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Resumen del trabajo presentado en VI Congreso Nacional sobre Especies Exóticas Invasoras y I Congreso Ibérico sobre EEI (EEI 2022) celebrado en Navarra del 20 al 23 de abril de 2022., One of the objectives of LIFE INVASQUA project is to develop tools that will be more efficient the Early Warning and Rapid Response (EWRR) framework for Invasive Alien Species in the Iberian Peninsula. Horizon scanning for high-risk IAS is basic in implementing measures to reduce new invasions, developing Alert lists, and to focus effort in the species already established, for instance making a Black list. We developed a trans national horizon scanning exercise focused on inland waters of Spain and Portugal in order to provide a prioritized lists (Black list and Alert list) of aquatic IAS that may pose a threat to aquatic ecosystems and socio economic sectors in the future. We followed a step approach of existing information about IAS (Plants, Freshwater Invertebrates, Estuarine Invertebrates and Vertebrates; 127 established taxa in Black list; 90 non established taxa in Alert list) combining with an expert scoring of prioritized taxa. IAS established in the Iberian aquatic system consistently highlighted as the worst included vertebrates (e.g. Cyprinus carpio, Gambusia holbrooki, Silurus glanis), freshwater and estuarine invertebrates (e.g. Procambarus clarkii, Dreissena polymorpha, Pacifastacus leniusculus, Ficopomatus enigmaticus, Callinectes sapidus, Corbicula fluminea) and plants (e.g. Eichhornia crassipes, Azolla filiculoides, Ludwigia grandiflora). Amongst taxa not yet established (Alert list), expert pointed to Perna viridis, Hydroides dirampha, Dreissena bugensis, Procambarus fallax f. virginallis, Perccottus glenii with higher risk of invasion, ecological and socioeconomic impacts. Over 20.6% of the taxa in the preliminary black list received no votes (no prioritization) by experts, 17.8% in the innitial alert list. Our horizon scanning approach is inclusive of all-taxa, prioritizes both established and emerging biological threats across trans-national scales, and considers not only the ecological impact, but also potential direct economic consequences as well as the manageability of invasive species., This work received funds from the LIFE Programme (LIFE17 GIE/ES/000515).

62 páginas. Ilustrado, Se presenta una lista actualizada de las especies exóticas que se encuentran en etapa de establecimiento o de propagación de la invasión en aguas continentales de la península ibérica. La lista está basada en la evaluación sistemática de los datos en colaboración con un amplio equipo de expertos de España y Portugal. Esta lista de actualización es un instrumento de apoyo importante para la aplicación del Reglamento de la Unión Europea (UE) sobre las especies exóticas invasoras (EEI) y también proporciona una base objetiva para el examen de su aplicación. En última instancia, la información incluida puede utilizarse para supervisar el cumplimiento del objetivo de la Estrategia de la UE sobre diversidad biológica hasta 2030 para combatir las EEI, pero también para la aplicación de otras políticas de la UE con requisitos sobre especies exóticas, como las Directivas de Hábitats y Aves, la Directiva Marco sobre la Estrategia Marina (DMEM) y la Directiva Marco del Agua (DMA). Esta publicación es un informe técnico del Proyecto Europeo LIFE INVASAQUA (LIFE17 GIE/ES/000515). Ha sido redactado por un equipo de expertos en el marco del proyecto y tiene por objeto proporcionar apoyo, basado en pruebas científicas, al proceso de formulación de políticas europeas. La información científica aportada no implica una posición política de la Comisión Europea. Ni la Comisión Europea ni ninguna persona que actúe en nombre de la Comisión es responsable del uso que pueda hacerse de esta publicación., Este estudio fue apoyado económicamente por el proyecto LIFE INVASAQUA (Especies exóticas acuáticas invasoras de agua dulce y sistemas estuarinos: sensibilización y prevención en la Península Ibérica) (LIFE17 GIE/ES/ 000515) financiado por el Programa LIFE de la UE., Contiene: Prólogo 9 Autores y colaboradores 10 Agradecimientos 11 Acrónimos y abreviaturas 12 Resumen ejecutivo 13 1. Introducción y objetivos 16 1.1. Antecedentes 16 1.2. Objetivos de la lista y propósito del informe 17 2. Alcance y metodología de evaluación 20 2.1. Ámbito geográfico 20 2.2. Alcance del concepto de biota exótica acuática 20 2.3. Evaluación y selección de especies 22 3. Resultados 3.1. Lista 3.2. Enfoque taxonómico 4. Recomendaciones y necesidades de actualización 38 Referencias bibliográficas 39 Lista de afiliaciones de los autores 43 Lista de colaboradores 47 Apéndice A Lista de especies exóticas acuáticas definidas como establecidas (naturalizadas) en las aguas continentales ibéricas Apéndice B Lista de especies exóticas acuáticas definidas como de estado incierto y criptogénico en las aguas continentales ibéricas Apéndice C Número de especies exóticas acuáticas definidas por grupos taxonómicos (Filo, Clase y Orden) Material complementario (http://www.ibermis.org/) (http://www.lifeinvasaqua.com/)

1. Bergmann's rule sensu lato, the ecogeographic pattern relating animals' body size with environmental temperature (or latitude), has been shown to be inconsistent among insect taxa. Body size clines remain largely unexplored in aquatic insects, which may show contrasting patterns to those found in terrestrial groups because of the physiological or mechanical constraints of the aquatic environment. 2. Bergmann's rule was tested using data on body size, phylogeny and distribution for 93 species belonging to four lineages of dytiscid water beetles. The relationship between size and latitude was explored at two taxonomic resolutions – within each independent lineage, and for the whole dataset – employing phylogenetic generalised least-squares to control for phylogenetic inertia. The potential influence of habitat preference (lotic versus lentic) on body size clines was also considered. 3. Within-lineage analyses showed negative relationships (i.e. converse Bergmann's rule), but only in two lineages (specifically in those that included both lotic and lentic species). By contrast, no relationship was found between body size and latitude for the whole dataset. 4. These results suggest that there may be no universal interspecific trends in latitudinal variation of body size in aquatic insects, even among closely related groups, and show the need to account for phylogenetic inertia. Furthermore, habitat preferences should be considered when exploring latitudinal clines in body size in aquatic taxa at the interspecific level., We thank two anonymous referees for valuable comments on the manuscript. DS‐F was supported by a postdoctoral contract funded by the Universidad de Castilla‐La Mancha and the European Social Fund (ESF), and PA is funded by ‘V Plan Propio de Investigación’ of the Universidad de Sevilla (Spain).

