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This chapter provides an overview of the 11 other chapters in Section III of the Handbook which address issues of Organisation, Leadership and Change. It pays particular attention to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on perceptions of ODDE, noting both the benefits of the greatly enhanced international interest in on-line learning and the negative perceptions associated with its misuse during the sudden demand for emergency remote teaching in conventional educational institutions. It envisions a blurring of distinctions between conventional and ODDE institutions with consequent opportunities for the latter. While these issues are pursued through various perspectives in the Section III chapters, there is a unifying theme of the critical importance of institutional leadership throughout and a concomitant focus on how leadership has to change in a rapidly evolving international context. The chapter envisions a bright future for ODDE but only if critical issues of institutional leadership are addressed and if those leading conventional institutions are made aware of the research and experience emanating from the established ODDE sector.

A protocol for a scoping review to identify cross-sector collaboration and adaptation of processes and products to promote innovation which may apply to aged care

Protocol for a Scoping Review

The Australian population is ageing, with predictions that people aged 85 years will account for 3.7% of the population by 2058. With advancing age, people experience decline in mobility, balance, and increased frailty and comorbidity. The aged care system provides support for older people to live independently at home with support services and in specialised residential aged care facilities. However, the financial demands on the government to fund aged care systems continue to increase, despite the proportion of Australians of working age, whose taxes fund the aged care system decreasing. There is strong support internationally for embedding rehabilitative and restorative care into aged care. A restorative approach underpins aged care policy and service provision in countries such as Japan. Therefore, it is critical to determine the extent of the published literature on rehabilitative, reablement and restorative care in aged care settings, to direct future activities in this context. Therefore, the aim of this review is to scope existing literature on rehabilitation, reablement and restorative care to identify the extent to which these approaches have been considered in an aged care context.

This is a protocol for a scoping review to identify factors (barriers and enablers) that influence implementation of evidence-based practice and innovations in aged care.

This chapter considers some of the challenges of the development of strategy, both for the conventional and ODDE sectors of higher education, with a brief look at the literature since strategic planning was first in vogue in the private sector in the early 1960s. Although the most common approach in higher education, so much so-called strategic planning does little to advance long-term visions and strategies or to differentiate one institution from another. The sudden pivot to online learning and other distance education that the COVID-19 pandemic has forced on conventional (contact) institutions has blurred distinctions between traditional and ODDE universities, thus rendering effective strategy development and implementation more important than ever.This chapter conducts the literature review considering both institutional and system-wide strategy development, underlining their common elements. Then, from the unique vantage point of the South African Institute of Distance Education (Saide), a nongovernmental organization based in Johannesburg but conducting projects throughout South Africa and sub-Saharan Africa, it discusses the challenges for ODDE strategy development in the particular context of COVID-19. The chapter concludes with implications from the analysis for both the conventional and ODDE sectors in higher education in South Africa and elsewhere based, in part, on the lessons learned during the pandemic.

Each year the Kentucky Transportation Center publishes Analysis of Traffic Crash Data in Kentucky, a report that reviews state-level crash data from the previous five years. This report summarizes crash data for 2017 through 2021. In addition to presenting a review of crash data, the report also contains safety performance functions (SPFs) for nine roadway types. Because SPFs were derived using 2017-2021 data, the models predict crashes for a five-year period. Users must adjust the model by adding a coefficient of 1/5 to models to avoid overestimating crashes by a factor of five., KTC-23-04/PT-2-22-00-00-87

SPF-R Online greatly improves and simplifies the SPF development process. Building on the original SPF-R script, the online tool eliminates many of the technical barriers associated with the original process, allowing for a much larger audience to take advantage of SPF-R’s capabilities. Like the original SPF-R script, SPF-R Online lets users quickly explore the effect of roadway network heterogeneity on SPF development, compare CURE plots , and compare goodness-of-fit measures to decide which SPF is most appropriate for a given dataset.

Each year the Kentucky Transportation Center publishes the Traffic Collision Facts report in collaboration with the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Kentucky State Police, and Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. This is the fiscal year 2022 report, which covers collisions reported during calendar year 2021. For the year, 734 fatal crashes, 20,117 nonfatal crashes, and 88,440 property damage only crashes occurred on the state’s roadways. Overall, 109,291 crashes were reported in calendar year 2021, a 8.4 percent increase over calendar year 2020.

