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Genus Sciades Müller & Troschel, 1849 TYPE SPECIES. — Sciades emphysetus Müller & Troschel, 1849 (type species by original designation)., Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on page 335, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["MULLER J. & TROSCHEL F. H. 1849. - Horae Ichthyologicae. Beschreibung und Abbildung neuer Fische. Horae Ichthyol 3: 1 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6935"]}

Class ACTINOPTERI Cope, 1871 REMARKS For nomenclature priority of Actinopteri instead of Actinopterygii Klein, 1885, see Schwarzhans et al. 2020., Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on page 332, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["COPE E. D. 1871. - Contribution to the ichthyology of the Lesser Antilles. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 14 (3): 445 - 483. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1005256","KLEIN E. E. 1885. - Beitrage zur Bildung des Schadels der Knochenfische II. Jahreshefte des Vereins fur vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg 41: 107 - 261. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 7794985","SCHWARZHANS W., STRINGER G. & FRICKE R. 2020. - On the authorship of Actinopteri and Actinopterygii. Cybium 44 (1): 7 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.26028 / cybium / 2020 - 441 - 001"]}

Genus Potamotrygon Garman, 1877 TYPE SPECIES. — Trygon histrix Müller & Henle, 1841 (type species by original designation; Garman 1877)., Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on page 332, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["GARMAN S. 1877. - On the pelvis and external sexual organs of selachians, with special reference to the new genera Potamotrygon and Disceus. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 19: 197 - 215.","MULLER J. & HENLE F. G. J. 1841. - Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. Veit, Berlin, 200 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6906"]}

Oxydoras sp. (Fig. 3 C1-C3). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Incomplete neurocranium (ULA-1316). LOCALITY. — Villavieja Fm. LA-3 (fish bed) (seeFig.1B; Appendix 1). DESCRIPTION ULA-1316 is an incomplete neurocranium of 51 mm in length, preserving only the anterior section of the skull (Fig. 3 C1-C3), and is assigned here to Oxydoras. It preserves a complete mesethmoid bone clearly observable in both dorsal and ventral views. It has an elongate arrow-shape with a bifid anterior tip, and a convex profile in lateral view (Fig. 3 C1). In dorsal view, the anterior section of both right and left frontals and both right and left lateral ethmoids are articulated to the mesethmoid; the most proximal section of the anterior cranial fontanelle is also preserved (Fig. 3 C1). The ornamentation of the skull is not well defined, possibly as a result of erosion. In ventral view, the mesethmoid, vomer, remnants of what appear to be lateral ethmoids, and the parasphenoid are preserved (Fig. 3 C2). The vomer has an arrow-shaped anterior section and seems to have reduced anterolateral processes; its posterior section is elongated and narrow, being enclosed in the anterior bifid tip of the parasphenoid. REMARKS ULA-1316 possess a mesethmoid bone similar to those present in living and fossil representatives of Oxydoras, which can be differentiated from the mesethmoid bones of any other living (Birindelli 2014) or fossil (see Lundberg et al. 2010) species of doradid. The thorny catfish Oxydoras is represented by three extant species, Oxydoras niger (Valenciennes in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821), Oxydoras kneri Bleeker, 1862a, and Oxydoras sifontesi Fernández-Yépez, 1968, from the Amazon, Essequibo, Orinoco and Paraná basins. These species occur over mud in streams and lakes, but are also present in large rivers (Froese & Pauly 2022). The only fossil of Oxydoras known to date corresponds to an isolated mesethmoid bone from the Miocene of Peru illustrated by Lundberg et al. (2010). Although ULA-1316 resembles the skull of the extant O. niger (see Birindelli 2014; Prestes-Carneiro et al. 2019), and/ or the other two living species O. kneri and O. sifontesi, its incomplete and poor state of preservation make it difficult to associate this fossil specimen with any of these extant species. The skulls of the extant species of Oxydoras usually present well-defined ornamentation (see Birindelli 2014: fig. 25); in the case of ULA-1316, the ornamentation pattern is not well-defined or is absent, possibly as a consequence associated with taphonomic processes or erosion of the fossil during its exposure in the outcrop. Due to that, ULA-1316 is tentatively assigned to Oxydoras sp. This fossil specimen from the middle Miocene of the Honda Group, and the isolated mesethmoid bone from the Miocene (Lundberg et al. 2010), are to date the only known fossils of Oxydoras., Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on pages 335-336, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["BIRINDELLI J. L. O. 2014. - Phylogenetic relationships of the South American Doradoidea (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes). Neotropical Ichthyology 2 (3): 451 - 564. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1982 - 0224 - 20120027","LUNDBERG J. G., SABAJ PEREZ M. H., DAHDUL W. M. & AGUILERA O. A. 2010. - The Amazonian Neogene fish fauna, in HOORN C. & WESSELINGH F. (eds), Amazonia: Landscape and Species Evolution. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford: 281 - 301.","HUMBOLDT F. H. A. V. & VALENCIENNES A. 1821. - Recherches sur les poissons fluviatiles de l'Amerique Equinoxiale, in Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland, deuxieme partie. Observations de Zoologie et d'Anatomie comparee. Vol. 2. Schoell, Dufour, Paris: 145 - 216.","BLEEKER P. 1862 a. - Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Neerlandaises. Publie sous les auspices du Gouvernement Colonial Neerlandais. Tome 2, SiluroIdes, chacoIdes et heterobranchoIdes. Frederic Mueller, Amsterdam, 112 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 67474","FERNANDEZ-YEPEZ A. 1968. - Contribucion al conocimiento de la familia Doradidae en Venezuela. Boletin del Instituto Oceanografico, Universidad de Oriente 7 (1): 7 - 72.","FROESE R. & PAULY D. (EDS) 2022. - FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. https: // www. fishbase. org (02 / 2022)","PRESTES-CARNEIRO G., BEAREZ P., SHOCK M. P., PRUMERS H. & JAIMES BETANCOURT C. 2019. - Pre-Hispanic fishing practices in interfluvial Amazonia: Zooarchaeological evidence from managed landscapes on the Llanos de Mojos savanna. Plos One 14 (5): e 0214638. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0214638"]}