Poster presented at the 1st Meeting of the Iberian Ecological Society & XIV AEET Meeting, that took place in the University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain, from 4th to 7th February 2019, in the scientific session TS.02 "Biodiversity conservation in the face of global change"., Subterranean species are interesting models to explore the acquisition and loss of traits related to the colonization of these singular ecosystems, featured by permanent darkness and highly stable environmental conditions. Cave-specialists could have lost their acclimatory ability to face high temperatures, which is likely costly to maintain in a resource-limiting environment. This may put these species (with limited possibilities for behavioural adjustments or dispersal) in a vulnerable position in a warming context. However, differences in acclimation capacity could be present in species depending on their degree of specialization to subterranean environments (e.g. troglobites vs. troglophiles) and the timeframe of the colonization of these systems. We determined the acclimation capability of two phylogenetically distant arthropod species with different subterranean specialization: a troglobiont undescribed species of the genus Glomeris (Myriapoda, order Glomerida) and the troglophile Atheta subcavicola (Hexapoda, order Coleoptera). We exposed groups of individuals to 13 (control), 20, 23 and 25ºC for one week. Subsequently, surviving individuals were exposed to 30ºC until death. A positive relationship was found between acclimation temperature and survival time at 30ºC in both species. Such acclimation ability, especially surprising for the cave-dwelling Glomeris, contrasts with the lack of thermal plasticity previously reported in other ancient cave lineages (leiodid beetles). These results suggest that species that presumably colonised the subterranean environment only recently (e.g. Glomeris sp.) may retain physiological capabilities associated with surface life. Therefore, the fate of subterranean biodiversity in the face of global change could depend on the evolutionary history of the different subterranean lineages.

Meeting of the Iberian Ecological Society and XIV AEET Meeting (1st. 2019. Barcelona)), Arthropods constitute the most diverse metazoan phylum on the planet: they comprise around 63% of all living organisms in any terrestrial region and 86% of all animal species; that is, four out of kve known animal species are arthropods. It seems therefore dimcult to address a global study of biodiversity, or its conservation, without taking into account this biological group. When we face with the challenge of describing biodiversity patterns in the Iberian Peninsula (one of the global hotspots of biodiversity), we find an insurmountable limitation to date: the scarcity of distributional data available for most species of arthropods (known as the “Wallacean shortfall”). The IberArtro project aims to overcome this limitation, and represents an unprecedented advance both in our knowledge on the distribution of Iberian arthropod biodiversity and on its conservation. The specikc objectives of this project are: i) to continue with the management and development of the Iberian arthropod distribution database and the GeoBrink platform, improving its functionality and expanding the number of records and taxonomic groups included; ii) to develop new freely available tools allowing the analyses of biological databases; and (iii) to apply these tools to the already compiled database (containing 820000 records for almost 1700 invertebrate species). This will allow us to advance on our understanding of the distribution of biodiversity, generating reliable species distribution models and identifying priority areas for conservation, to knally assess the effectiveness of the current network of protected spaces in representing these high and interesting arthropod biodiversity., Convocatoria 2017 Proyectos de Investigación científica y Transferencia de Tecnología de la consejería de Educación, cultura y Deportes de la Junta de comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha

One of the main challenges in ecology, biogeography and evolution is to understand and predict how species may respond to environmental changes. Here we focus on the deep subterranean environment, a system that minimizes most of the typical uncertainties of studies on epigean (surface) environments. Caves are relatively homogeneous habitats with nearly constant environmental conditions and simplified biological communities, allowing to control for biotic interactions. Thus, this particular system could be considered a natural habitat whose environmental conditions are similar to what can be reproduced in a laboratory, being an ideal model system for ecological, biogeographical and evolutionary studies. Subterranean species may potentially be used to assess the capability to persist in situ in a global change scenario, as they cannot accommodate to drastic changing conditions by behavioural plasticity, microhabitat use or by migrating to distant, more suitable areas, something frequent in epigean environments. In order to provide accurate predictions of the response of the subterranean biodiversity to climate change, we encourage evolutionary biologist, biogeographers and conservation biologist to work in this interesting ecosystem.

Meta-analysis details

Details of the 42 studies selected after bibliographic search and screening, which constitute the ‘core papers set’ of this review.

Abiotic stress shapes how communities assemble and support ecological functions. However, it remains unclear whether artificially increasing or decreasing stress levels would lead to communities assembling predictably along a single axis of variation or along multiple context-dependent trajectories of change. In response to stress intensity alterations, we hypothesize that a single trajectory of change occurs when trait-based assembly prevails, while multiple trajectories of change arise when dispersal-related processes modify colonization and trait-filtering dynamics. Here, we test these hypotheses using aquatic macroinvertebrates from rivers exposed to gradients of natural salinity and artificially diluted or salinized ion contents. Our results showed that trait-filtering was important in driving community assembly in natural and diluted rivers, while dispersal-related processes seem to play a relevant role in response to salinization. Salinized rivers showed novel communities with different trait composition, while natural and diluted communities exhibited similar taxonomic and trait compositional patterns along the conductivity gradient. Our findings suggest that the artificial modification of chemical stressors can result in different biological communities depending on the direction of the change (salinization or dilution), with trait-filtering, and organism dispersal and colonization dynamics having differential roles in community assembly. The approach presented here provides both empirical and conceptual insights that can help anticipating the ecological effects of global change, especially for those stressors with both natural and anthropogenic origins.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Salt in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences and future prospects’.

Additional file 3. Graphical summary on the known prey use (17 orthopteran genera) by Isodontia mexicana in its native and invaded range. World maps show the rough distribution for each of the 17 genera (“+” indicates occurrence in a given continent; data obtained from GBIF and http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/HomePage/Orthoptera/HomePage.aspx ). Squares indicates the % of the records (n = 47) in which a given genus was found as prey, in both native (white half-square) and invaded (black half-square) range. Picture: I. mexicana female at nest.

Recently, the European Commission adopted a new strategy to halt the loss of biodiversity. Member states are expected to favor a more effective collection and redistribution of European Union (EU) funds under the current Multiannual Financial Framework for 2014–2020. Because of the large spatial variation in the distribution of biodiversity and conservation needs at the continental scale, EU instruments should ensure that countries with higher biodiversity values get more funds and resources for the conservation than other countries. Using linear regressions, we assessed the association between conservation investments and biodiversity values across member states, accounting for a variety of conservation investment indicators, taxonomic groups (including groups of plants, vertebrates, and invertebrates), and indicators of biodiversity value. In general, we found clear overall associations between conservation investments and biodiversity variables. However, some countries received more or less investment than would be expected based on biodiversity values in those countries. We also found that the extensive use of birds as unique indicators of conservation effectiveness may lead to biased decisions. Our results can inform future decisions regarding funding allocation and thus improve distribution of EU conservation funds., D.S.-F. was supported by a postdoctoral contract funded by Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha and the European Social Fund (ESF). P.A. was supported by a Ramón y Cajal contract (RYC-2011-07670) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO). This work was partly funded by the project CGL2014-56416-P (MINECO).

