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How do elected autocrats come to power? Prominent explanations point to distributive conflict. We propose instead that some candidates advertise democratic deconsolidation as “deepening democracy,” which can have cross-cutting appeal. We evaluate this proposal through the election of Venezuela's Hugo Chávez, an emblematic elected autocrat. Using original data, we find that historical voting patterns and political rhetoric are consistent with our proposal: Chávez came to power with the cross-class support of voters from across the traditional political spectrum, and his campaign emphasized rather than obscured his plan to remake political institutions.

Exploration in environments with continuous control and sparse rewards remains a key challenge in reinforcement learning (RL). One of the approaches to encourage more systematic and efficient exploration relies on surprise as an intrinsic reward for the agent. We introduce a new definition of surprise and its RL implementation named variational assorted surprise exploration (VASE). VASE uses a Bayesian neural network as a model of the environment dynamics and is trained using variational inference, alternately updating the accuracy of the agent's model and policy. Our experiments show that in continuous control sparse reward environments, VASE outperforms other surprise-based exploration techniques.

There is a suffi cient number of research works devoted to the study of lexical- grammatical features of emotional lexeme fear in linguistics. But today the question of the functioning and transposition of this lexeme has not been fully studied in the modern Ukrainian language. The aim of the article is to analyze the functioning and transposition of emotional lexeme fear in the modern Ukrainian language, to reveal its semantics as a linguistic and cultural concept, and to determine the peculiarities of language expression. In the article, by means of the analysis of the defi nitions of fear in the Academic Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language, the Etymological Dictionary, and Dictionary of Synonyms, a description of the conceptual features of this lexeme is given, grammatical features are determined, and its transposition phenomena are analyzed in the system of the Ukrainian language. Lexical and grammatical features of the lexeme fea r are the same as in other abstract nouns, but similar use of the word, typical for nouns, is not limited by its functioning. Lexeme fear can be used as an adverb: 1) in the meaning of terrible; 2) in the meaning of expressing admiration, surprise, etc.; 3) in the meaning of extraordinary, very much. Regarding to the large number of someone, something, somebody or something very big, strong fear refers to exclamation The lexeme fear has a wide distributional opportunities: the noun fear + noun (where the main word is a lexeme fear , but this it can also be a dependent word); noun fea r + adjective that points to the emotional state, feelings, emotions of the person; verb + fear , where the noun fear acts as the object of action or state (a part of such word combinations is stable in its composition and structure, lexically indivisible and integral in terms of the meaning of the word combination, which have the function of separate lexeme, so they function as idioms in the modern Ukrainian language); possessive pronoun + noun fea r. The grammatical transformation of the analyzed word has affected not only at the loss of its original meaning, but also its compatibility with other words. Prospects of the research are the study of verbal representation of the emotional state of fear in a separate fi ction text.

Retailers often delight their customers with surprise offers. Common wisdom would suggest that this practice is fruitful because customer delight elicits customer reciprocation and increases customer satisfaction. This research examines the negative consequences of offering such delight offers. Across five studies, customers receiving delight offers repetitively and on a regular basis develop a sense of entitlement. Once retailers decide to discontinue those offers, feelings of entitlement prompt customers to seek revenge against the retailer (e.g., filing complaints, switching to competitors, spreading negative word of mouth). Furthermore, customer expectation has been ruled out as an alternative process explanation. Even though customer entitlement and customer expectation are often confounded in the literature, our research offers conceptual and empirical evidence to illustrate the fundamental differences between these two concepts. Our results indicate that retailers could avoid elevating customer entitlement by designing delight offers as one-time offers or by delivering multiple offers following a random pattern. Additionally, we show that retailers can also limit the effect of customer entitlement on customers’ desire for revenge by providing offers of small monetary value and by explicitly communicating that the offer recipients are selected at random.

