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Quality is one of the important activities as promotion National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) with in overall mandate. Progressively Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) are coming forward for assessment and accreditation, there is a need for more trained personnel in quality assurance. In order to generate the concept of quality assurance in higher education and arrange ‘assessors’ to consume the duty of third party assessment and internal quality assurance, NAAC is in the process of developing a series of publications on quality in higher education. This module entitled “Quality Assurance in Higher Education: An Introduction” developed in collaboration with the Commonwealth of Learning, Vancouver, Canada is first in the series that point at providing a ground perception of quality in wide and its appeal to higher education in particular. This module will elucidate copious terms, models and practices sweepingly nearly new in the factors of standard assurance in higher education. Present paper appear the quality assurance in NAAC and how it works

Parthenium hysterophorus leaf extracts were tested in vitro for fungitoxic activity against Phytopthora capsici isolated from Solanum melongena eggplant and Capsicum annuum in various solvents such as acetone, ethanol, methanol, and aqueous. Fungitoxicity was assessed using the food poisoning technique, which involved utilising various extracts at 200mg/ml and recording their activity as radial growth and percentage inhibition. Ethanol and acetone extracts were the only ones to completely stop the fungus from growing. Methanol inhibited the fungus by 50%, whereas the aqueous extract had no effect. The results of this study show that ethanol and acetone extracts of Parthenium hysterophorus can be utilised as a biofungicide to suppress pathogenic fungus.

Additional file 3: Supplementary file 1. Datasheet and consent form for sample collection.

Additional file 2: Supplementary Figure 1. Gene expressions of CYP19A1 (fig. 1a) and TCF21 (fig. 1b) in different tissues. Violin plots showing expression of CYP19A1 and TCF21 in different tissues which includes esophageal tissue. On the basis of TPM value (Transcript per million) CYP19A1 is less expressed in esophageal tissue whereas TCF21 is well expressed in Esophageal tissue and NES value for variants rs10046 of CYP19A1 is negative and rs12190287of TCF21 is positive. Supplementary Figure 2. Gene location and variant effect prediction. TSS is transcription start site and TES is transcription end site predicted by using The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) locus. It aims to characterize variation in gene expression levels across individuals and diverse tissues of the human body. Both CYP19A1 (fig. 2a) and TCF21 (fig. 2b) has a strong eQTL (expression quantitative trait loci) signal in esophageal tissue.

Additional file 1.

Additional file 1: Supplementary Table 1. Details of the genes selected for the study. Supplementary Table 2. Details and clinical features of the cases and controls of J&K Population. Supplementary Table 3. SNPs and primers associated.

Additional file 2.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Workflow design for SNPs/Variants detection in CLC Genomics Workbench (Red solid lines indicate input file; blue dotted lines indicate output file). Figure S2. Bioanalyser analysis of the prepared library (Blue peaks indicate ladder peaks and red peaks at 35 and 10,380 bp indicate internal standards). Table S3. Summary of ddRAD-sequence data for six genotypes. Table S4. Details of Brassica juncea genotypes used for association analysis.

A total of 347 numbers of genotypes ofTriticum aestivum, 66 ofT. durum, 8 ofT. dicoccumand 18 of triticale possessing resistance against multiple diseases and insect pests resistance were taken for the study. These were identified resistant to biotic stressesthrough rigorous evaluation under artificially inoculated conditions at hot spot locations in six agro ecological zones of India during 1998-99 till 2011-12 cropping seasons. The diseases and insect pests targeted were three rusts (stem, leaf and stripe rust), Karnal bunt, flag smut, leaf blight, powdery mildew, loose smut, brown wheat mite, root aphid, foliar aphid and shoot fly. The seeds of these genotypes along with passport data on disease resistance were shared with breeders at 30 main wheat and triticale breeding centres in India. The percentage of centres utilized these genotypes for hybridization and resistance breeding ranged from 4.0-63.6%. The per cent utilization was maximum in case ofT. aestivumfollowed byT. durum, T. dicoccum. The most preferred genotypes ofT. aestivumwere, ‘DBW 18’, ‘DBW 32’, ‘GW 276’, ‘HD 2851’, ‘HD 2964’, ‘HD 2997’, ‘HP 1872’, ‘HW 2044’, ‘HW 3027’, ‘HPW 42’, ‘HPW 155’, ‘HPW 237’, ‘HPW 285’, ‘HUW 620’, ‘HS 295’, ‘HS 318’, ‘HS 345’, ‘HS 375’, ‘HS 420’, ‘HS 468’, ‘HS 493’, ‘HW 2045’, ‘HW 3083’, ‘HW 5037’, ‘HW 5208’, ‘K 9351’, ‘K 9441’, ‘MACS 295’, ‘MACS 2959’, ‘NW 3087’, ‘NW 1012’, ‘PBW 373’, ‘PBW 475’, ‘PBW 521’, ‘PBW 550’, ‘PBW 554’, ‘PBW 573’, ‘PBW 589’, ‘Raj 3765’, ‘Raj 4012’, ‘RAJ 4120’, ‘RAJ 4131’, ‘UP 2425’, ‘UP 2719’, ‘VL 801’, ‘VL 868’ and ‘VL 907’. In case ofT. durum,66 genotypes were utilized by 4.0-36% centres and most liked were, ‘AKDW 4155’, ‘CDW 04’, ‘GW 1139’, ‘HD 4696’, ‘HI 8498’, ‘MACS 3313’, ‘PDW 267’ and ‘PDW 312’. Likewise, out of eight genotypes ofT. dicoccum, ‘MACS 2956’ (32.0%) and ‘MACS 2971’ (15.0%) were used most. Utilization of 18 numbers of triticale genotypes was 4.0-14.8% only. It may be due to lesser preference of triticale as compared to bread and durum wheat for breeding. The major preference of breeders was on genotypes having resistance against three or two rusts depending on agro climatic zones. The genotypes havingLr34gene which is known for providing resistance to leaf rust were also found to be resistant to other diseases and aphids. The incorporation of resistance genes from resistant genotypes shared in breeding programme has helped greatly in management of diseases and insect pests using host resistance and avoided or reduced application of costly fungicides on wheat and producing pesticide free wheat in India. The deployment of resistant cultivars strategically in areas of prevalence of diseases and insect pests helped to further curtail losses in yield and quality of wheat and outbreak of rusts and other diseases thus ensure food self sufficiency as well as export of surplus wheat in future. These genotypes will be good source for molecular studies related to multiple disease and insect pests.

This paper presents a fault prediction model using reliability relevant software metrics and fuzzy inference system. For this a new approach is discussed to develop fuzzy profile of software metrics which are more relevant for software fault prediction. The proposed model predicts the fault density at the end of each phase of software development using relevant software metrics. On the basis of fault density at the end of testing phase, total number of faults in the software is predicted. The model seems to useful for both software engineer as well as project manager to optimally allocate resources and achieve more reliable software within the time and cost constraints. To validate the prediction accuracy, the model results are validated using PROMISE Software Engineering Repository Data set.

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