KENTUCKY’S TRAFFIC COLLISION FACTS report is based on collision reports submitted to the Kentucky State Police Records Branch. As required by Kentucky Revised Statutes 189.635: “Every law enforcement agency whose officers investigate a vehicle accident of which a report must be made...shall file a report of the accident...within ten days after investigation of the accident upon forms supplied by the bureau.” The stated purpose of this requirement is to utilize data on traffic collisions for such purposes as will improve the traffic safety program in the Commonwealth.

This report documents analysis of traffic crash data in Kentucky. A primary objective of this study was to determine average crash statistics for Kentucky highways. Where used, rates were calculated for various highway types and for counties and cities. Difference criteria were used for exposure. Average and critical numbers, SPFs, and crash rates were calculated for various highway types in rural and urban areas. These metrics rely on crashes identified on highways where Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) volumes were available. Data in this report may be used to help identify problem areas. The other primary objective of this study was to provide benchmark data that can be used in to prepare the problem identification portion of Kentucky’s Annual Highway Safety Plan (HSP). Crash statistics were analyzed and a summary of results and recommendations in several problem identification areas is presented. These general areas include alcohol involvement, occupant protection, speed, teenage drivers, pedestrians, bicycles, motorcycles, trucks, and vehicle defects. Other areas covered in the analysis for which specific recommendations were not made include school bus crashes and train crashes. Crash data are stored in the Collision Report Analysis for Safer Highways (CRASH) database. This database is updated daily, so the number of crashes in a given calendar year continue to change for a substantial time after the end of that year. KTC captures an extract annually for analysis., Report Number: KTC-21-26/KSP2-21-1F

Report Number: KTC-21-21/SPR21-5602-1F

KENTUCKY’S TRAFFIC COLLISION FACTS report is based on collision reports submitted to the Kentucky State Police Records Branch. As required by Kentucky Revised Statutes 189.635: “Every law enforcement agency whose officers investigate a vehicle accident of which a report must be made...shall file a report of the accident...within ten days after investigation of the accident upon forms supplied by the bureau.” The stated purpose of this requirement is to utilize data on traffic collisions for such purposes as will improve the traffic safety program in the Commonwealth.

Executive Summary and Introduction This report documents an analysis of traffic crash data in Kentucky. A primary objective of this study was to determine average crash statistics for Kentucky highways. Where used, rates were calculated for various types of highways and for counties and cities. Difference criteria were used for exposure. Average and critical numbers, SPFs, and rates of crashes were calculated for various types of highways in rural and urban areas. These use crashes identified on highways where Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) volumes were available. The data in this report may be used to help identify problem areas. The other primary objective of this study was to provide data that can be used in the preparation of the problem identification portion of Kentucky’s Annual Highway Safety Plan (HSP). Crash statistics were analyzed and a summary of results and recommendations in several problem identification areas is presented. These general areas include; alcohol involvement, occupant protection, speed, teenage drivers, pedestrians, bicycles, motorcycles, trucks, and vehicle defects. Other areas included in the analysis for which specific recommendations were not made include, school bus crashes and train crashes. The crash data are stored in the Collision Report Analysis for Safer Highways (CRASH) database. This database is updated daily so the number of crashes in a given calendar year will continue to change for a substantial time after the end of that year. KTC captures an extract annually for analysis. Annual reports have previously been prepared since 1978 dealing with the calculation of statewide traffic crash rates for Kentucky and preparation of the problem identification portion of Kentucky’s Annual Highway Safety Plan. Traffic crash data for a five-year period were used in the preparation of this report. Kentucky has a systematic procedure to identify locations that have had abnormal rates or numbers of traffic crashes. However, before that procedure may be utilized, average crash rates and numbers must be determined for appropriate highway categories and for rural and urban areas. A primary objective of this study was to determine average traffic crash statistics for Kentucky. Those statistics may then be used in the high-crash location identification program to identify locations that should be investigated to determine whether changes should be made. A highway safety program is prepared each year for Kentucky in order to comply with Section 402, Title 23 of the United States Code. This program includes the identification, programming, budgeting, and evaluation of safety projects with the objective of reducing the number and severity of traffic crashes. The second major objective of this report is to provide data that may be included as the problem identification portion of Kentucky’s Annual Highway Safety Plan. Results from this report are used to provide benchmark data for that process.