The Iranian revolution took many experts and scholars by surprise. Iran had been one of the most rapidly industrializing third-world countries and possessed a powerful, loyal army and secret police able to repress and demobilize all opposition. Compared to many other twentieth-century revolutions, armed struggle played little role in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty, which came to power in 1925 when Reza Shah Pahlavi ousted the previous dynasty. Instead, Iran's urban population, organized in part through mosque networks, carried out the mobilization and collective actions that formed the basis of the revolution. More importantly, the revolution's outcome diverged sharply from other modern revolutions where revolutionary movements fought in the name of secular ideologies, such as nationalism or socialism. Iran's revolution, in contrast, produced theocracy. Keywords: development; ideology; inequality; protests; rebellion; Iran

Surprising violations of outcome expectancies have long been known to enhance the associability of Pavlovian cues; that is, the rate at which the cue enters into further associations. The adaptive value of such enhancements resides in promoting new learning in the face of uncertainty. However, it is unclear whether associability enhancements reflect increased associative plasticity within a particular behavior system, or whether they can facilitate learning between a cue and any arbitrary outcome, as suggested by attentional models of conditioning. Here, we show evidence consistent with the latter hypothesis. Violating the outcome expectancies generated by a cue in an appetitive setting (feeding behavior system) facilitated subsequent learning about the cue in an aversive setting (defense behavior system). In addition to shedding light on the nature of associability enhancements, our findings offer the neuroscientist a behavioral tool to dissociate their neural substrates from those of other, behavior system- or valence-specific changes. Moreover, our results present an opportunity to utilize associability enhancements to the advantage of counterconditioning procedures in therapeutic contexts.

In a recent column one television critic for Toronto's The Globe and Mail bemoans the loss of "aggressive interviewing in Canadian television." He points out that "At their best, good television interviewers...have an edge and persistence that makes some subjects quirm and sweat. For viewers there is always the chance something revealing or unexpected will occur and it is this element of surprise that is altogether too rare in the painfully polite and well-behaved studios of both the state broadcaster (CBC) and the private networks." In her discussion of political interviews on Israeli television, Blum-Kulka (1983) likens such interviews to a game between speakers which "when the game is well played by all interactants, is drama" (146). "The goal of the interviewers," she states, "is not necessarily to corner the politician but to get him to state his opinions and analysis of political issues, in a manner that is quotable" (146). Blum-Kulka points out that political interviews represent a distinct genre or register wherein speakers adhere to Grice's Cooperative Principle and engage in supportive or non-supportive moves largely determined by reinforcement or non-reinforcement of presuppositions represented in the questions posed by interviewers. In the data which I examine, which consist of 23 interviews done by four interviewers, two female, two male, three Canadian, one American, and which range from political to topical interviews on both television and radio, interviewers employ an extensive repertoire of speech acts which includes requests for information, assertions, requests for confirmation, rhetorical questions, socratic questions, clarifications, and comments or evaluations. As one would expect, requests for information are the principal speech act employed by interviewers. Moreover, most requests for information employed by interviewers are direct requests. Nonetheless, a significant percentage of requests for information are indirect. Interviewers, in effect, ask to ask. For example, interviewers can state directly "Tell me about downsizing and your views on it, because it's certainly the buzzword on the current economy," using an imperative, but they can also employ a range of indirect forms such as

Although speech driven facial animation has been studied extensively in the literature, works focusing on the affective content of the speech are limited. This is mostly due to the scarcity of affective audio-visual data. In this article, we improve the affective facial animation using domain adaptation by partially reducing the data scarcity. We first define a domain adaptation to map affective and neutral speech representations to a common latent space in which cross-domain bias is smaller. Then the domain adaptation is used to augment affective representations for each emotion category, including angry, disgust, fear, happy, sad, surprise, and neutral, so that we can better train emotion-dependent deep audio-to-visual (A2V) mapping models. Based on the emotion-dependent deep A2V models, the proposed affective facial synthesis system is realized in two stages: first, speech emotion recognition extracts soft emotion category likelihoods for the utterances; then a soft fusion of the emotion-dependent A2V mapping outputs form the affective facial synthesis. Experimental evaluations are performed on the SAVEE audio-visual dataset. The proposed models are assessed with objective and subjective evaluations. The proposed affective A2V system achieves significant MSE loss improvements in comparison to the recent literature. Furthermore, the resulting facial animations of the proposed system are preferred over the baseline animations in the subjective evaluations., Scientific and Technological Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK)