Abiotic stress shapes how communities assemble and support ecological functions. However, it remains unclear whether artificially increasing or decreasing stress levels would lead to communities assembling predictably along a single axis of variation or along multiple context-dependent trajectories of change. In response to stress intensity alterations, we hypothesize that a single trajectory of change occurs when trait-based assembly prevails, while multiple trajectories of change arise when dispersal-related processes modify colonization and trait-filtering dynamics. Here, we test these hypotheses using aquatic macroinvertebrates from rivers exposed to gradients of natural salinity and artificially diluted or salinized ion contents. Our results showed that trait-filtering was important in driving community assembly in natural and diluted rivers, while dispersal-related processes seem to play a relevant role in response to salinization. Salinized rivers showed novel communities with different trait composition, while natural and diluted communities exhibited similar taxonomic and trait compositional patterns along the conductivity gradient. Our findings suggest that the artificial modification of chemical stressors can result in different biological communities depending on the direction of the change (salinization or dilution), with trait-filtering, and organism dispersal and colonization dynamics having differential roles in community assembly. The approach presented here provides both empirical and conceptual insights that can help anticipating the ecological effects of global change, especially for those stressors with both natural and anthropogenic origins.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Salt in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences and future prospects’.

Abiotic stress shapes how communities assemble and support ecological functions. However, it remains unclear whether artificially increasing or decreasing stress levels would lead to communities assembling predictably along a single axis of variation or along multiple context-dependent trajectories of change. In response to stress intensity alterations, we hypothesize that a single trajectory of change occurs when trait-based assembly prevails, while multiple trajectories of change arise when dispersal-related processes modify colonization and trait-filtering dynamics. Here, we test these hypotheses using aquatic macroinvertebrates from rivers exposed to gradients of natural salinity and artificially diluted or salinized ion contents. Our results showed that trait-filtering was important in driving community assembly in natural and diluted rivers, while dispersal-related processes seem to play a relevant role in response to salinization. Salinized rivers showed novel communities with different trait composition, while natural and diluted communities exhibited similar taxonomic and trait compositional patterns along the conductivity gradient. Our findings suggest that the artificial modification of chemical stressors can result in different biological communities depending on the direction of the change (salinization or dilution), with trait-filtering, and organism dispersal and colonization dynamics having differential roles in community assembly. The approach presented here provides both empirical and conceptual insights that can help anticipating the ecological effects of global change, especially for those stressors with both natural and anthropogenic origins.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Salt in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences and future prospects’.

Abiotic stress shapes how communities assemble and support ecological functions. However, it remains unclear whether artificially increasing or decreasing stress levels would lead to communities assembling predictably along a single axis of variation or along multiple context-dependent trajectories of change. In response to stress intensity alterations, we hypothesize that a single trajectory of change occurs when trait-based assembly prevails, while multiple trajectories of change arise when dispersal-related processes modify colonization and trait-filtering dynamics. Here, we test these hypotheses using aquatic macroinvertebrates from rivers exposed to gradients of natural salinity and artificially diluted or salinized ion contents. Our results showed that trait-filtering was important in driving community assembly in natural and diluted rivers, while dispersal-related processes seem to play a relevant role in response to salinization. Salinized rivers showed novel communities with different trait composition, while natural and diluted communities exhibited similar taxonomic and trait compositional patterns along the conductivity gradient. Our findings suggest that the artificial modification of chemical stressors can result in different biological communities depending on the direction of the change (salinization or dilution), with trait-filtering, and organism dispersal and colonization dynamics having differential roles in community assembly. The approach presented here provides both empirical and conceptual insights that can help anticipating the ecological effects of global change, especially for those stressors with both natural and anthropogenic origins.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Salt in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences and future prospects’.

One of the main challenges in ecology, biogeography and evolution is to understand and predict how species may respond to environmental changes. Here we focus on the deep subterranean environment, a system that minimizes most of the typical uncertainties of studies on epigean (surface) environments. Caves are relatively homogeneous habitats with nearly constant environmental conditions and simplified biological communities, allowing to control for biotic interactions. Thus, this particular system could be considered a natural habitat whose environmental conditions are similar to what can be reproduced in a laboratory, being an ideal model system for ecological, biogeographical and evolutionary studies. Subterranean species may potentially be used to assess the capability to persist in situ in a global change scenario, as they cannot accommodate to drastic changing conditions by behavioural plasticity, microhabitat use or by migrating to distant, more suitable areas, something frequent in epigean environments. In order to provide accurate predictions of the response of the subterranean biodiversity to climate change, we encourage evolutionary biologist, biogeographers and conservation biologist to work in this interesting ecosystem. One of the main challenges in ecology, biogeography and evolution is to understand and predict how species may respond to environmental changes. Here we focus on the deep subterranean environment, a system that minimizes most of the typical uncertainties of studies on epigean (surface) environments. Caves are relatively homogeneous habitats with nearly constant environmental conditions and simplified biological communities, allowing to control for biotic interactions. Thus, this particular system could be considered a natural habitat whose environmental conditions are similar to what can be reproduced in a laboratory, being an ideal model system for ecological, biogeographical and evolutionary studies. Subterranean species may potentially be used to assess the capability to persist in situ in a global change scenario, as they cannot accommodate to drastic changing conditions by behavioural plasticity, microhabitat use or by migrating to distant, more suitable areas, something frequent in epigean environments. In order to provide accurate predictions of the response of the subterranean biodiversity to climate change, we encourage evolutionary biologist, biogeographers and conservation biologist to work in this interesting ecosystem. One of the main challenges in ecology, biogeography and evolution is to understand and predict how species may respond to environmental changes. Here we focus on the deep subterranean environment, a system that minimizes most of the typical uncertainties of studies on epigean (surface) environments. Caves are relatively homogeneous habitats with nearly constant environmental conditions and simplified biological communities, allowing to control for biotic interactions. Thus, this particular system could be considered a natural habitat whose environmental conditions are similar to what can be reproduced in a laboratory, being an ideal model system for ecological, biogeographical and evolutionary studies. Subterranean species may potentially be used to assess the capability to persist in situ in a global change scenario, as they cannot accommodate to drastic changing conditions by behavioural plasticity, microhabitat use or by migrating to distant, more suitable areas, something frequent in epigean environments. In order to provide accurate predictions of the response of the subterranean biodiversity to climate change, we encourage evolutionary biologist, biogeographers and conservation biologist to work in this interesting ecosystem.

