mass. Fibrobronchoscopy revealed an endobronchial tumor, histopathologically diagnosed as seminoma, with the same characteristics as the testicular biopsy. Treatment was initiated with surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, resulting in a major clinical improvement. We indicate the importance of considering SVCS as an entity related with less common neoplasms such as germ cell tumors.

A number of distinct functional abnormalities have been observed in B cells derived from p50/ NF-kappa B or c-rel knockout mice. RelB, another member of the NF-kappa B/Rel family of transcription factors, is expressed during the latter stages of B cell maturation and can bind to regulatory sites within the Ig heavy chain locus. Therefore, we tested the ability of B cells from relB knockout mice (relB-/-) to proliferate, undergo maturation to IgM secretion, and switch to the expression of downstream Ig isotypes in response to distinct activators including LPS, anti-CD40 mAb or CD40 ligand, and/or dextran anti-IgD antibodies in combination with various cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, IFN-gamma, and TGF-beta. B cells lacking RelB showed up to 4-fold reductions in DNA synthesis in response to LPS, CD40, and membrane Ig-dependent activation relative to controls. However, relB-/- B cells were comparable to control B cells in their ability to undergo maturation to IgM secretion and switch to the expression of IgG3, IgG1, IgG2b, IgG2a, IgE, and/or IgA under all activation conditions tested. Thus, RelB, like c-Rel and p50/NF-kappa B, plays a role in B cell proliferation. However, in contrast to c-Rel and p50/ NF-kappa B, it is not critically involved in maturation to Ig secretion or expression of Ig isotypes.

The immediate early gene-encoded enzyme, MAP kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP-1), is thought to be a key element in controlling cellular signalling pathways activated by MAP kinases. Since MAP kinases have been demonstrated to participate in neuronal stimulus-transcription coupling following seizure activity, the present study investigated the induction of MKP-1 in the rat brain after limbic epilepsy. MKP-1 expression was studied with a polyclonal antiserum by Western blots, immunocytochemistry and immuno-electron microscopy at different time periods between 1 and 24 h after kainic acid-induced limbic seizures. MKP-1 induction was identified in dentate granule cells of the hippocampus but not in pyramidal neurons, furthermore in neurons of the outer layers of the neocortex, as well as in neurons of the lateral nucleus of the bed of the stria terminalis. Immuno-electron microscopy demonstrated that MKP-1 was localized in the neuronal nucleus, where the substrate of MKP-1, activated MAP kinases, are also found. In view of the restricted areas of MKP-1 expression and the widespread areas of altered MAP kinases activity it can be concluded that in the majority of CNS populations other mechanisms than MKP-1 induction are responsible for the shut-off of MAP kinases following seizure activity. MKP-1 may contribute in the specific subpopulations where it is induced to the post-translational control of inducible transcription factors of the fos, jun and myc family.

Chemokines (pro-inflammatory chemoattractant cytokines) are expressed in pathological conditions of the central nervous system (CNS). Previous studies suggested that the CNS is relatively resistant to leukocyte diapedesis after chemokine injection, leaving their functional role unresolved. The CNS function of N51/KC, a neutrophil-selective chemokine, was addressed by expressing N51/KC under control of the myelin basic protein (MBP) promoter in transgenic (tg) mice (MBP-N51/KC mice). CNS-specific N51/KC expression produced remarkable neutrophil infiltration into perivascular, meningeal, and parenchymal sites, demonstrating that this chemokine exerts the multiple functions in vivo required to recruit leukocytes into the CNS. MBP-N5 1/KC mice represent an incisive model for the molecular dissection of neutrophil entry into the CNS. Unexpectedly, MBP-N51/KC mice developed a neurological syndrome of pronounced postural instability and rigidity at high frequency beginning at 40 days of age, well after peak chemokine expression. 68/182 mice in one tg fine were found dead before one year of age, with prominent neurological symptoms premortem in 26 (38%). Florid microglial activation and blood-brain barrier disruption without dysmyelination were the major neuropathological alterations. Late-onset neurological symptoms in MBP-N51/KC mice may indicate unanticipated consequences of CNS chemokine expression.