This article presents a novel experiential learning format that aims to develop participants' entrepreneurial competencies and entrepreneurial mindset. Furthermore, this study investigates factors that promote individuals' competency development and mindset formation when using this learning format. In this format, students practice enterprising behavior in daily life, rather than by starting a venture. Teams of participants receive a set of eight to 10 challenges. Each challenge asks participants to create value for other people. The challenges are not revealed until the exercise starts, and they are worked on for 1 or 2 days full-time. Each challenge allows participants to practice the competencies of generating ideas for opportunities, taking action, perseverance, networking and network utilization, teamwork, and convincing others. Collectively, this contributes to developing an enterprising mindset. This format is based on a comfort zone model and aims to promote significant learning in a short time. After a week, each participant submits a reflection on their actions during the experiential part. In this study, we analyze the experiences of 198 participating students from six courses in five countries to bring out the factors that contribute to students staying in versus leaving their comfort zone, and the types of learning which result. Learning occurs when participants leave their comfort zone and have experiences that surprise them, leading to novel realizations. Key to learning is the element of surprise.

IntroductionRecent theories describe perception as an inferential process based on internal predictive models adjusted by means of prediction violations (prediction error). To study and demonstrate predictive processing in the brain the use of unexpected stimulus omissions has been suggested as a promising approach as the evoked brain responses are uncontaminated by responses to stimuli. Here, we aimed to investigate the pupil’s response to unexpected stimulus omissions in order to better understand surprise and orienting of attention resulting from prediction violation. So far only few studies have used omission in pupillometry research and results have been inconsistent.MethodsThis study adapted an EEG paradigm that has been shown to elicit omission responses in auditory and somatosensory modalities. Healthy adults pressed a button at their own pace, which resulted in the presentation of sounds or tactile stimuli in either 88%, 50% or 0% (motor-control) of cases. Pupil size was recorded continuously and averaged to analyze the pupil dilation response associated with each condition.ResultsResults revealed that omission responses were observed in both modalities in the 88%-condition compared to motor-control. Similar pupil omission responses were observed between modalities, suggesting modality-unspecific activation of the underlying brain circuits.DiscussionIn combination with previous omission studies using EEG, the findings demonstrate predictive models in brain processing and point to the involvement of subcortical structures in the omission response. Our pupillometry approach is especially suitable to study sensory prediction in vulnerable populations within the psychiatric field.

Threatening expressions are detected quickly and accurately, warning the observer of the presence of a potential danger. During the detection process, a facial expression of surprise could play an important role as a cue for orientation in conditions of uncertainty that call for a swift and precise response. With a view to analysing this contingency, an experiment was conducted in which 70 subjects undertook a spatial cueing task that involved facial expressions of surprise (vs. neutral ones) as orientation cues, and facial expressions of fear, anger and happiness as target stimuli. The results revealed a priming effect of the expression of surprise solely in the detection of the expression of anger, reducing response times and the percentage of errors. The data indicate that the expression of surprise, when processed as an independent stimulus, could prime the detection of those stimuli that constitute a direct threat, such as the expression of anger, with this being a crucial distinction for understanding the circumstances in which the expression of anger is detected more effectively than other kinds of expressions. Las expresiones de amenaza son detectadas con rapidez y precisión, advirtiendo a quienes las observan de la presencia de un potencial peligro. Durante el proceso de detección, la expresión de sorpresa podría jugar un papel importante como clave de orientación en condiciones de incertidumbre donde se requiere una respuesta rápida y precisa. Con el objetivo de analizar este supuesto se plateó un experimento en el que participaron 70 sujetos que realizaron una tarea de señalización espacial, donde se utilizaron expresiones faciales de sorpresa (vs. neutra) como claves de orientación, y expresiones faciales de miedo, ira, alegría y neutras como estímulos objetivo. Los resultados mostraron un efecto facilitador de la expresión de sorpresa solo en la detección de la expresión de ira, reduciendo los tiempos de respuesta y el porcentaje de errores. Los datos apuntan a que la expresión de sorpresa, cuando se procesa como un estímulo independiente, podría facilitar la detección de aquellos estímulos que supongan una amenaza directa, como la expresión de ira, siendo esta distinción clave para entender en qué condiciones se detecta más eficazmente la expresión de ira respecto a otro tipo de expresiones.