Desmopachria andreae Megna & Sánchez-Fernández, sp. n. (Figs. 1, 6 a, 7–9) Type material: Holotype male (CZCTR): CUBA. Sancti Spíritus: Codina, 01–VII– 10, Y. S. Megna leg. 21 ° 54 ′ 42 ′′N, 80 °03′ 36 ′′W, elevation ca. 891 m [printed], Holotype, Desmopachria andreae sp. n., Megna det. 2012 [red, printed]. Paratypes (CZCTR if not stated otherwise): 6 males, 5 females, with same data as holotype. 1 male, CUBA: Sancti Spíritus: Salto del Caburní, 29 –VI– 10, Y. S. Megna leg. 21 ° 55 ′ 17 ′′N, 80 °00′ 20 ′′W, elevation ca. 520 m. 1 male, CUBA: Santiago de Cuba: Cabezadas del Río Cauto, 01–XII– 2005, Y. S. Megna leg. 20 °02′ 38 ′′N, 76 ° 10 ′ 42 ′′W, elevation ca. 620 m. 2 males, 3 females, CUBA: Santiago de Cuba: El Olimpo, 04–VIII– 2004, A. Deler-Hernández leg. 20 °0′ 17 ′′N, 75 ° 38 ′ 48 ′′W; 1 male, 1 female, CUBA: Santiago de Cuba: La Marsella, 02–XII– 2005, Y. S. Megna, leg. 20 °00′ 4 ′′N, 76 ° 13 ′06′′W, elevation ca. 370 m. 3 males, 1 female (NMPC), CUBA: Santiago de Cuba: La Majagua, 14 –VIII– 2004, Y. S. Megna, leg. 19 ° 57 ′ 38 ′′N, 76 ° 52 ′ 32 ′′W. Each paratype is provided with its respective red label. Description (male). Habitus (Fig. 1 a). Body oval, broadly rounded in dorsal view; slightly flattened dorsoventrally; greatest width slightly anterior to midlength. Measurements and ratios (minimun-maximun, mean), in mm (n= 10): HL 0.2–0.3, 0.3; HW 0.7–0.8, 0.7; DBE 0.3–0.4, 0.3; PL 0.4–0.5, 0.5; PW 1.2–1.3, 1.2; PW/PL 0.3–0.4, 0.4; EL 1.2–1.5, 1.4; EW 1.3–1.4, 1.4; TL/EW 1.5–1.9, 1.6; TL 1.9–2.2, 2.1. Color. Dorsally, head testaceous, darker posteriorly (Fig. 1 a); pronotum testaceous, darker along posterior margin. Elytra testaceous, darker along the elytral suture and anterior margin (Fig. 1 a); venter testaceous. Antennae and palpi yellow. Pro- and mesothoracic legs yellow; metathoracic legs brown. Sculpture and punctation. Head inconspicuously punctate, clypeus indistinctly beaded; pronotum with rows of fine punctures along anterior margin, posteriorly with some fine sparse punctures, lateral bead of even width (Fig. 1 a); elytron inconspicuously punctate. Venter without punctation. Structure. Antenna with segments 1-2 wider than following segments; pronotum with posterolateral angles produced, rounded laterally and continuous in outline with elytra; elytra with apex rounded; convex in lateral view; prosternal process short, with apex acute, contacting metaventrite; metacoxal process without lateral lobe; abdomen with last ventrite rounded; protarsi and mesotarsi pentamerous without modification; metatarsal claws unequal. Male genitalia. Median lobe with acute apex in dorsal view (Fig. 1 b), in lateral view as in figure 1 c. Parameres symmetrical, narrowing apically, with short setae on apex (Fig. 1 d). Female. Similar in habitus, vestiture and coloration to male, except lighter in colour. Measurements and ratios (minimum-maximun, mean), in mm (n= 10): HL 0.2–0.3, 0.3; HW 0.7–0.8, 0.7; DBE 0.3–0.4, 0.3; PL 0.4–0.5, 0.5; PW 1.1–1.3, 1.2; PW/PL 0.3–0.4, 0.4; EL 1.3–1.4, 1.3; EW 1.2–1.4, 1.3; TL/EW 1.5–1.8, 1.6; TL 2.0– 2.2, 2.1. Diagnosis. Adults of D. andreae can be readily distinguished from other species of the genus by the aedeagus, with the median lobe having an unsclerotized and acute apically (Fig. 1 b); and parameres without a preapical, articulated process and the apex narrowing evenly (Fig. 1 d). Etymology. The new species is dedicated to Andrea Megna Alicio, mother of the first author, for her love. The species name is a noun in the genitive case. Distribution. D. andreae has been recorded from localities in mountainous areas of the Sierra Maestra (Oriental region) and Guamuhaya (Central region) (Fig. 6 a). Ecology. According to Miller (2005) species of Desmopachri a can occupy a wide variety of habitats including ponds, streams, forest pools and phytotelmata. Specimens of D. andreae were collected in the backwaters of freshwaters with clear water and muddy-stony bottoms, located in highlands with little exposure to sun, with abundant cover vegetation but without aquatic vegetation (Fig. 7). Species distribution modelling. The predictive map for D. anderae shows a high suitability (red areas in Fig. 9) in a few areas of the Sierra Maestra (S-SW of Cuba), while other suitable areas are distributed in the south of the island, mainly in the mountainous areas and also in the Macizo de Guamuhaya (central part of Cuba). Our model also predicted that most of the study area has a low ( The model achieved a 1.26 regularised gain value indicating good fit to presence data. The AUC was high, with a mean value of 0.94 for test data; i.e., values indicate an excellent predictive ability. The analysis of single variable contribution (Fig. 8) showed that mean temperature of the wettest quarter (63 %), maximum temperature of the warmest month (10 %) and altitude (10 %) were the main factors influencing model performance. Mean temperature of the wettest quarter seems to provide more information by itself than the other variables, as derived from the Jackknife procedure (Fig. 8). Key to Desmopachria of Cuba 1 Parameres with apex deeply bifid (Fig. 3) and with long apical setae; Jamaica, Hispaniola, Colombia, eastern Cuba (Fig. 6 c)................................................................................ D. darlingtoni Young, 1989 - Parameres not deeply bifid, apical setae absent or very short; USA, Bahamas, Cuba................................. 2 2 Larger, TL> 1.9 mm; parameres without a preapical, articulated process (Fig. 1 b); central and eastern parts of Cuba (Fig. 6 a)....................................................................................... D. andreae sp. n. - Smaller, TL 3 Median lobe of aedeagus with a single tip and apex narrowed (Fig. 2); USA, Bahamas, central part Cuba (Fig. 6 b)........................................................................................... D. aspera Young, 1981 - Median lobe of aedeagus with two tips and apex expanded; Cuba................................................ 4 4 Median lobe of aedeagus expanded, bulbous at the base (Fig. 4); body color usually uniformly dark brown; western part of Cuba (Isla de la Juventud) (Fig. 6 d).................................................... D. glabella Young, 1981 - Median lobe of aedeagus not expanded at the base (Fig. 5); color reddish brown, with sutural margin of elytra darker brown; central and eastern parts of Cuba (Fig. 6 e)............................................... D. tarda Spangler, 1973

Trabajo presentado en el Xth European Congress of Entomology, celebrado en Heslington (Reino unido) del 3 al 8 de agosto de 2014.

A new species, Desmopachria andreae sp. n. is described from Cuba. Diagnostic characters including illustrations of male genitalia are provided and illustrated for the five species of the genus occurring on the island. For these five species both a simple key to adults and maps of their known distribution in Cuba are also provided. Using a Maximun Entropy method (MaxEnt), a distribution model was developed for D. andreae sp.n. Based on the model's predictions, this species has a higher probability of occurring in high altitude forests (above 1000 m a.s.l.), characterised by relatively low temperatures especially during the hottest and wettest seasons, specifically, the mountainous areas of the Macizo de Guamuhaya (Central Cuba), Sierra Maestra (S Cuba) and Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa (NE Cuba). In some of these areas the species has not yet been recorded, and should be searched for in future field surveys. Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press.