Phractocephalus sp. (Fig. 3 D-M). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Fourteen skull fragments (IGM-87- 314, -2221-f-a, -2382-b (no. 2), and VPPLT-223, 421(no. 2), 422 (no. 2), 742, 1128, 1272, 1282, 1432); a pectoral girdle (IGM-s/n), and 12 pectoral/dorsal fragmented spines (IGM-2285-c, ULA-44, and VPPLT-043 (no. 4), 417, 473, 474, 1092, 1478, 1482). LOCALITIES. — La Victoria Fm. Diomatal-Museo La Tormenta (VPPLT-1478, 1-482); Km-121 (VPPLT-043, 223, 742, 1128, 1432); Tatacoita (VPPLT-417, 421, 422, 470, 473, 474, 1092); San Nicolás (VPPLT-1272, 1282). — Villavieja Fm. Duke 46 (IGM-87-314); LA 2 (ULA-44). — Indeterminate Fm. Alrededor del Campamento de la Venta, Villa vieja (IGM-2382-h); Norte del Punto 16 (IGM-2221-h-a); NW del Campamento de la Venta, Villavieja (IGM-2285-c) (see Fig. 1B; Appendix 1). DESCRIPTION The dorsal surface of the skull, including the sphenotic, pterotic, and parieto-supraoccipital bones, has well-developed dorsal ornamentation characterized by dense, deep, and rounded pits surrounded by a thick and tall crest arranged in a mosaic (Fig. 3 D-I). The ornamentation in the frontal and the parieto-supraoccipital bones are characterized by elongated and parallel pits delimited by a stronger crest. These ornamentation patterns of elongated and parallel pits, gutter-like, are slightly interrupted at the middle part by changes in the ornamentation pattern that consist of disperse oval pits (Fig. 3 D). The postero-lateral laminar projections of the parieto-supraoccipital bone form a thick and strong arch on both sides. The external surface is densely ornamented with small pits irregularly arranged. However, the entire bone expansion is not complete, and the distal smooth edge is not preserved (Fig. 3 E-F). The ornamentation on the pterotic bone shows a pattern of parallel alignment of the pits. The largest pits are arranged in the medial region, and the minor ones are aligned in the outermost region of the bone (Fig. 3 G). The sphenotic has a stronger anastomosing ridge on the dorsal surface (Fig. 3 H). The pectoral girdle is robust with the posterior process of the cleithrum expanded in a thick laminar bone in a triangular-shape. The outer surface is densely ornamented with a series of pits arranged in oblique rows in most of the upper area, and pits in a random distribution on the lower area. Both, the anterior dorsal process and posterior dorsal process of the cleithrum are robust (Fig. 3J). The ornamentation in the pectoral spines form elongated, crossed and irregular crest without rounded or ovoid pits. The anterior edge has small acute spines oriented posteriorly and on the posterior edge the small spines are robust, and obtuse without a well-defined orientation (Fig. 3 K-M). REMARKS Phractocephalus is represented by the single extant species P. hemioliopterus. The fossil record of the genus includes † Phractocephalus nassi Lundberg & Aguilera, 2003, from the late Miocene Urumaco Fm in Venezuela, † Phractocephalus acreornatus Aguilera et al., 2008, from the late Miocene Solimões Fm in Brazil, and † Phractocephalus yaguaron Bogan & Agnolin, 2019, from late Miocene Ituzaingó Formation, Argentina. † Phractocephalus ivy Azpelicueta & Cione, 2016, from late the Miocene of Argentina was recently referred to the extant genus Steindachneridion Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1919 (see Bogan & Agnolín 2019). The skull bones of Phractocephalus from the Honda Group can be distinguished from those of extinct species by the stronger ornamentation pattern, density, and depth of the circular pits surrounded by thick crest arranged in a mosaic-like pattern vs. less skull ornamentation in † P. acreornatus and † P. nassi. Skull bones in † P. yaguaron are strongly ornamented with reticulating ridges and subcircular pits (see Azpelicueta & Cione 2016; Bogan & Agnolín 2019), a pattern that is relatively different from the specimens from the Honda Group, where ornamentation, especially in frontal and the parieto-supraoccipital bones, show continuous elongated and parallel pits (see Fig. 3 D-F). Lundberg (1997) described a partial mesethmoid bone and a fragmented pectoral-spine (Lundberg 1997: fig. 5.9A) from the Fish Bed locality as extant P. hemioliopterus; nevertheless, these materials were later referred to as too incomplete to assess their species status (Lundberg & Aguilera 2003). The ornamental pattern on specimens from the Honda Group shows clear differences from the skull ornamentation in the extant P. hemioliopterus (e.g., see skulls illustrated in Lundberg & Aguilera 2003; Aguilera et al. 2008; Bogan & Agnolín 2019). Based on the skull and pectoral/dorsal spine ornamentation, the Phractocephalus specimens from the Honda group is most closely related to † P. nassi. Nevertheless, by the fragmentary conditions of bones and the absence of well-preserved diagnostic elements to support an accurate diagnosis and description, we tentatively use an open nomenclature for the Phractocephalus specimens from the Honda Group. Phractocephalus hemioliopterus occurs in a broad range of habitats, from large rivers to flooded forests and lakes, with a wide distribution in the Orinoco and the Amazon (van der Sleen & Albert 2018). Recently, a reticulate nuchal plate attributed to Phractocephalus sp. was recorded from the middle Miocene Castilletes Formation in the Guajira Peninsula, northern Colombia (Ballen et al. 2021a), and this report, together with the other fossil Phractocephalus from northwestern Venezuela (Lundberg & Aguilera 2003) suggests a broader distribution of the genus during the Miocene and support ancient connections between trans-Andean and cis-Andean drainages. Other siluriforms taxa reported herein (Table 1) and in previous works (e.g., Lundberg 1997, 2005) for the Honda Group include Hoplosternum Gill, 1858 (Fig. 3 N-P), the loricariids cf. Acanthicus Agassiz, 1829 (Fig. 3U 1-U 2), and cf. Hypostomus Lacépède, 1803 (Fig. 3V 1-V 2), and the pimelodids Brachyplatystoma (Fig. 4A 1-B 2), and Pimelodus Lacépède, 1803 (Fig. 4C). The goliath catfish † Brachyplatystoma promagdalena Lundberg, 2005, was described from the Fish Bed layer.Tentatively we designate the siluriforms as the most diverse fish group of the Honda Group (Fig. 5). Other bony fishes reported from the Honda Group (see Table 1) includes cynodontids or “dogtooth characins” (Fig. 4E 1-F 2), “piranha-like” and “pacu” serrasalmids (Fig. 4G 1-M), dipnoids (Fig. 4D 1-D 2), and osteoglossiforms (Fig. 4N 1-N 2)., Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on pages 336-338, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["LUNDBERG J. G. & AGUILERA O. 2003. - The late Miocene Phractocephalus catfish (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) from Urumaco, Venezuela: additional specimens and reinterpretation as a distinct species. Neotropical Ichthyology 1 (2): 97 - 109. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252003000200004","AGUILERA O. A., BOCQUENTIN J., BRANCO R., LUNDBERG J. G. & MACIENTE A. 2008. - A new cajaro catfish (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae: Phractocephalus) from the Late Miocene of southwestern Amazonia and its relationship to † Phractocephalus nassi of the Urumaco Formation. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 82 (2): 231 - 245. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / Bf 02988412","BOGAN S. & AGNOLIN F. L. 2019. - Phractocephaline catfishes from the late Miocene of Argentina, with the description of a new taxon. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39 (4): e 1676254. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2019.1676254","AZPELICUETA M. D. L. M. & CIONE A. L. 2016. - A southern species of the tropical catfish genus Phractocephalus (Teleostei: Siluriformes) in the Miocene of South America. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 67: 221 - 230. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jsames. 2016.03.002","EIGENMANN C. H. & EIGENMANN R. S. 1919. - Steindachneridion. Science 50 (1301): 525 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 50.1301.525. b","LUNDBERG J. G. 1997. - Fishes of the La Venta fauna: Additional taxa, biotic and paleoenvironmental implications, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. J. (eds.), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London: 67 - 91.","VAN DER SLEEN P. & ALBERT J. S. 2018. - Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas. Princenton University Press, New Jersey, 464 p.","BALLEN G. A., JARAMILLO C., DAGOSTA F. C. P. & DE PINNA M. C. C. 2021 a. - A fossil fish assemblage from the middle Miocene of the Cocinetas Basin, northern Colombia. Papers in Palaeontology 8 (1): e 1405. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / spp 2.1405","LUNDBERG J. G. 2005. - Brachyplatystoma promagdalena, new species, a fossil goliath catfish (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) from the Miocene of Colombia, South America. Neotropical Ichthyology 3 (4): 597 - 605. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252005000400017","GILL T. N. 1858. - Synopsis of The Fresh Water Fishes of The Western Portion of The Island of Trinidad, West Indies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 6: 363 - 430. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 16023585","AGASSIZ L. 1829 - 1831. - \" Pisces brasiliensis \", in SPIX J. B. V., AGASSIZ L. & MARTIUS K. F. P. V. (eds), Selecta genera et species piscium quos in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX: jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae regis augustissimi peracto. Typis C. Wolf, Monachii [Munchen], 138 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 157964","LACEPEDE B. G. E. 1803. - Histoire naturelle des poissons. Vol. 5, Paris, Plassan, 803 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11645"]}