Temporal distance (TD) is a type of psychological distance which shows how an individual construes past and future. It is not explored with empirical research as to how an individual's focus on temporal distance (near-past, far-past, near-future and far-future) can be measured from human-written text and further used for studying human tendencies. Traditionally, focus on a Temporal Distance is studied by self-report measurements. In this article, we present a study on human focus on a temporal distance from their Twitter posts (English tweets). We first identify the tweet-level temporal focus by deep neural classifiers which make use of linguistic knowledge for classification. The model classifies each tweet into one of near-past, far-past, near-future or far-future. Classified tweets are then grouped by users to obtain the user-level temporal focus. Finally, we correlate the user's focus on temporal distance (near-past, far-past, near-future, and far-future) with his/her demographic (age, gender, education, and relationship status) and psychological attributes (intelligence, optimism, joy, sadness, disgust, anger, surprise, and fear). Our empirical analysis reveals that users' near-past focus is more positively correlated to their age. We also observe that users' near-future focus is correlated to joy while users' focus on far-past is associated with negative emotions like sadness, disgust, anger, and fear.

Social studies teachers are often reported as remaining reluctant to engage their students in discussions of contemporary social and political issues. It is therefore critically important to investigate instances of such discussions when they do occur. This paper, part of a larger qualitative study that included six middle and high school classrooms and 24 observed discussions, considers how students are positioned in classroom discussions of social and political issues. By thinking in terms of positions and Ellsworth's (1997) notion of “modes of address”, the authors conceptualize political discussions in terms of the delicate relations between intent and outcome, the social and personal, certainty and surprise. This paper identifies three modes through which students are invited into relation to social and political life via discussions of current topics: task-oriented participants, distanced commentators, and/or as implicated citizens.

The goal of temporal difference (TD) reinforcement learning is to maximize outcomes and improve future decision-making. It does so by utilizing a prediction error (PE), which quantifies the difference between the expected and the obtained outcome. In gambling tasks, however, decision-making cannot be improved because of the lack of learnability. On the basis of the idea that TD utilizes two independent bits of information from the PE (valence and surprise), we asked which of these aspects is affected when a task is not learnable. We contrasted behavioral data and ERPs in a learning variant and a gambling variant of a simple two-armed bandit task, in which outcome sequences were matched across tasks. Participants were explicitly informed that feedback could be used to improve performance in the learning task but not in the gambling task, and we predicted a corresponding modulation of the aspects of the PE. We used a model-based analysis of ERP data to extract the neural footprints of the valence and surprise information in the two tasks. Our results revealed that task learnability modulates reinforcement learning via the suppression of surprise processing but leaves the processing of valence unaffected. On the basis of our model and the data, we propose that task learnability can selectively suppress TD learning as well as alter behavioral adaptation based on a flexible cost–benefit arbitration.

Data stories often seek to elicit affective feelings from viewers. However, how to design affective data stories remains under-explored. In this work, we investigate one specific design factor, animation, and present Kineticharts, an animation design scheme for creating charts that express five positive affects: joy, amusement, surprise, tenderness, and excitement. These five affects were found to be frequently communicated through animation in data stories. Regarding each affect, we designed varied kinetic motions represented by bar charts, line charts, and pie charts, resulting in 60 animated charts for the five affects. We designed Kineticharts by first conducting a need-finding study with professional practitioners from data journalism and then analyzing a corpus of affective motion graphics to identify salient kinetic patterns. We evaluated Kineticharts through two user studies. The results suggest that Kineticharts can accurately convey affects, and improve the expressiveness of data stories, as well as enhance user engagement without hindering data comprehension compared to the animation design from DataClips, an authoring tool for data videos.

Emotion recognition is indispensable in human-machine interaction systems. It comprises locating facial regions of interest in images and classifying them into one of seven classes: angry, disgust, fear, happy, neutral, sad, and surprise. Despite several breakthroughs in image classification, particularly in facial expression recognition, this research area is still challenging, as sampling in the wild is a demanding task. In this study, a two-stage method is proposed for recognizing facial expressions given a sequence of images. At the first stage, all face regions are extracted in each frame, and essential information that would be helpful and related to human emotion is obtained. Then, the extracted features from the previous step are considered temporal data and are assigned to one of the seven basic emotions. In addition, a study of multi-level features is conducted in a convolutional neural network for facial expression recognition. Moreover, various network connections are introduced to improve the classification task. By combining the proposed network connections, superior results are obtained compared to state-of-the-art methods on the FER2013 dataset. Furthermore, the performance of our temporal model is better than that of the single architecture of the 2017 EmotiW challenge winner on the AFEW 7.0 dataset.