Stictonectes abellani Mill��n, Picazo & Fery sp. n. Stictonectes optatus (Seidlitz, 1887); Guignot 1959: 420 (partim); Ribera et al. 1999: 60 (partim); Fery & Fresneda 2007: 140, 147 (partim). Type locality: Spain, C��ceres province, ca. 15 km S Coria, ca. 39.9 N 6.5 W. Type material: Holotype: ♂, " 27.5.1990 (E) C��ceres, ca. 15 km S Coria, ca. 320 m, ca. 39.9 N 6.5 W, pond in brook, Fery leg.", " Holotype, Stictonectes abellani sp. n., Mill��n, Picazo & Fery det. 2013 " [red, printed] (NMW). Paratypes: Spain: 48 ♂♂, 100 ♀♀, same data as the holotype (EAM, CHF). 3 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ " 3.7.1988 (E) C��ceres, S Coria, ca. 5 km SW Ca��averal, ca. 220 m, ca. 39.76 N 6.43 W, brook, Fery leg." (CHF). 2 ♂♂, "9.08.1984 (E) C��ceres, ca. 10 km N Moraleja, ca. 2 km N Perales del Puerto, ca. 390 m ", " Sra de St. Olalla, affl. riv. de Acebo, small brook, Fery leg., 40.167412 N 6.679499 W " (CHF). 5 ♀♀, " 6.9.2010, Spain, C��ceres, Serradilla, Arroyo Trasierra (Garganta Fraile). PN Monfrag��e, 330 m, 39.83538 N 6.10076 W, S��nchez-Fern��ndez & Abell��n leg. " (EAM). 2 ♂♂, " 7.9.2010, Spain, C��ceres, Embalse de Torrej��n, Toril, Arroyo Gargantilla. PN Monfrag��e, 250 m, 39.82727 N 5.91855 W, S��nchez-Fern��ndez & Abell��n leg." (EAM). 1 ♂, " 7.9.2010, Spain, C��ceres, Villarreal de San Carlos, Serradilla, Arroyo de Malvecino. PN Monfrag��e, 307 m, 39.8520097 N 6.03968 W, S��nchez-Fern��ndez & Abell��n leg." (EAM). 1 ♂, 1 ♀, " 7.9.2010, Spain, C��ceres, Salto de Torrej��n, Toril, Charca, arroyo de las Cansinas. PN Monfrag��e, 256 m, 39.83866 N 5.93890 W, S��nchez-Fern��ndez & Abell��n leg." (CIE). 1 ♀, " 7.9.2010, Spain, C��ceres, Villarreal de San Carlos, Serradilla, Charca, Villarreal de San Carlos, PN Monfrag��e, 292 m, 39.84529 N 6.02824 W, S��nchez-Fern��ndez & Abell��n leg." (EAM). 3 ♂♂, " 23.7.2011, Spain, C��ceres, Al��a, Arroyo de la Jarig��ela en Al��a, 650 m, 39.48993 N 5.24888 W, Mill��n & col leg." (EAM). 2 ♀♀, " 27.5.1990 (E) Ciudad Real, Montes de Toledo, W Retuerta del Bullaque, brook, ca. 750 m, ca. 39.46 N 4.48 W, Fery leg." (CHF). 1 ♂, " 1.7.1992 (E) Ciudad Real, NW Malag��n, brook, ca. 39.21 N 3.89 W, ca. 650 m, Fery leg." (CHF). 1 ♀, " 28.10.2002, Spain, Ciudad Real, Aben��jar, R��o Tirteafuera, 560 m, 38.88837 N 4.40569 W, Moreno & col leg." (EAM). 1 ♂, " 12.6.2008, Spain, Ciudad Real, Salto de Torrej��n, Toril, Arroyo de las Cansinas. PN Monfrag��e, 228 m, 39.84039 N 5.95241 W, Ribera & Abell��n leg." (CDTB). 2 ♀♀, " 7.7.2008, Spain, Ciudad Real, Alcoba, Arroyo de los Pescados, PN Caba��eros, 657 m, 39.32006 N 4.51300W, Mill��n & col leg." (IBE, DNA of one female extracted, voucher number IBE-PA 312). 5 ♀♀, " 11.6.2009, Spain, Ciudad Real, San Lorenzo de Calatrava, R��o Rig��elo, 532 m, 38.45744 N 3.87100W, Moreno & Picazo leg." (IBE). 7 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀, " 27.7.2012, Spain, Ciudad Real, San Lorenzo de Calatrava, R��o Rig��elo, 532 m, 38.45744 N 3.87100W, Picazo & Mill��n leg." (EAM). 1 ♂, 7 ♀♀, " 8.6.2009, Spain, Ciudad Real, Villamanrrique, R��o Da��ador, 772 m, 38.44770 N 2.99503 W, Moreno & col leg." (EAM). 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, " 9.6.2009, Spain, Ciudad Real, Huertezuelas, Arroyo de la Nava del Rey, 578 m, 38.52618 N 3.80816 W, Moreno & Picazo leg." (2 ♀♀ EAM; 1 ♂ IBE, DNA extracted, voucher number IBE- PA 313). 1 ♀, " 10.6.2009, Spain, Ciudad Real, Puerto de Niefla, Brazatortas, Arroyo de los Caballeros del Escorial, 742 m, 38.51053 N 4.39842 W, Moreno & Picazo leg." (EAM). 2 ♀♀, " 11.6.2009, Spain, Ciudad Real, Ventillas, Fuencaliente, Arroyo de la Aliseda, 705 m, 38.48957 N 4.28841 W, Moreno & Picazo leg." (EAM). 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀, " 27.7.2012, Spain, Ciudad Real, Ventillas, Fuencaliente, Ca��o de Ventillas, 685 m, 38.49660 N 4.29358 W, Picazo & Mill��n leg." (EAM). 3 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, " 4.8.2009, Spain, Ciudad Real, Ventillas, Fuencaliente, Ca��o de Ventillas, 685 m, 38.49660 N 4.29358 W, Mill��n & col leg." (EAM). 1 ♀, " 26.5.1990 (E) C��rdoba, N Villa del R��o, pond in brook, ca. 38.05 N 4.29 W, ca. 400 m, Fery leg." (CHF). 16 ♂♂, 14 ♀♀, " 16.3.1997 (E) Ja��n, ca. 60 km N And��jar, ca. 38.32 N 4.083 W, ca. 630 m, brook, Fery leg." (CHF). Portugal: 1 ♀, " 20.7.1987 (P), N Odemira, S S��o Lu��z/ Cercal, pond, 37.682 N 8.656 W, Fery leg." (CHF). 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, " 29.7.1989 (P) NE Vilanova de Milfontes, Brunheiras-Cercal, brooklet/reservoir, ca. 190 m, 37.784 N 8.712 W, Fery leg." (CHF). 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀, " 25.5.2010, Portugal, Baixo Alentejo, Vale de Vargo, Serpa, R��o Enxo�� (1.2), 223 m, 37.96288 N 7.38505 W, A. Mellado leg." (CHF). 1 ♀, " 26.5.2010, Portugal, Baixo Alentejo, Vale de Vargo, Serpa, R��o Enxo�� (7.3), 201 m, 37.96268 N 7.39905 W, A. Mellado leg." (EAM). 2 ♀♀, " 26.5.2010, Portugal, Baixo Alentejo, Vale de Vargo, Serpa, R��o Enxo�� (6.3), 195 m, 37.99003 N 7.4200973 W, A. Mellado leg." (EAM). 2 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, " 26.5.2010, Portugal, Baixo Alentejo, Vale de Vargo, Serpa, R��o Enxo�� (2.1), 238 m, 36.16817 N 7.41633 W, A. Mellado leg." (CAM). 1 ♂, " 27.5.2010, Portugal, Baixo Alentejo, Vale de Vargo, Serpa, R��o Enxo�� (7.2), 198 m, 37.98270 N 7.42572 W, A. Mellado leg." (MNCN). 2 ♀♀, " 27.5.2010, Portugal, Baixo Alentejo, Vale de Vargo, Serpa, R��o Enxo�� 3, 219 m, 37.97423 N 7.3920095 W, A. Mellado leg." (EAM). Notes: All paratypes are provided with the respective red printed labels. Description. The following description relates chiefly to the male holotype. Variations of characters in the paratypes are given in a separate section at the end of the description. Habitus oval in dorsal view (Fig. 1), broadest near middle of elytra, apex pointed; rather vaulted in lateral view. Upper surface black with brownish pronotal margin and yellowish elytral pattern; surface appearing silky matt although reticulation almost totally absent; this being due to rather dense punctation, in particular with stellate punctures (see figs 2 A and 2 B in Bilton 2011 for a detailed view of stellate punctures). Head mainly black; clypeus anteriorly dark brownish; anterior part of clypeus with dark brownish distinct rim, medially rim shallower (Figs 2 a, b). Clypeal grooves shallow; alongside inner margin of eyes with strongly impressed groove. Vertex reticulated, rest smooth. Head provided with (normal) punctures, these becoming larger and denser posteriad, particularly coarse and dense in mid of frons and in shallow clypeal grooves. On vertex punctures again smaller. Except rim and vertex entire surface between normal punctures with numerous stellate punctures. Setae absent, except very few in grooves on clypeus and alongside eyes. Pronotum black with sides between sublateral stria and pronotal margin brownish, lighter yellowish brown in anterior half (Fig. 1). Sides almost straight in posterior two thirds, before slightly curved inwards. Sides with narrow rim, anteriorly somewhat broader. Short sublateral striae present (Figs 2 a, b), but scarcely recognisable if inappropriately illuminated. Disk weakly impressed. Surface without reticulation, densely covered with normal punctures, these smaller on disk, coarser anteriad and laterally intern of striae, especially coarse before posterior margin. Between stria and margin punctation very dense and appearing rugose. Entire surface between normal punctures with numerous stellate punctures. Setation rather dense and prominent because most normal punctures provided with one seta. Elytra mostly black with rather small yellowish brown spots (Fig. 1). Sides in dorsal view almost evenly curved; elytra at apex not conjointly rounded, but pointed. Elytron and epipleuron separated by fine rim of equal width. Rim in lateral view moderately ascending to humeral angle and epipleuron not visible up to humeral angle. Discal and sutural puncture lines absent. Surface mostly covered with larger normal punctures (diameter similar to that of punctures on pronotal disc); most punctures "horseshoe-like" with anterior border rather sharp and posterior border weak or absent. Near elytral apex punctation denser, rather rugose. As on head and pronotum, entire surface between normal punctures with numerous stellate punctures. Setation rather dense, similar to that of pronotum. Ventral side black to large extent; general appearance matt due to mostly rugose sculpture; simple reticulation largely absent. Underside of head���including mouthparts���reddish brown, genae and gula of same colour. Without crease behind eye; wrinkles beside inner margin of eye at most very indistinctly indicated anteriorly. Surface of genae with small and flat, but distinctly vaulted cells of meshes; gula similarly structured, but cells smaller; provided with a few coarse punctures. More lateral parts of underside of prothorax somewhat lighter reddish brown than head; prosternum strongly raised in middle, here blackish brown; between procoxae dark brown, same as prosternal process (behind procoxae). Large parts of surface covered with small protuberances; raised part of prosternum very rugosely structured; between procoxae with very distinct peak-like elevation (no transverse ridge), behind longitudinally carinate; prosternal process lanceolate, strongly carinate, sides only in anterior half flattened, without coarse punctures laterally; tip of process pointed, slightly curved upwards (if specimen studied with underside turned upwards); reaching far backwards between mesocoxae and onto anteromedial metaventral process; latter provided with shallow furrow for reception of prosternal process. Mesepisternum and mesepimeron provided with relatively flat, but distinct protuberances. Metepisternum, metaventrite in large part, and metacoxal plates with distinct, almost conical protuberances. Metaventrite medially more shiny because protuberances reduced to almost simple reticulation. Metaventrite medially very dark brownish; metacoxal interlinear space, metacoxal processes and second to fifth abdominal ventrites medially diffusely limited brownish; hind margin of third to fifth ventrites brownish translucent. Epipleura yellowish brown. Metaventrite right and left of midline with line of some punctures, lines diverging weakly posteriad. A very few additional punctures in posterior part of metaventrite. Metacoxal plates with sparse and rather shallow, but well perceptible larger punctures. Metacoxal interlinear space smooth and shiny, provided with several punctures. Epipleuron with very small protuberances and without oblique humeral carina. Protuberances on first four abdominal ventrites somewhat unequally raised, thus, surface appearing as if provided with impressions or larger punctures. Only fifth and sixth ventrites with more distinct punctures. Anteromedial metaventral process reaching far forward and distinctly in contact with mesoventral fork. Metepisternum behind anterior margin distinctly excavated; behind with a few rather large but shallow impressions. Metaventrite in mid vaulted, especially in anterior half; in central part with distinctly impressed narrow longitudinal groove. Lateral lobe of metaventrite ("wing") relatively narrow; ratio of width of wing and width of metacoxal plate (WS:WC) ca. 1: 3 (cf. fig. 1 in Larson et al. 2000: 35). Metacoxal lines weakly diverging anteriad (almost parallel), reaching hind margin of metaventrite. Metacoxal processes deeply incised, interlaminary bridge totally concealed; lobes of metacoxal processes evenly rounded, outline more or less elliptical in part. Last ventrite short before hind margin strongly raised, then abruptly descending before hind margin and here provided with short but very distinct and sharp keel, running until somewhat pointed apex. Setation on underside���except on legs and epipleuron���not very prominent and sparse, much finer than on upper surface; more or less only perceptible if adequately illuminated; present mainly on prosternum, interlinear space of metacoxa and mid of second to fourth abdominal ventrites; very few setae on sides of prosternal process; epipleuron with distinct setae; last abdominal ventrite with a few setae at apical margin and short setae on end of raised part. Appendages: Antennomeres 1���4 pale reddish brown, fifth darkened in distal half, 6���11 more or less uniformly dark brown. Fourth antennomere shorter than third and fifth, latter both almost equal in length, second antennomere almost as long as third and fourth together. Palpomeres reddish brown, last ones somewhat darkened distally. Pro- and mesoleg as well as entire metafemur and knee of metatibia reddish brown; else metatibia black; metatarsomeres black. First three protarsomeres somewhat broadened, mesotarsomeres less so. First pro- and mesotarsomeres provided with sucker cups (difficult to observe). Claws of pro-and mesotarsi equal in size and shape, evenly curved and not particularly prolonged. Aedeagus with median lobe in ventral and lateral view as in Figs 3 c, d; parameres with characteristic long finger-like projection (Figs 3 a, b in oblique lateral and frontal views). For comparison median lobe and parameres of S. optatus given in Figs 3 e���h (specimen from near Mog��n, Sierra de Cazorla, Ja��n, Spain). Measurements: Holotype TL 3.6 mm, MW 2.0 mm; paratypes TL 3.4���3.9 mm, MW 1.8���2.1 mm. Females generally slightly larger than males. Females cannot be separated externally from males, except by less broadened pro- and mesotarsomeres and lack of sucker cups on first tarsomeres (both difficult to observe and to assess without males for comparison). Gonocoxosternum and gonocoxa are not illustrated because they are similar to those of other species of the genus and, consequently, they are not helpful for diagnostic purposes (cf. figs 6���7 in Fresneda & Fery 1990 and fig. 7 in Bilton 2011). Variability: Generally the variation of most features is weak. However, specimens vary both within and between localities in the extent of the yellowish elytral spots (cf. spectrum of elytral pattern in Fig. 4 a���d, upper row of specimens), and the brownish parts of the abdominal ventrites can be more or less extended; in some specimens the ventrites are entirely black except for the translucent hind margins. Distribution: So far only known from central-southwest Iberia, mainly in the Guadiana basin, from the Sierra Morena range (Spain) to the Baixo Alentejo region (Beja district, Portugal). Etymology: Named after our friend and colleague Pedro Abell��n. The specific epithet is a noun in the genitive case. Ecology: The new species seems to prefer depositional microhabitats in temporary siliceous streams with a substrate mainly composed of gravel and large boulders, and coarse organic matter. Fig. 5 shows the R��o Rig��elo near San Lorenzo de Calatrava (Ciudad Real). In some cases the species was collected in very eutrophic waters remaining in residual stream pools. The pH values in the more recently studied sites range from 7 to 8, conductivity from 30 to 900 ��S/cm, nitrates from 0.01 to 0.6 mg /l and phosphates from 0 to 0.5 mg /l. The new species has been found three times together with S. occidentalis, and several times with S. epipleuricus, S. optatus and especially S. lepidus. It is remarkable that at "Vilanova de Milfontes" the new species could be found together with three other Stictonectes: S. lepidus, S. occidentalis and S. optatus. In the type locality the new species was found together with Agabus didymus (Olivier, 1795), Bidessus coxalis Sharp, 1882, B. minutissimus (Germar, 1824), Colymbetes schildknechti Dettner, 1983, Deronectes opatrinus (Germar, 1824), Graptodytes flavipes (Olivier, 1795), G. ignotus (Mulsant & Rey, 1861), Hydroglyphus geminus (Fabricius, 1792), Hydroporus decipiens Sharp, 1878, Laccophilus hyalinus (De Geer, 1774), Scarodytes halensis (Fabricius, 1787), Stictonectes lepidus (Olivier, 1795), Stictotarsus duodecimpustulatus (Fabricius, 1792) and Yola bicarinata (Latreille, 1804)., Published as part of Mill��n, Andr��s, Picazo, F��lix, Fery, Hans, Moreno, Jos�� Luis & S��nchez-Fern��ndez, David, 2013, Stictonectes abellani sp. n. (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae) from the Iberian Peninsula, with notes on the phylogeny, ecology and distribution of the Iberian species of the genus, pp. 533-550 in Zootaxa 3745 (5) on pages 534-541, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/222134