This manual describes the Crash Data Analysis Tool (CDAT), which can be used by KYTC staff and the agency’s work partners to securely access crash datasets. CDAT users can query and download data using flags stored during post-processing. Unlike KyOPS, however, CDAT’s location data are validated using geographic coordinates and several of county, route, and milepoint fields to ensure crashes are properly geocoded. CDAT grants access to data and information that can be used in conjunction with KYTC’s Data Driven Safety Analysis (DDSA) Implementation Guide to conduct highway safety analysis numerous KYTC processes. Historically, the Cabinet’s Division of Traffic Operations has occasionally requested this type of safety analysis. Now that CDAT is available, other business areas can realize benefits from advanced safety analysis. Recently, the Divisions of Planning and Design have collaborated with Traffic Operations to better understand how the HSM can be used in their routine functions. Moving forward, the DDSA Implementation Guide and CDAT will play an integral role in the Cabinet’s efforts to incorporate HSM methodology into its decision making. Additionally, CDAT can help maintain consistency across safety analyses. Often, KYTC staff and Kentucky Transportation Center (KTC) researchers perform analyses that result in dissimilar crash counts. Inconsistent results are common when queries are complex or rely on specific crash location information, when different tools or different data sets are used, or if staff have incomplete knowledge of crash coding.

Traffic incidents remain all-too-common events on Kentucky’s roadways. They negatively impact the safety of the traveling public and emergency responders and cause significant traffic delays. Congestion associated with incidents can instigate secondary crashes, exacerbating safety risks and economic costs. Traffic incident management (TIM) provides an effective approach for managing highway incidents and reducing their occurrence and impacts. This report discusses the establishment of and methods of calculation for five TIM performance measures that can be used by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KYTC) to improve incident response. The measures are: Roadway Clearance Time, Incident Clearance Time, Secondary Crashes, First Responder Vehicle Crashes, and Commercial Vehicle Crashes. Ongoing tracking and analysis of these metrics will aid the Cabinet in its efforts to comprehensively evaluate its TIM program and make necessary improvements. As part of this project, a fully interactive TIM dashboard was developed using the Microsoft Power BI platform. Dashboard users can apply spatial and temporal filters to identify trends at the state, district, and county level. The dashboard also supports dynamic visualization tools such as cards, charts, and maps. With the TIM dashboard in place, KYTC personnel, as well as staff at other transportation agencies, can identify the strengths and weakness of their incident management strategies and revise practices accordingly., © 2020 University of Kentucky, Kentucky Transportation Center

Executive Summary: This report documents an analysis of traffic crash data in Kentucky for the years of 2014-2018. A primary objective of this study was to determine average crash statistics for Kentucky highways. Rates were calculated for various types of highways and for counties and cities. Difference criteria were used for exposure. Average and critical numbers and rates of crashes were calculated for various types of highways in rural and urban areas. These rates used crashes identified on highways where traffic volumes were available. Improved methods of identifying crash locations have resulted in higher rates for the last couple of years. The crash rate data can be used in Kentucky’s procedure to identify locations that have abnormal rates or numbers of crashes. The other primary objective of this study was to provide data that can be used in the preparation of the problem identification portion of Kentucky’s Annual Highway Safety Plan. County and city crash statistics were analyzed. A summary of results and recommendations in several problem identification areas is presented. These general areas include; alcohol involvement, occupant protection, speed, teenage drivers, pedestrians, bicycles, motorcycles, trucks, and vehicle defects. Other areas included in the analysis for which specific recommendations were not made include, school bus crashes and train crashes. The crash data are stored in the Collision Report Analysis for Safer Highways (CRASH) database. This database is updated daily so the number of crashes in a given calendar year will continue to change for a substantial time after the end of that year., Copyright: © 2019 University of Kentucky, Kentucky Transportation Center

Executive Summary: This report documents an analysis of traffic crash data in Kentucky for the years of 2013-2017. A primary objective of this study was to determine average crash statistics for Kentucky highways. Rates were calculated for various types of highways and for counties and cities. Difference criteria were used for exposure. Average and critical numbers and rates of crashes were calculated for various types of highways in rural and urban areas. These rates used crashes identified on highways where traffic volumes were available. Improved methods of identifying crash locations have resulted in higher rates for the last couple of years. The crash rate data can be used in Kentucky’s procedure to identify locations that have abnormal rates or numbers of crashes. The other primary objective of this study was to provide data that can be used in the preparation of the problem identification portion of Kentucky’s Annual Highway Safety Plan. County and city crash statistics were analyzed. A summary of results and recommendations in several problem identification areas is presented. These general areas include; alcohol involvement, occupant protection, speed, teenage drivers, pedestrians, bicycles, motorcycles, trucks, and vehicle defects. Other areas included in the analysis for which specific recommendations were not made include, school bus crashes and train crashes. The crash data are stored in the Collision Report Analysis for Safer Highways (CRASH) database. This database is updated daily so the number of crashes in a given calendar year will continue to change for a substantial time after the end of that year. Copyright: © 2018 University of Kentucky, Kentucky Transportation Center