Previous research has suggested that faces and words are processed and remembered differently as reflected by different ERP patterns for the two types of stimuli. Specifically, face stimuli produced greater late positive deflections for old items in anterior compared to posterior regions, while word stimuli produced greater late positive deflections in posterior compared to anterior regions. Given that words have existing representations in subjects׳ long-term memories (LTM) and that face stimuli used in prior experiments were of unknown individuals, we conducted an ERP study that crossed face and letter stimuli with the presence or absence of a prior (stable or existing) memory representation. During encoding, subjects judged whether stimuli were known (famous face or real word) or not known (unknown person or pseudo-word). A surprise recognition memory test required subjects to distinguish between stimuli that appeared during the encoding phase and stimuli that did not. ERP results were consistent with previous research when comparing unknown faces and words; however, the late ERP pattern for famous faces was more similar to that for words than for unknown faces. This suggests that the critical ERP difference is mediated by whether there is a prior representation in LTM, and not whether the stimulus involves letters or faces.

The human brain is constantly subjected to a multi-modal stream of probabilistic sensory inputs. EEG signatures, such as the mismatch negativity (MMN) and the P3, can give valuable insight into neuronal probabilistic inference. Although reported for different modalities, mismatch responses have largely been studied in isolation, with a strong focus on the auditory MMN. To investigate the extent to which early and late mismatch responses across modalities represent comparable signatures of uni- and cross-modal probabilistic inference in the hierarchically structured cortex, we recorded EEG from 32 participants undergoing a novel tri-modal roving stimulus paradigm. The employed sequences consisted of high and low intensity stimuli in the auditory, somatosensory and visual modalities and were governed by uni-modal transition probabilities and cross-modal conditional dependencies. We found modality specific signatures of MMN (∼100-200ms) in all three modalities, which were source localized to the respective sensory cortices and shared right lateralized pre-frontal sources. Additionally, we identified a cross-modal signature of mismatch processing in the P3a time range (∼300-350ms), for which a common network with frontal dominance was found. Across modalities, the mismatch responses showed highly comparable parametric effects of stimulus train length, which were driven by standard and deviant response modulations in opposite directions. Strikingly, the P3a responses across modalities were increased for mispredicted compared to predicted and unpredictable stimuli, suggesting sensitivity to cross-modal predictive information. Finally, model comparisons indicated that the observed single trial dynamics were best captured by Bayesian learning models tracking uni-modal stimulus transitions as well as cross-modal conditional dependencies.

Assessing our confidence in the choices we make is important to making adaptive decisions, and it is thus no surprise that we excel in this ability. However, standard models of decision-making, such as the drift-diffusion model (DDM), treat confidence assessment as a post hoc or parallel process that does not directly influence the choice, which depends only on accumulated evidence. Here, we pursue the alternative hypothesis that what is monitored during a decision is an evolving sense of confidence (that the to-be-selected option is the best) rather than raw evidence. Monitoring confidence has the appealing consequence that the decision threshold corresponds to a desired level of confidence for the choice, and that confidence improvements can be traded off against the resources required to secure them. We show that most previous findings on perceptual and value-based decisions traditionally interpreted from an evidence-accumulation perspective can be explained more parsimoniously from our novel confidence-driven perspective. Furthermore, we show that our novel confidence-driven DDM (cDDM) naturally generalizes to decisions involving any number of alternative options - which is notoriously not the case with traditional DDM or related models. Finally, we discuss future empirical evidence that could be useful in adjudicating between these alternatives., Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, ISSN:1531-5320, ISSN:1069-9384

With congressional approval ratings hovering at record lows, most Americans think of policymakers as relishing jabs at their opponents, often through attack ads. Indeed, it is easy to make the argument that more and more Americans are grateful for their DVRs and the ability to fast-forward commercials. With such tactics commonplace, it may come as a surprise to find out that Senator Bernie Sanders, an independent from Vermont, has never used attack ads or television commercials in his campaigns (Nichols 2012). To interact with his constituents, Senator Sanders prefers knocking on doors and attending town hall meetings (Nichols 2012).