Póster presentada en la conferencia Adapting to Global Change in the Mediterranean hotspot (AGCM), celebrada en Sevilla del 18 al 20 de septiembre de 2013., Climate change has become one of the main threats to global biodiversity. However, the extent to which species are threatened by climate change depends on how they respond to these new climatic conditions. They can disperse to more suitable locations, or they can cope through phenotypic plasticity and, ultimately, via evolutionary adaptation. Most of the studies of the evolutionary and biogeographical consequences of climatic change have been done with terrestrial, mainly vertebrate species. These models present some important uncertainties, as depending on the use of different microhabitats at different times within the same area the species can be exposed to a range of temperature or humidity sometimes much wider than the change predicted by the most pessimistic scenarios of climate change. The possibility of range movement tracking suitable habitats is also a confounding factor when trying to infer the conditions at which these species were subjected in the past. Here we present a system in which most of these uncertainties do not apply: the deep subterranean environment. The temperature of a cave is highly constant through the year and can be estimated from the mean annual temperature of the surface, and the humidity is always near to the saturation point. These conditions are homogeneous through all possible microhabitats within a cave system, and constant through the year. Most highly specialized cave species have also extremely narrow geographical ranges, which allows to trace their geographical movements through several cladogenetic processes. We focused on a well defined clade of troglobitic beetles of the tribe Leptodirini (Coleoptera, Leiodidae) living in the North-eastern Iberian Peninsula (from the Pyrenees to the coast of Catalonia), including ca. 140 taxa. Most of them are narrow endemic species with a well known distribution. We aim to estimate the rate of thermal niche evolution using two approaches: i) we first reconstructed a minimum rate of evolutionary change from a time calibrated phylogeny using only the current thermal niche of the species; and ii) we then introduced the constraint of the paleotemperatures of the areas occupied by these species during the Pleistocene glacial periods. We finally compare these rates with predicted rates of climate change from 2000 to 2100 for the same areas.