Genus Cichla Bloch & Schneider, 1801 TYPE SPECIES. — Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (type species by original designation)., Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on page 334, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["BLOCH M. E. & SCHNEIDER J. G. 1801. - M. E. Blochii [...] Systema ichthyologiae iconibus ex illustratum. Post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit, correxit, interpolavit. Saxo, J. G. Schneider, 584 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5750"]}

cf. Astronotus sp. (Fig. 2 H1-H4). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Isolated dentary bone (VPPLT-668A) LOCALITY. — La Victoria Fm. Tatacoita (see Fig. 1 B; Appendix 1). DESCRIPTION VPPLT-668A is a short and high left dentary bone, 22 mm in length and missing the posterior part of the mandibular sensory canal and the coronoid process (Fig. 2 H1-H4). The dorsal margin is well preserved, but all teeth are missing. There are approximately six circular tooth implantation rows, with the first three from the outer border best defined (Fig. 2 H3). Enlarged bases characterize the outer tooth row, reaching up to twice the diameter of those bases of the other inner rows. The external face of the dentary has three well-developed foramina on the bony mandibular canal. The largest one is oval in shape (Fig. 2 H1) and corresponds with the foramen “f.5” referred by Casciotta & Arratia (1993). In the ventral section of the dentary, abundant small foramina can be observed. REMARKS Our comparison (based on osteological collections and literature review) suggests that VPPLT-668A is clearly different from other medium/large sizes South American cichlids such as Acaronia Myers, 1940, Aequidens Eigenmann & Bray, 1894, Caquetaia Fowler, 1945, Cichla Bloch & Schneider, 1801, Cichlasoma Swainson, 1839, Crenicichla Heckel, 1840, Geophagus Heckel, 1840, Retroculus Eigenmann & Bray, 1894, Satanoperca Günther, 1862, Symphysodon Heckel, 1840, and Uaru Heckel, 1840. The dentary shape and the pattern and size of the tooth implantation rows in VPPLT-668A resemble the jaw morphology of Astronotus (see Fig. 2 I1-I2). These are features that are “apparently” observed only in this genus; although this should be confirmed in the future with more detailed studies on cranial elements of the South American cichlids. Our osteological comparisons with specimens of Astronotus were restricted to Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831). The genus Astronotus is represented by three extant species, Astronotus ocellatus, Astronotus crassipinnis (Heckel, 1840), and Astronotus mikoljii (Pérez-Lozano et al. 2022). The natural distribution of Astronotus includes the Amazon, Orinoco, upper Paraná, and French Guiana basins (Pérez-Lozano et al. 2022), with habitat preference of quiet shallow waters (van der Sleen & Albert 2018). Due to the state of preservation of VPPLT-668A, and the absence of more specimens with other diagnostic characters, we are unable to classify this fossil beyond cf. Astronotus sp. The presence of cf. Astronotus in the middle Miocene of the Honda Group represents the first fossil record for the genus. Neotropical cichlids, with at least 44 genera, constitute the third most speciose group of freshwater fishes in South America (van der Sleen & Albert 2018). Despite the high species richness, few studies based on comparative descriptions of cranial elements (e.g., dentaries, maxillary, and premaxillary bones) have been carried out (e.g., Casciotta & Arratia 1993). One of the problems added to the study of isolated fossil cichlid dentaries is that the morphology of dentary bone is similar among Neotropical cichlids (Casciotta & Arratia 1993). Nevertheless, morphological features can allow some tentative assignments as long as the comparisons are supported by diversity in comparative osteological material., Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on page 334, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["CASCIOTTA J. R. & ARRATIA G. 1993. - Jaws and teeth of American cichlids (Pisces: Labroidei). Journal of Morphology 217 (1): 1 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 1052170102","MYERS G. S. 1940. - Suppression of Acaropsis and Chalcinus, two preoccupied generic names of South American fresh-water fishes. Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin 1 (5): 1 - 170.","EIGENMANN C. H. & BRAY W. L. 1894. - A revision of the American Cichlidae. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 7 (1): 607 - 624. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1893. tb 55412. x","FOWLER H. W. 1945. - Colombian zoological survey. Part I. The fresh-water fishes obtained in 1945. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 97: 93 - 135. https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 4064382","BLOCH M. E. & SCHNEIDER J. G. 1801. - M. E. Blochii [...] Systema ichthyologiae iconibus ex illustratum. Post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit, correxit, interpolavit. Saxo, J. G. Schneider, 584 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5750","SWAINSON W. 1839. - On the Natural History and Classification of Fishes, Amphibians, & Reptiles. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans, and John Taylor, London, 448 p.","HECKEL J. J. 1840. - Johann Natterer's neue Flussfische Brasilien's nach den Beobachtungen und Mittheilungen des Entdeckers beschrieben (Erste Abtheilung, Die Labroiden). Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte 2: 325 - 471. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 101457","GUNTHER A. C. L. G. 1862. - Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Vol. 5. Catalogue of the Acanthopterygii, Pharyngognathi and Anacanthini in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees, London, 534 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8809","PEREZ-LOZANO A., LASSO-ALCALA O. M., BITTENCOURT P. S., TAPHORN D. C., PEREZ N. & FARIAS I. P. 2022. - A new species of Astronotus (Teleostei, Cichlidae) from the Orinoco River and Gulf of Paria basins, northern South America. ZooKeys 1113: 111 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 1113.81240","VAN DER SLEEN P. & ALBERT J. S. 2018. - Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas. Princenton University Press, New Jersey, 464 p."]}

Genus Phractocephalus Agassiz, 1829 TYPE SPECIES. — Phractocephalus bicolor Agassiz, 1829, by monotypy, a junior objective synonym of Silurus hemioliopterus Bloch & Schneider, 1801., Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on page 336, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["AGASSIZ L. 1829 - 1831. - \" Pisces brasiliensis \", in SPIX J. B. V., AGASSIZ L. & MARTIUS K. F. P. V. (eds), Selecta genera et species piscium quos in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX: jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae regis augustissimi peracto. Typis C. Wolf, Monachii [Munchen], 138 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 157964","BLOCH M. E. & SCHNEIDER J. G. 1801. - M. E. Blochii [...] Systema ichthyologiae iconibus ex illustratum. Post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit, correxit, interpolavit. Saxo, J. G. Schneider, 584 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5750"]}