Executive Summary: Fatalities resulting from traffic crashes in Kentucky increased from a low of 638 in 2013 to 834 in 2016 (a 31% increase), and there is not a full understanding of the underlying causes for this trend. This study analyzes fatal crashes using data from both Kentucky’s crash reports and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s (NHTSA) Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) to identify countermeasures to combat increasing fatal crash rates. In addition, this study compares Kentucky’s crash reports to the fatal crash data in FARS to identify data inconsistencies and recommend procedures to eliminate these inconsistencies. Emphasis was placed on fatal crashes involving alcohol and drugs because police-reported crash data in Kentucky do not clearly represent the magnitude of alcohol- and drug-related fatal crashes. More detailed analysis of fatal crashes involving alcohol and drugs provides an understanding of the patterns of impaired drivers in terms of their overall characteristics, crash locations, time of day, types of drugs, and other identifying factors that affect patterns and behavior. The study identified crashes involving mature drivers (65+) and lane departure crashes as fatal crash types with the greatest increases since 2013. Pedestrian, motorcycle, intersection, and impairment-related fatal crashes also demonstrated increasing fatal crash rates in 2016. Analysis of restraint use showed that almost 54% of the fatally injured people in 2016 were not wearing a seatbelt when one was available to them. Of those fatally injured in a motorcycle crash, nearly 72% were not wearing a helmet. Based on FARS data, there were 160 fatal crashes in Kentucky in which a driver tested positive for alcohol and 266 fatal crashes where a driver tested positive for at least one drug. The drugs most frequently found in drivers were tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), hydrocodone, and Xanax. In general, fatal crash frequency spiked during the morning and afternoon peak hour periods, with fatalities occurring more frequently between 11 am and 11 pm. The percent of potentially impaired (alcohol- and drug-involved) fatal crashes increased between 5 pm and 4 am from around 40% to a peak of 81% at 4 am. Eastern Kentucky was identified as a region with high fatal crash rates and potentially impaired fatal crash rates. Both Ballard and Union Counties in Western Kentucky showed high fatality and potentially impaired fatality rates as well. Comparisons between the FARS database and Kentucky’s crash reports revealed inconsistencies between the date, time, location, injury severity, and impairment indications in the two databases. Recommendations stemming from this study were divided into four categories: enforcement, legislation/licensing, public involvement, and data collection. The recommendations are aimed at reducing crash fatalities, improving crash data collection, and improving consistency between Kentucky’s crash reports and the national FARS database. Copyright: © 2018 University of Kentucky, Kentucky Transportation Center

This report documents an analysis of traffic crash data in Kentucky for the years of 2012 through 2016. A primary objective of this study was to determine average crash statistics for Kentucky highways. Rates were calculated for various types of highways and for counties and cities. Difference criteria were used for exposure. The other primary objective of this study was to provide data that can be used in the preparation of the problem identification portion of Kentucky’s Annual Highway Safety Plan. County and city crash statistics were analyzed. A summary of results and recommendations in several problem identification areas is presented.

Additional file 3: Table S2. Association analysis of CFS risk with mtDNA haplogroups in males.

Comunicación presentada en la Summer school Bifidobacteria – Applications in infection, inflammation, and cancer, celebrada en Ulm, Alemania, del 28 de julio al 1 de agosto de 2014, Preterm infants show an abnormal intestinal microbial colonization pattern with elevated levels of potentially pathogenic facultative anaerobes and reduced levels of commensal anaerobes during the first weeks of life. This makes preterm neonates more susceptible to gastrointestinal infections and health problems in early and later life. Bifidobacterium is one of the most important genus used as probiotics for neonates, playing an important role in intestinal microbial modulation, host defence mechanisms, maturation of the immune system and priming the host immune system against microbial pathogens in early life. We undertook an in vitro characterization of Bifidobacterium strains isolated from human breast-milk and stool samples from breast fed infants. Some strains were capable of inhibiting pathogenic bacteria’s growth and inhibiting the adhesion of the pathogens to infant intestinal mucus. Moreover, some bifidobaterial strains showed an strong ability to correct the aberrant intestinal microbiota profile of preterm neonates, reducing the levels of enterobacterias and potential pathogens such as Klebsiella, and increasing the levels of beneficial anaerobic microorganisms in in vitro faecal cultures; thus, narrowing the differences with respect to full-term infants. In this work we selected some Bifidobacterium strains as potential probiotics destined to reduce infection risk and improve healthy intestinal microbiota in preterm newborns.