Contribución presentada en IV Congreso en Biodiversidad, celebrado en Bilbao del 6 al 8 de febrero de 2013., Para tener éxito, las áreas protegidas deben ir más allá de la mera representación de especies. En este sentido, una cuestión importante para la conservación no es tanto cuántas especies han sido citadas dentro de un conjunto de áreas protegidas, si no cuántas podrán persistir allí. Nuestro enfoque se basa en que cuanto mayor es la favorabilidad climática para una especie en un área protegida, mayor será su probabilidad de supervivencia a largo plazo. El objetivo del trabajo es determinar si las áreas protegidas representan poblaciones o partes de la distribución potencial que se encuentran próximas al óptimo climático estimado para cada especie, o en caso contrario representan poblaciones y áreas de la distribución potencial marginales desde el punto de vista climático. Para ello, se han utilizado datos de distribución de coleópteros acuáticos endémicos de la Península Ibérica, datos climáticos para esta zona y dos redes de áreas protegidas (Parques Nacionales y Red Natura 2000). En primer lugar, calculamos la distribución potencial de cada especie mediante un modelo de “intersección climática binario”. Posteriormente, utilizamos distancias de Mahalanobis para obtener una medida continua de favorabilidad climática dentro de esta distribución potencial. Por último, se calcula el valor medio de las cuadrículas que solapan con las áreas protegidas y se compara con el obtenido a partir de 1000 muestras al azar del mismo número de cuadrículas del conjunto de la distribución potencial. Nuestros resultados muestran que la representación de especies en las áreas protegidas es relativamente buena. Sin embargo, los nichos climáticos de la mayoría de especies están sólo marginalmente representados, es decir, las áreas protegidas recogen zonas con condiciones climáticas próximas al límite de tolerancia de las especies. Por lo tanto, las áreas protegidas actuales no pueden ser consideradas como una garantía para la supervivencia a largo plazo de estas especies.