† Sciades maldonadonis n. sp. (Fig. 3 A1-A3) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A20896FF-45B6-4E90-9A8C-22E9A791748E DIAGNOSIS. — The combination of extremely depressed lapillus otolith, regularly clam-shaped outline, sharp antero-medial projection, strongly arched dorsal margin anteriorly and oblique-straight posteriorly distinguish † Sciades maldonadonis n. sp. from extant Sciades species, extinct brackish and freshwater species (e.g., † Cantarius Aguilera et al., 2013b), and extant South American freshwater species (Chinchaysuyoa Marceniuk et al., 2019a, and Paragenidens Marceniuk et al., 2019a). TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype VPPLT-832. A complete lapillus otolith (Fig. 3 A1-A3), preserved length 20.94 mm, width 16.84 mm, thickness 7.08 mm. TYPE LOCALITY. — La Victoria Fm. Morrongo 1 (see Fig. 1 B; Appendix 1). DERIVATION OF NAME. — The species is named in honor of Dr Javier Alejandro Maldonado-Ocampo (1977-†2019), renowned Colombian ichthyologist who passed away on 2 March 2019 during an expedition to the Río Vaupés in Colombia. Javier dedicated more than twenty years to the study and conservation of the freshwater fish fauna of Colombia, including the Andes, Orinoco and Amazon basins. DESCRIPTION The lapillus otolith is clam-shaped with a semi-circular outline, very depressed dorso-ventrally, and with a sharp antero-medial projection (Fig. 3 A1, A2). The dorsal margin is strongly arched anteriorly and oblique-straight posteriorly. The ventral margin is strongly arched. The posterior margin forms an obtuse angle. The lateral profile is slightly biconvex. The pseudocauda and the mesial inward curvature are not well preserved. The umbo is located in the center of the dorsal surface. The lapillus length to width ratio: 1.2. Lapillus length to thickness ratio: 3.0. REMARKS VPPLT-832 is characterized by a typical Ariidae otolith morphology. The recognition of † Sciades maldonadonis n. sp. as a member of Sciades is based on its otolith morphology, which is characterized by the combination of extremely depressed dorsoventral shape and by the dorsal margin being strongly arched anteriorly, and oblique-straight posteriorly. This allows it to be differentiated from the other Sciades species (for comparative proposes see Aguilera et al. 2020: figs. 4.49-4.60; 6.9-6.12). Marceniuk et al. (2017) reviewed the genus Sciades and showed a strong morphological relationship between nominal genera Sciades and Ariopsis Gill, 1861. More than seven extant Sciades species are currently recognized (Froese & Pauly 2022). The age of diversification of modern species of Sciades is older than 9 Ma (including Sciades dowii Gill, 1863, from the Pacific), and the age of the Atlantic Sciades species is c. 6.7 Ma (4-8Ma) (Betancur-R.2009). † Sciades maldonadonis n. sp. came from a freshwater palaeoenvironment in the middle Miocene rocks of the Honda Group, associated with a wide diversity of freshwater fishes, crocodylians, snakes, lizards, turtles, and mammals (e.g., Kay et al. 1997; Carrillo et al. 2015; Cadena et al. 2019, 2020; Defler 2019). The ancestral form of freshwater catfish Ariidae otolith-based species from the western Amazon included † Cantarius nolfi Aguilera, Moraes-Santos, Costa, Ohe, Jaramillo & Nogueira, 2013b, and † Cantarius ohei Schwarzhans, Aguilera, Scheyer & Carrillo-Briceño, 2022, recorded from the Miocene Pebas wetland system at the Pebas Formation (Carrillo-Briceño et al. 2021b; Schwarzhans et al. 2022). In North, Central, and South America, six extant ariid species are primarily freshwater, including Chinchaysuyoa labiata Boulenger, 1898, Chinchaysuyoa ortegai Marceniuk, Marchena, Oliveira & Betancur-R, 2019a, Paragenidens grandoculis Steindachner, 1877, Paragenidens nelsoni Evermann & Goldsborough, 1902, Paragenidens izabalensis Hubbs & Miller, 1960, and Paragenidens usumacintae Betancur-R & Willink, 2007 (Marceniuk & Menezes 2007; Marceniuk et al. 2019a, b). On the other hand, fossil skull-based species of † Sciades latissimum Aguilera & Marceniuk, 2018, and † Sciades peregrinus Aguilera & Marceniuk, 2018 without preserved internal otolith, were described from the late Miocene Urumaco Fm, Venezuela, characterized by palaeoenvironments associated to a large palaeo-hydrographic system of the Orinoco/ Amazonas discharging into the proto-Caribbean Sea (Aguilera et al. 2020). Other ariid remains from the Honda Group include two isolated dorsal-spine fragments ornamented by rugose tuberculations, from the Duke 24 (see Lundberg 1997) and Mini Desierto localities (VPPLT-1108; Figs 1 B, 3 B1-B3). Sedimentary characteristics and the associated fauna from the Honda Group support that VPPLT-832 and the indeterminate ariid spines were from a freshwater palaeoenvironment.

cf. Cichla sp. (Fig. 2 J1-J3). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Isolated dentary bone (VPPLT-668B). LOCALITY. — La Victoria Fm. Tatacoita (see Fig. 1 B; Appendix 1). DESCRIPTION VPPLT-668B is an incomplete dentary bone of 16 mm in length, missing the posterior part of the mandibular sensory canal and the coronoid process (Fig. 2 J1-J2). The external face of the dentary preserves four well-developed foramina on the bony mandibular canal, the two smallest being located close to the dentary symphysis. All teeth are missing, and the preserved dorsal margin is characterized by six to seven circular tooth implantations rows of small size. REMARKS VPPLT-668B is easily distinguishable from VPPLT-668A assigned to cf. Astronotus. Our osteological comparisons suggest a close resemblance between VPPLT-668B and the dentaries of extant Cichla species (Fig. 2 K1-K3) than with those of Crenicichla or other medium/large sizes South American cichlids. Although VPPLT-668B is incomplete, its dentary shape and the pattern and size of the tooth implantations rows resemble the jaw morphology of Cichla species. However, due to the state of preservation of VPPLT-668B and the absence of more specimens, for now, we prefer to refer to this fossil as cf. Cichla sp. The genus Cichla, contains the largest cichlid of South America, and is represented by at least 15 species from the Amazon and Orinoco basins, as well as rivers of the Guianas (Froese & Pauly 2022). The extant species have a wide range of habitat preferences, including rivers and floodplain lakes (van der Sleen & Albert 2018). The presence of cf. Cichla in the middle Miocene of the Honda Group represents the first fossil record for the genus. From the Honda Group, Lundberg (1997) reported three premaxillaries, three dentaries, and two anguloarticular bones in fragmentary condition as indeterminate cichlids from the Fish Bed locality, suggesting a lack of morphological characters and relation to modern cichlids. Future work with more detailed anatomical comparisons on the specimens that Lundberg (1997) reported could support or contrast these assignments. Other new cichlid material reported herein includes an isolated anal spine (VPPLT-1164) coming from the Km 121 locality (Appendix 1). The spine is 18 mm in length, robust and elongated, with a sharp end at the apical section, and typical of the anal region (Fig. 2 L1-L2); nevertheless, taxonomic identification based on isolated spines is not possible., Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on page 334, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["FROESE R. & PAULY D. (EDS) 2022. - FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. https: // www. fishbase. org (02 / 2022)","VAN DER SLEEN P. & ALBERT J. S. 2018. - Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas. Princenton University Press, New Jersey, 464 p.","LUNDBERG J. G. 1997. - Fishes of the La Venta fauna: Additional taxa, biotic and paleoenvironmental implications, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. J. (eds.), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London: 67 - 91."]}

Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés, Aguilera, Orangel (2023): New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia. Geodiversitas 45 (10): 327-351, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10

Potamotrygonidae indet. (Fig. 2 B1-G2). EXAMINED BODY PARTS. — Bucklers and caudal spines. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Museo de La Tormenta, two isolated teeth (VPPLT 10000, 10001); Museo de Historia Natural La Tatacoa, 13 isolated dermal bucklers (VPPLT-668, 805, 1226 [no. 2], 1239, 1245 [no. 2], 1415, 1440, 1444, 1452 [no. 2], 1481), and four isolated caudal spines (VPPLT-042, 1425, 1430, 1485). LOCALITIES. — La Victoria Fm. Diomatal-Museo La Tormenta (VPPLT-1481, 1485); Morrongo 1 (VPPLT-1415, 1452), Morrongo 2: (VPPLT-805, 1226, 1239, 1245, 1430, 1440); Km-121 (VPPLT-042, 1425, 1444). — Indeterminate Fm. Santa Barbara 2 (VPPLT-668) (see Fig. 1; Appendix 1). The two isolated teeth (VPPLT 10000 and VPPLT 10001) do not have precise information about their locality (presumably Diomatal-Museo La Tormenta). DESCRIPTION The indeterminate potamotrygonid isolated teeth described and illustrated by Lundberg (1997: fig. 5.1), plus another group of teeth were observed but not photographed or described in detail by one of the authors (JDCB) during a visit to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia (ANSP), where they are temporarily housed. A detailed description of at least five of the isolated teeth housed in the ANSP is presented by Lundberg (1997). Most of these specimens in the ANSP, as well as two other isolated teeth reported here from the Museo de La Tormenta (Fig. 2 A1, A2), are smaller than 3 mm wide and are characterized by a crown that is higher than the root with a middle transverse crest that separates the labial and lingual sides. The labial side of the crown is coarsely ornamented in specimens that do not show a wear pattern. In some cuspidate teeth, the crest is lingually elongated and forms a distinctive triangular cusp. The root is a typical holaucorhize type with two rounded and basal flattened lobes (see Fig. 2 A1-A2; Lundberg 1997: fig. 5.1). The dermal bucklers are up to 3.5 mm in diameter and circular and semi-circular in shape(Fig.2 B1-F).Three specimens are fused bucklers (up to 33 mm in length) of ovoidal/or irregular shape (e.g., Fig. 2 C, E). The bucklers are characterized by an erected curved crown with a central and small tip. Abundant ridges and deep furrows from the base of the central tip to the basal edges of the buckler ornament the crown. In some specimens, abundant rounded and micro like-bucklers (up to 2 mm in diameter) are present in the crown (Fig. 2 B1-B2, D-F). Of the four caudal spines, only two specimens are relatively complete (58 and 64 mm in length). All the caudal spines preserve their denticles at the lateral margins, the central ridge, and the central groove on the ventral and dorsal sides, respectively (Fig. 2 G1-G2). REMARKS The only previous reports of stingrays from the Honda Group include the few isolated teeth (from the Fish Bed layer) and the fragmented caudal spines reported as indeterminate potamotrygonids by Lundberg (1997). The teeth described by Lundberg (1997), and the two isolated teeth reported here (Fig. 2 A1-A2), have morphological features that more closely resemble those teeth of the extant and fossil Potamotrygon species than other genera within the Potamotrygonidae (seeAdnet et al. 2014; Carrillo-Briceño et al. 2021a). It is best to assign these specimens from the Honda Group to cf. Potamotrygon, and we believe that new specimens and future detailed studies are necessary for more accurate taxonomic assignments. The preservation of the caudal spines does not allow an assignment beyond Potamotrygonidae.The dermal bucklers are recorded here for the first time from the Honda Group. These dermal bucklers are similar in size and morphology to those of fossil potamotrygonids from the late Miocene of Argentina and Brazil (Brito & Deynat 2004), as well as some extant Potamotrygon species (Deynat & Brito 1994). In accordance withBrito & Deynat (2004), we believe that the dermal bucklers from the Honda Group can be tentatively identified as indeterminate potamotrygonids; although the chances that these belong to Potamotrygon are very high (see Deynat & Brito 1994). Still there is poor knowledge of the broader dermal elements and dental patterns among the more than 35 potamotrygonid species (four genera) from different South American river basins.These stingrays inhabit a wide range of environments, including lakes, still waters, and flowing rivers, commonly associated on sandy substrates (Lasso et al. 2014; van der Sleen & Albert 2018)., Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on page 332, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["LUNDBERG J. G. 1997. - Fishes of the La Venta fauna: Additional taxa, biotic and paleoenvironmental implications, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. J. (eds.), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London: 67 - 91.","CARRILLO-BRICENO J. D., SANCHEZ R., SCHEYER T. M., CARRILLO J. D., DELFINO M., GEORGALIS G. L., KERBER L., RUIZ-RAMONI D., BIRINDELLI J. L. O., CADENA E-A., RINCON A. F., CHAVEZ-HOFFMEISTER M., CARLINI A. A., CARVALHO M. R., TREJOS-TAMAYO R., VALLEJO F., JARAMILLO C., JONES D. S. & SANCHEZ-VILLAGRA M. R. 2021 a. - A Pliocene-Pleistocene continental biota from Venezuela. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 140 (9): https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13358 - 020 - 00216 - 6","BRITO P. M. & DEYNAT P. P. 2004. - Freshwater Stingrays from the Miocene of South America with comments on the rise of potamotrygonids (Batoidea, Myliobatiformes), in ARRATIA G., WILSON M. V. H. & CLOUTIER R. (eds), Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen: 575 - 582.","DEYNAT P. P. & BRITO P. M. 1994. - Revision of dermal tubercles of rays (Chondrichthyes, Batoidea) from the Tertiary Parana Basin, South America. Annales de Paleontologie 80 (4): 237 - 251.","LASSO C. A., ROSA R. S., SANCHEZ-DUARTE P., MORALES-BETANCOURT M. A. & AGUDELO-CORDOBA E. 2014. - IX. Rayas de agua dulce (Potamotrygonidae) de Suramerica. Parte I. Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Brasil, Guyana, Surinam y Guayana Francesa: diversidad, bioecologia, uso y conservacion. Instituto de Investigacion de los Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt Serie Editorial Recursos Hidrobiologicos y Pesqueros Continentales de Colombia, Bogota, 368 p.","VAN DER SLEEN P. & ALBERT J. S. 2018. - Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas. Princenton University Press, New Jersey, 464 p."]}