Offering expanded coverage of equity products and providing a broad global orientation, this book covers all current thinking in growth, value, size, momentum, sector and country selection strategies. The text blends fundamental and quantitive approaches to global equity selection.

In 1960s North America, challenges to the dominant forms and practices of university governance came from inside, as students and faculty members took action for civil rights and sought to limit American involvement in Southeast Asia. Although widespread public demonstrations and sit-ins spurred changes on university campuses, broadening representation on boards and senate s, intro-ducing human rights and equity policies, and opening up some processes, there was eventual disillusionment with the slow pace of change and campuses gradually quieted. Even where change was substantial, it concerned internal campus communities. The outside world stopped paying attention for several decades.

The following article is from Towards Open Management: Leadership and Integrity in Open Learning and Distance Education, a new book by Ross Paul which will be published by Kogan‐Page in the spring of 1990. Based primarily on the author's experience as Vice‐President Academic of Canada's Athabasca University, the book applies a value‐driven leadership philosophy to a number of basic practical concerns in open learning and distance education. The article is derived from a chapter on ‘Managing for Success: Learner Interaction and Independence’. It follows an analysis of such standard measures of success as completion and persistence rates and advocates a higher order objective ‐ the development of independent learners.1 The last part of the chapter, which explores the practical implications of this strategy for the operation of open learning institutions, is not included here because of space limitations.

(1993). Government intervention in open learning: a Canadian perspective in response to Bruce King. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 57-58.

A broad overview of the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), with an emphasis on theoretical problems, is followed by a comparative psychophysiological study of normal subjects, psychoneurotic patients and patients with IBS. All subjects had a psychiatric interview and psychometric testing followed by measurement of activity in the rectosigmoid colon during baseline, neutral interview, stressful interview and following a meal or neostigmine (0.5 mg I.M.). Myoelectrical activity was recorded from two intraluminal bipolar suction electrodes (4 cm apart); motor activity was recorded from two intraluminal strain gauges at the same sites. The number and duration of contractions per minute were determined by inspection of the motor activity record; the frequency content of both the motor and myoelectrical records was determined using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) computer assisted method. Measurements were also made of severity of pain following varying degrees of distension of the rectosigmoid colon, serum gastrin and motilin levels and heart rate responses. The two patient groups were psychologically similar to each other and more disturbed than normals both at psychiatric interview and on psychometric measures of anxiety, depression and neuroticism. The IBS patients were significantly different from the neurotics only on the lie scale of Eysenck Personality Inventory (p < .05). The ratings of pain to distension of the sigmoid colon were not significantly different in the three groups (p >.05). The ISS group did not differ significantly from the neurotic group on any of the physiological measures (p >.05); during baseline the ISS group had a greater number and duration of contractions than the normals at one recording site (p Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

In this paper we make comparisons involving stopping times $\tau$ of a process $X$ and the maximal function $X^\ast_\tau$ of that process, where $X$ is either Brownian motion or random walk. In particular, we give conditions implying that $P(X^\ast_\tau > \lambda) \approx P(\tau^{1/2} > \lambda)$ in the sense of a two-sided inequality holding. We show that if, for all large $\lambda$ there exist constants $\beta > 1$ and $\gamma > 0$ satisfying $$0 < P(\tau^{1/2} > \lambda) \leq \gamma P(\tau^{1/2} > \beta\lambda),$$ and if $X$ is a one-dimensional Brownian motion, then $P(X^\ast_\tau > \lambda) \approx P(\tau^{1/2} > \lambda)$. An analogous result is given for $n$-dimensional Brownian motion $(n \geq 3)$. We also consider a similar result for one-sided maximal functions of local martingales. Finally, we look at a random walk $X$, where $X_n = x_1 + x_2 + \cdots + x_n$, and give two different sets of conditions on $\tau$ and the $x_i$'s under which the result $P(\tau^{1/2} > \lambda) \approx P(X^\ast_\tau > \lambda)$ is true.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Average mitochondrial DNA sequencing depth across all case and control individuals.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Average mitochondrial DNA sequencing depth across all case and control individuals.