Contribución presentada en IV Congreso en Biodiversidad, Bilbao, 6-8 febrero 2013., El establecimiento de áreas protegidas es una de las principales estrategias para evitar la pérdida de biodiversidad. Mientras diferentes estudios han evaluado la efectividad de los sistemas de espacios protegidos actuales en la preservación de muestras representativas de diversidad de especies y ecosistemas, no existen evaluaciones sistemáticas de su efectividad en la conservación de historia evolutiva. En este estudio utilizamos filogenias de tres linajes de coleópteros acuáticos para investigar (i) el papel de los parques nacionales en la representación de la diversidad filogenética de la Península Ibérica; (ii) la representación en los parques nacionales de las especies con la mayor prioridad de conservación, estimada a partir de una combinación de su singularidad evolutiva y vulnerabilidad; y (iii) si la riqueza de especies puede ser un buen sustituto de la diversidad filogenética en la selección de nuevas áreas que complementen la red existente de parques nacionales. Nuestros resultados muestran que los parques nacionales ibéricos son poco efectivos en la preservación de la diversidad filogenética de sistemas acuáticos. En la mayoría de los casos, la diversidad filogenética recogida por los parques no fue diferente de lo esperado simplemente por azar, a veces recogiendo significativamente menos historia evolutiva de lo que cabría esperar en base a su número de especies. Asimismo, la mayoría de los taxones con elevada vulnerabilidad y singularidad evolutiva no están representados en ningún parque nacional. Finalmente, cuando nuevas áreas fueron seleccionadas maximizando el número de especies representadas, la variabilidad en la diversidad filogenética representada fue muy elevada y, como consecuencia, pueden conservar mucha menos historia evolutiva que áreas seleccionadas específicamente para maximizar la diversidad filogenética.

[Aim] The contrasting habitat permanence over geological time-scales of lotic and lentic habitats may impose different constraints on the dispersal ability of their macroinvertebrate populations, and ultimately on the degree of equilibrium with current climate. We aim to test for differences between species typical of either habitat type in their potential versus realized distributions as a surrogate measure of degree of climate equilibrium, both in refuges and more recently deglaciated areas. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., [Location] Western Europe., [Methods] We focus on 99 Iberian diving beetles (family Dytiscidae). A multidimensional envelope procedure was used to estimate their potential distributions, which were projected for different spatial scales. At the continental scale we calculated the percentage of countries with climatically suitable conditions for each species over those actually occupied (range filling). At the regional scale, we estimated realized distributions using: (1) convex hull polygons for Sweden and the Iberian Peninsula; and (2) generalized linear models for the Iberian Peninsula., [Results] In the Iberian Peninsula, differences in the degree of equilibrium with climatic conditions between lotic and lentic species were few, if any. However, at the continental scale we found significant differences, with lentic species closer to equilibrium than lotic species. In the recently deglaciated area (Sweden) the subset of species with ranges wide enough to encompass Iberia and Scandinavia were mostly lentic, and all were closer to climatic equilibrium without significant differences between habitat types., [Main conclusions] Our results show that, at continental scales, climate equilibrium is not concordant between the habitat types across western Europe. We hypothesize that: (1) the differences between refuge areas in dispersal ability are erased probably due to long-term climatic stability, allowing enough time to reach equilibrium, and (2) the species with wide geographical ranges able to recolonize recently deglaciated areas should have the highest dispersal abilities, and are closer to climatic equilibrium. © 2012, This work was supported by funding from a post-doctoral grant from the Fundación Séneca to D.S.-F. and projects CGL2006-04159 023 / 2007 (A.M.) and CGL2007-61665 (I.R.). Fundación Séneca

Trabajo presentado en la 7th European Conference on Invasive Alien Species (NEBIOTA 2012), celebrado en Pontevedra de 12 al 14 de septiembre de 2012., Trichocorixa verticalis verticalis (Fieber, 1851) is a species originally distributed in North America and the Caribbean islands. However, this boatman has been cited as an exotic species in different countries of Africa, Europe and Oceania. The aim of this study was to estimate worldwide areas with suitable environmental conditions for Trichocorixa v. verticalis so as to identify potential new areas of invasion.

Contribución presentada en Early Career "Advances in Biogeography" Conference, 23-25 septiembre 2011, Oxford. Más información en http://www.biogeography.org/html/Meetings/2011Oxford., It is well known the drastic climatic changes occurred during the Pleistocene have profoundly shaped diversity gradients in the Western Palaearctic (i.e. the existence of southern ice·age refuges and the subsequent recolonisation process). Habitat stability and species dispersal ability have been recently highlighted as key factors when determining patterns of speCies distributions in freshwater ecosystems, i.e. there should be a negative relationship between the habitat persistence and the propensity for dispersal of its inhabitants. Since lentic habitats have been generally considered to be more ephemeral than lotic ones, we can expect species living in lentic habitats have conserved a higher dispersal capacity than species living in lotic habitats.Thus, we hypothesize this fact could have caused important differences in the current geographic ranges between lotic and lentic species. Water beetle check-lists from 11 regions in the Western Palaearctic (from South Morocco to North Sweden) were compiled, 647 species belonging to 14 families being classified into lotic and lentic specialist, generalist species not being took into account. We analyse the variation of water beetle species richness across latitude at different scales. In particular, to test our central hypothesis, as a main novelty supplied by this work, we compare the contribution of local to regional diversity across latitude in 181 sampling sites spread on the 11 regions referred above, looking for differences between lotic and lentic habitats. We also assess beta-diversity (in terms of species turnover or nestedness) between species adapted to lotic and lentic habitats.

El Sureste ibérico es un centro reconocido de biodiversidad. A pesar de ser una de las zonas más áridas de Europa, atesora gran diversidad de ecosistemas acuáticos, algunos de ellos únicos en cuanto a sus condiciones ambientales, elevada riqueza específica y presencia de especies raras y/endémicas. Sin embargo, se encuentra muy perturbada por actividades humanas, dando lugar a procesos de alteración e incluso desaparición de algunos hábitats. Es necesario identificar qué especies necesitan medidas de protección para su conservación con más urgencia. En este trabajo se estudia la vulnerabilidad de las especies de coleópteros acuáticos de la Región de Murcia a tres escalas: regional, nacional e internacional. Destacan Ochthebius glaber y O. montesi como las especies más vulnerables a escala nacional e internacional. Estas dos especies cumplen los criterios para ser incorporadas a la lista roja de la UICN, y se proponen para ser incluidas en listas rojas regionales, nacionales e internacionales.