Genus Oxydoras Kner, 1855 TYPE SPECIES. — Oxydoras kneri Bleeker, 1862a (type species by original designation)., Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on page 335, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["KNER R. 1855. - Ichthyologische Beitrage [Subtitles I-III]. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 17: 92 - 162. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34646777","BLEEKER P. 1862 a. - Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Neerlandaises. Publie sous les auspices du Gouvernement Colonial Neerlandais. Tome 2, SiluroIdes, chacoIdes et heterobranchoIdes. Frederic Mueller, Amsterdam, 112 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 67474"]}

cf. Potamotrygon sp. (Fig. 2 A1, A2) EXAMINED BODY PART. — Isolated teeth. NOTES Specimens figured by Lundberg 1997: fig. 5.1, Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on page 332, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["LUNDBERG J. G. 1997. - Fishes of the La Venta fauna: Additional taxa, biotic and paleoenvironmental implications, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. J. (eds.), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London: 67 - 91."]}

† Sciades maldonadonis n. sp. (Fig. 3 A1-A3) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A20896FF-45B6-4E90-9A8C-22E9A791748E DIAGNOSIS. — The combination of extremely depressed lapillus otolith, regularly clam-shaped outline, sharp antero-medial projection, strongly arched dorsal margin anteriorly and oblique-straight posteriorly distinguish † Sciades maldonadonis n. sp. from extant Sciades species, extinct brackish and freshwater species (e.g., † Cantarius Aguilera et al., 2013b), and extant South American freshwater species (Chinchaysuyoa Marceniuk et al., 2019a, and Paragenidens Marceniuk et al., 2019a). TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype VPPLT-832. A complete lapillus otolith (Fig. 3 A1-A3), preserved length 20.94 mm, width 16.84 mm, thickness 7.08 mm. TYPE LOCALITY. — La Victoria Fm. Morrongo 1 (see Fig. 1 B; Appendix 1). DERIVATION OF NAME. — The species is named in honor of Dr Javier Alejandro Maldonado-Ocampo (1977-†2019), renowned Colombian ichthyologist who passed away on 2 March 2019 during an expedition to the Río Vaupés in Colombia. Javier dedicated more than twenty years to the study and conservation of the freshwater fish fauna of Colombia, including the Andes, Orinoco and Amazon basins. DESCRIPTION The lapillus otolith is clam-shaped with a semi-circular outline, very depressed dorso-ventrally, and with a sharp antero-medial projection (Fig. 3 A1, A2). The dorsal margin is strongly arched anteriorly and oblique-straight posteriorly. The ventral margin is strongly arched. The posterior margin forms an obtuse angle. The lateral profile is slightly biconvex. The pseudocauda and the mesial inward curvature are not well preserved. The umbo is located in the center of the dorsal surface. The lapillus length to width ratio: 1.2. Lapillus length to thickness ratio: 3.0. REMARKS VPPLT-832 is characterized by a typical Ariidae otolith morphology. The recognition of † Sciades maldonadonis n. sp. as a member of Sciades is based on its otolith morphology, which is characterized by the combination of extremely depressed dorsoventral shape and by the dorsal margin being strongly arched anteriorly, and oblique-straight posteriorly. This allows it to be differentiated from the other Sciades species (for comparative proposes see Aguilera et al. 2020: figs. 4.49-4.60; 6.9-6.12). Marceniuk et al. (2017) reviewed the genus Sciades and showed a strong morphological relationship between nominal genera Sciades and Ariopsis Gill, 1861. More than seven extant Sciades species are currently recognized (Froese & Pauly 2022). The age of diversification of modern species of Sciades is older than 9 Ma (including Sciades dowii Gill, 1863, from the Pacific), and the age of the Atlantic Sciades species is c. 6.7 Ma (4-8Ma) (Betancur-R.2009). † Sciades maldonadonis n. sp. came from a freshwater palaeoenvironment in the middle Miocene rocks of the Honda Group, associated with a wide diversity of freshwater fishes, crocodylians, snakes, lizards, turtles, and mammals (e.g., Kay et al. 1997; Carrillo et al. 2015; Cadena et al. 2019, 2020; Defler 2019). The ancestral form of freshwater catfish Ariidae otolith-based species from the western Amazon included † Cantarius nolfi Aguilera, Moraes-Santos, Costa, Ohe, Jaramillo & Nogueira, 2013b, and † Cantarius ohei Schwarzhans, Aguilera, Scheyer & Carrillo-Briceño, 2022, recorded from the Miocene Pebas wetland system at the Pebas Formation (Carrillo-Briceño et al. 2021b; Schwarzhans et al. 2022). In North, Central, and South America, six extant ariid species are primarily freshwater, including Chinchaysuyoa labiata Boulenger, 1898, Chinchaysuyoa ortegai Marceniuk, Marchena, Oliveira & Betancur-R, 2019a, Paragenidens grandoculis Steindachner, 1877, Paragenidens nelsoni Evermann & Goldsborough, 1902, Paragenidens izabalensis Hubbs & Miller, 1960, and Paragenidens usumacintae Betancur-R & Willink, 2007 (Marceniuk & Menezes 2007; Marceniuk et al. 2019a, b). On the other hand, fossil skull-based species of † Sciades latissimum Aguilera & Marceniuk, 2018, and † Sciades peregrinus Aguilera & Marceniuk, 2018 without preserved internal otolith, were described from the late Miocene Urumaco Fm, Venezuela, characterized by palaeoenvironments associated to a large palaeo-hydrographic system of the Orinoco/ Amazonas discharging into the proto-Caribbean Sea (Aguilera et al. 2020). Other ariid remains from the Honda Group include two isolated dorsal-spine fragments ornamented by rugose tuberculations, from the Duke 24 (see Lundberg 1997) and Mini Desierto localities (VPPLT-1108; Figs 1 B, 3 B1-B3). Sedimentary characteristics and the associated fauna from the Honda Group support that VPPLT-832 and the indeterminate ariid spines were from a freshwater palaeoenvironment., Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on page 335, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["AGUILERA O. A., MORAES-SANTOS H., COSTA S., OHE F., JARAMILLO C. & NOGUEIRA A. 2013 b. - Ariid sea catfishes from the coeval Pirabas (Northeastern Brazil), Cantaure, Castillo (Northwestern Venezuela), and Castilletes (North Colombia) formations (Early Miocene), with description of three new species. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 132 (1): 45 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13358 - 013 - 0052 - 4","MARCENIUK A. P., MARCHENA J., OLIVEIRA C. & BETANCUR- R R. 2019 a. - Chichaysuyoa, a new genus of the fish family Ariidae (Siluriformes), with a redescription of Chinchaysuyoa labiate from Ecuador and a new species description from Peru. Zootaxa 4551 (3): 361 - 378. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4551.3.5","AGUILERA O., LOPES R. T., RODRIGUEZ F., DOS SANTOS T. M., RODRIGUES-ALMEIDA C., ALMEIDA P., MACHADO A. S. & MORETTI T. 2020. - Fossil sea catfish (Siluriformes; Ariidae) otoliths and in-skull otoliths from the Neogene of the Western Central Atlantic. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 101: 102619. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jsames. 2020.102619","MARCENIUK A. P., ACERO A., COOKE R. & BETANCUR- R R. 2017. - Taxonomic revision of the New World genus Ariopsis Gill (Siluriformes: Ariidae), with description of two new species. Zootaxa 4290: 1 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4290.1.1","GILL T. N. 1861. - Catalogue of the fishes of the eastern coast of North America, from Greenland to Georgia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 13: 1 - 63. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 26312691","FROESE R. & PAULY D. (EDS) 2022. - FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. https: // www. fishbase. org (02 / 2022)","GILL T. N. 1863. - Descriptive enumeration of a collection of fishes from the western coast of Central America, presented to the Smithsonian Institution by Captain John M. Dow. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 15: 162 - 174. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 1958426","KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. J. 1997. - Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London, 592 p.","CARRILLO J. D., FORASIEPI A., JARAMILLO C. & SANCHEZ-VILLAGRA M. R. 2015. - Neotropical mammal diversity and the Great American Biotic Interchange: spatial and temporal variation in South America's fossil record. Frontiers in Genetics 5 (451): https: // doi. org / 10.3389 / fgene. 2014.00451","CADENA E. - A., VANEGAS A., JARAMILLO C., COTTLE J. M. & JOHNSON T. A. 2019. - A new Miocene turtle from Colombia sheds light on the evolutionary history of the extant genus Mesoclemmys Gray, 1873. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39 (5): e 1716777. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2019.1716777","CADENA E. A., SCHEYER T. M., CARRILLO-BRICENO J. D., SANCHEZ R., AGUILERA-SOCORRO O. A., VANEGAS A., PARDO M., HANSEN D. M. & SANCHEZ-VILLAGRA M. R. 2020. - The anatomy, paleobiology, and evolutionary relationships of the largest extinct side-necked turtle. Science Advances 6 (7): eaay 4593. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / sciadv. aay 4593","DEFLER T. 2019. - History of Terrestrial Mammals in South America. How South American Mammalian Fauna Changed from the Mesozoic to Recent Times. Springer Nature Topics in Geobiology, Switzerland, 372 p.","SCHWARZHANS W. W., AGUILERA O. A., SCHEYER T. M. & CARRILLO-BRICENO J. D. 2022. - Fish otoliths from the middle Miocene Pebas Formation of the Peruvian Amazon. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 141 (2): https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13358 - 022 - 00243 - 5","CARRILLO-BRICENO J. D., AGUILERA O. A., BENITES-PALOMINO A., HSIOU A. S., BIRINDELLI J. L. O., ADNET S., CADENA E. - A. & SCHEYER T. M. 2021 b. - A historical vertebrate collection from the Middle Miocene of the Peruvian Amazon. 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Mora-Rojas, Laura, Cárdenas, Andrés, Jaramillo, Carlos, Silvestro, Daniele, Bayona, Germán, Zapata, Sebastián, Moreno, Federico, Silva, César, Moreno-Bernal, Jorge W. (2023): Stratigraphy of a middle Miocene neotropical Lagerstätte (La Venta Site, Colombia). Geodiversitas 45 (6): 197-221, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a6

Buried wood is an important component of natural and anthropogenic soils, yet it remains severely understudied. Nutrient immobilization as a response to wood addition in soils raises concerns from oil sands reclamation practitioners since the clear and grub procedures prior to soil salvaging tend to leave remains of unmerchantable wood that is salvaged with the soil and subsequently placed on reclamation landscapes as part of the cover soil. Additionally, there are no reports about how much buried wood is potentially added to reclamation soils in the area of Northern Alberta. This thesis aimed to investigate the impacts of buried wood on the nutrient supply and microbial communities in different soils used in oil sands reclamation and to determine how much buried wood is there in reclamation soils and how is this linked to the soil nutrient supply in the field. A 60-day incubation study was performed with different volumes and types of buried wood (0%-50%, aspen and pine wood), and four different soils (fine and coarse forest floor-mineral mix: fFFMM and cFFMM, peat-mineral mix: PMM, and Peat); analyses on soil nutrient supply rates, microbial biomass C and N, and Community Level Physiological Profiling were performed at the end of the incubation period, soil respiration was measured throughout the incubation. A complementary field study was performed in a 5-year old reclamation site with FFMM and PMM in Northern Alberta where buried wood sampling was performed and soil samples were collected for nutrient supply rate analysis. In the incubation study, responses varied depending on the soil type, but buried wood caused nitrogen immobilization in three out of the four soils at rates of 10% and above, due to an increase in the soil C:N ratio; soils with lower C:N ratio like fFFMM and PMM were more susceptible to nitrogen immobilization just after the smallest rate of 10%; buried wood increased the microbial activity but no significant changes in the soil metabolic profiles were noted. The field studyiiiconcluded that the average amount of buried wood is less than 1.5% or 34 m3/ha in the top 20 cm of these cover soils and it was not linked to the soil nutrient profiles. The findings in this thesis suggest that although buried wood increases the soil C:N ratio and subsequently causes nitrogen immobilization, the amount present in reclamation soils is not a motive of concern for operational practices. However, supervision on how much buried wood is salvaged with soil is recommended to avoid nitrogen immobilization.

La propuesta que se desarrolla mediante el presente proyecto arquitectónico busca que por medio del diseño de un Hospital de IV nivel en la ciudad de Tunja, se supla la falta de infraestructura hospitalaria que se presenta el departamento de Boyacá al no cubrir la demanda de atención de salud publica según la ley 100; por ende, se plantea se plantean unos lineamientos de diseño que dan respuesta a un carácter de arquitectura hospitalaria moderna que permita revitalizar el sector sur de la ciudad a intervenir, mediante una propuesta de unidad hospitalaria que aporta al desarrollo urbano integro teniendo un carácter departamental y así mismo regional. La propuesta proyectual ofrece a la academia una nueva visión de la arquitectura hospitalaria dando lugar a la implementación de nuevas tecnologías, la investigación científica, la respuesta a un estilo moderno y fundamentalmente la relación entre el paciente con la infraestructura innovadora brindando espacios que responden a un componente funcional , estructural y volumétrico, es decir, se habla de un diseño que permite contribuir con el proceso de recuperación del paciente dando como resultado un equipamiento integro tomando la arquitectura hospitalaria como elemento terapéutico. The proposal that is developed through this architectural project seeks that by means of the design of a IV level Hospital in the city of Tunja, the lack of hospital infrastructure that the department of Boyacá presents is supplemented by not meeting the demand for care of public health according to law 100; Therefore, some design guidelines are proposed that respond to a character of modern hospital architecture that allows revitalizing the southern sector of the city to intervene, through a proposal for a hospital unit that contributes to integrated urban development having a departmental and also regional. The project proposal offers the academy a new vision of hospital architecture, giving rise to the implementation of new technologies, scientific research, the response to a modern style and fundamentally the relationship between the patient and the innovative infrastructure, providing spaces that respond to a functional, structural and volumetric component, that is to say, it speaks of a design that contributes to the recovery process of the patient, resulting in a complete equipment taking hospital architecture as a therapeutic element. Pregrado

This paper comes from the research entitled "Community construction of justice, living experiences in San Juan de Sumapaz and in the 1st commune of Medellin" carried out in the area of Conflict and Social Dynamics. This investigation counts the processes of mediation of conflicts and the tool of these in the construction of communities, taking into account the historical-social processes that give way to its constitution, the mechanisms of action, the coexistences between forms of justice taking into account the communitarian figures, the armed figures and the state instances. Its methodology is guided by comprehension tools from hermeneutics and from an approach to what these experiences can offer in the construction of knowledge about justice. Esta ponencia deviene de la investigación titulada "Construcciones comunitarias de Justicia, experiencias vivas en San Juan de Sumapaz y en la comuna 1 de Medellín" realizada en el área de Conflicto y Dinámica Social. Esta investigación cuenta los procesos de mediación de conflictos y de la herramienta de estas en las construcciones de comunidades, teniendo en cuenta los procesos histórico-sociales que dan paso a su constitución, los mecanismos de acción, las coexistencias entre formas de justicia teniendo en cuenta las figuras comunitarias, las figuras armadas y las instancias estatales. Su metodología está guiada por herramientas de comprensión desde la hermenéutica y desde una aproximación a lo que estas experiencias pueden brindar en la construcción de conocimiento respecto a la justicia. Pregrado Licenciado en Sociología

La leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA) es una enfermedad hematológica que produce una proliferación anormal de blastos y un consecuente fallo medular, llevando así a una disfunción metabólica y múltiples complicaciones asociadas. El objetivo principal de este trabajo consiste en analizar la supervivencia en una muestra homogénea tratados con quimioterapia de inducción y trasplante autólogo de progenitores hematopoyéticos como tratamiento de consolidación, así como las complicaciones derivadas del mismo, Grado en Medicina

A lo largo de los años Colombia ha vivido la violencia directamente pasando por los momentos más difíciles, tratando de salir de ellos con el menor porcentaje de perdidas posibles; sin embargo, algunos han tenido que pagar el tan alto precio que ésta conlleva sufriendo secuestros, muertes, violaciones, maltrato físico y psicológico y expropiación de sus pertenencias (predios, muebles, dinero, etc.) teniendo a cambio una vida llena de infortunios y pocas oportunidades de una vida digna. El Museo Nacional de la Memoria quiere brindar a toda aquella víctima de la violencia un espacio para el reconocimiento y el duelo, un lugar donde encuentren relatos de otras víctimas y un consuelo. El Museo Nacional de la Memoria también tiene como finalidad darle a conocer la verdad de los hechos a todo aquel que afortunadamente la violencia no le ha tocado directamente, y a todo aquel que está comenzando a vivir dejando una lección para la no repetición de los hechos. Throughout the years Colombia has experienced violence directly through the most difficult moments, trying to leave them with the lowest percentage of possible losses, however, some have had to pay the high price that this entails suffering kidnappings, deaths , Violations, physical and psychological mistreatment and expropriation of their belongings (property, furniture, money, etc.) having in return a life full of misfortunes and few opportunities for a dignified life. The National Museum of Memory wants to offer all victims of violence a space for recognition and mourning, a place where they find stories of other victims and a comfort. The National Museum of Memory also aims to make known the truth of the facts to anyone who fortunately the violence has not touched directly and anyone who is beginning to live leaving a lesson for non-repetition of the facts. Pregrado

Additional file 1: Table S1. Cultures conditions for cytotoxic activity screening assays. Table S2. Physicochemical characteristics of sampling sites in the salt mine in Zipaquirá.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El incremento acelerado de la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad infantil en todo el mundo constituye uno de los mayores problemas de salud pública en la actualidad, al estar probada su asociación con diversas enfermedades crónicas responsables de las principales causas de muerte y morbilidad. Las causas de dicho problema son multifactoriales, pero las principales son la falta de actividad física y el aumento del sedentarismo en la población infanto-juvenil, sumadas a una dieta poco variada, de alto contenido en grasas y un escaso consumo de frutas y verduras. OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este programa educativo es disminuir la prevalencia y la incidencia de obesidad infantil en niños de 6 a 9 años del barrio del Raval de Barcelona, a través de la prevención y la promoción de hábitos alimenticios y de actividad física saludables. MÉTODO: En este trabajo se proponen actividades a desarrollar en las escuelas, dirigidas a los escolares de 1º, 2º y 3º de Primaria y a sus padres, que ofrecen un plan de acción individualizado con una metodología lúdica e interactiva. En primer lugar, se sugieren sesiones prácticas y talleres en las que se abordarán contenidos sobre alimentación saludable y la práctica de ejercicio físico. En segundo lugar, se proponen seminarios y talleres dirigidos a los padres para trabajar aspectos relevantes de la obesidad infantil y de su prevención. CONCLUSIONES: La educación para la salud en la infancia es fundamental, al ser ésta una etapa en la que se forjan los hábitos para toda la vida. Aquí, el profesional de enfermería juega un papel imprescindible como agente promotor de salud, y su participación en un programa de salud es clave para su correcto desarrollo. Asimismo, la metodología didáctica y participativa utilizada predispone positivamente hacia una práctica habitual de alimentación saludable y de ejercicio físico INTRODUCTION: The accelerated increase of the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in the entire world constitutes, nowadays, one of the biggest problems of public health, since its association with diverse chronic diseases, responsible for the main causes of death and morbidity, has been proven. The causes of said problem are multifactorial, but the main ones are a deficiency in physical activity and an increase in sedentarism of the child and adolescent population, in addition to a low-variety diet, high in fats and a scarce consumption of fruit and vegetables. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this educative program is to decrease the prevalence and incidence of child obesity in children between the ages of 6 and 9 of the Raval neighborhood in Barcelona, through the prevention and promotion of healthy alimentary habits and physical activity. METHOD: In this project several activities to take place in schools are proposed, addressed to first, second and third grade students and their parents, that offer an individualized action plan with a lucid and interactive methodology. In the first place, practical sessions and workshops, in which content on healthy eating and physical exercise will be addressed, are suggested. In the second place, different seminars and workshops are proposed, directed to the parents to work on relevant aspects of child obesity and its prevention. CONCLUSIONS: The education for childhood health is fundamental, being this a stage in which life-long habits are forged. Here, the nursing professional plays an essential role as a health-promoter agent, and his/her participation in a health program is a key element for its proper development. Likewise, the didactic and participatory methodology used predisposes positively towards a habitual practice of healthy eating and physical exercise. Grau en Infermeria

Resumen basado en el de la publicación Se pretende identificar los estilos de aprendizaje preferentes en estudiantes de las licenciaturas de Ingeniería en Computación (ICO) e Informática Administrativa (LIA) de una Universidad Pública del Estado de México, para lo cual se aplicó el cuestionario CHAEA de Honey-Alonso a 308 estudiantes (150 mujeres y 158 hombres). Los resultados mostraron que los estudiantes de ICO tienen una preferencia alta en los estilos pragmático y activo por sobre teórico y reflexivo, mientras que en los estudiantes de LIA el aprendizaje se favorece si la enseñanza se orienta hacia una participación práctica. Madrid ESP

En el presente artículo se encuentra el desarrollo de una propuesta didáctica, aplicada a los estudiantes de décimo grado del colegio Alfredo Iriarte “sede A”.La propuesta tiene como fin explicar conceptos básicos dentro de la químicatales como átomo, molécula partículas sub atómicas, entre otros, a partir de unacontecimiento cotidiano, con el que se busca captar la atención de losestudiantes dentro del aula escolar. El fenómeno natural bajo el cual se desarrollóla propuesta es “Auroras Boreales”; Inicialmente se realiza una explicación generaldel fenómeno, identificando los conceptos previos que poseían acerca de laquímica, para finalmente, cuales eran los conceptos que se debía enfocar laexplicación y así lograr que la temática lograra generar interés y una correctainteriorización por parte de los estudiantes, observado a través de un instrumentode evaluación.