People experience different types of landscapes every day. The quality of these landscapes has a major effect on their psychological well-being and general satisfaction of a place. Determining the quality of landscapes is an important issue for policy makers and planners, especially when making decisions about the conservation or transformation of urban landscapes. Defining quality based on people’s perception has received significant attention from planners and decision makers as it can lead to greater public involvement and improve the reliability of the decisions. This research aimed to determine the criteria important for landscape quality assessment by using walk-and-talk interviews in two green landscapes in Newcastle upon Tyne (UK). The attributes affecting people’s choices include naturalness, locomotion, smoothness, surprise, variety, sense of place, tranquillity, rarity, legibility, safety, complexity, mystery, openness, accessibility, maintenance and management. Not all of these attributes have the same weight, as some are more influential in determining people’s preferences, however, categorizing them into primary and secondary attributes, provided a means of evaluating landscape that is less costly and time-consuming.

In this paper we will describe the meanings of surprise associated to different uses of the discourse marker mirá in Argentinian Spanish. Our aim is to contrast the subjective stances of surprise emerging in response to the different dialogic frames prompting mirative enunciations with mirá. From the Dialogic Approach to Argumentation and Polyphony, we intend to show how these stances of surprise can be explained as dialogically “caused” by the argumentative representation of: (a) a sudden discovery that brings out something new, (b) a sudden discovery related to something that contradicts a previous belief or assumption and (c) a sudden discovery of something that exceeds its ordinary magnitude or degree.

This study examines the impact of Chinese macroeconomic announcements regarding consumer price index (CPI) and producer price index (PPI) on the China Security Index 300 futures. We find that when the surprise direction of CPI news is consistent with that of PPI, the reactions of stock index futures price to CPI announcements are stronger. Considering the heterogeneity of financial institutions, both PPI and CPI announcements have a more significant impact on the price of stock index futures. Furthermore, the impact of macroeconomic news announcements on the price of stock index futures is related to investors’ trust in financial institutions. The news surprise of financial institutions with high forecast accuracy and rich forecasting experience has a more significant effect on stock index futures.

Occurrence of malignancy in the TG cyst has been rarely reported, though rare, and papillary carcinoma predominates the common type but squamous cell carcinomas, anaplastic carcinoma, and medullary have been reported rarely. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas are most commonly seen in salivary glands, and as per the available literature, there was only two cases reported in thyroglossal cyst. We are presenting a 67-year-old lady presented with a 6×8 cm hard swelling below symphysis menti with no thyromegaly and moving on protrusion of tongue, and on MRI, it was found to be thyroglossal cyst with infiltration of strap muscles. Cytological investigation revealed it to be a TG cyst malignancy. The patient underwent total thyroidectomy and radical Sistrunk’s operation. Histopathological and immunohistochemistry revealed it to be a histological examination revealed a low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma consistent with origin in a thyroglossal duct remnant it invaded the hyoid bone and adjacent strap muscles. Various diagnostic and treatment dilemmas in the treatment of TG cyst malignancy are discussed with reference to mucoepidermoid carcinoma. We are reporting an usual histological surprise in a thyroglossal cyst malignancy being the only second reported case of TG cyst mucoepidermoid carcinoma this case highlights the importance of removal of thyroglossal duct cysts at an early stage and aggressive surgical approach in high-grade tumors.

On December 11, 2018, five people were killed and 11 injured during a terrorist attack on Strasbourg's Christmas market. As the attacker was on the run during the night, part of the population was locked down for several hours. Our study aimed at assessing factors associated with the development of PTSD and health services use among the victims. Four hundred and twelve victims were followed up from 6 to 11 months after the attacks through phone calls by psychologists. The presence of probable PTSD was assessed with the Trauma Screening Questionnaire. In addition, we evaluated the type and level of exposure, and health services use after the attacks. Two hundred and twelve participants completed the phone interview. The prevalence of probable PTSD was 26.4%. Being locked down during the attack and the level of exposure were associated with probable PTSD (OR = 2.32 [1.17–4.59], p = 0.016 and OR = 1.49 [1.10–2.03], p = 0.010 respectively). Lockdown was especially associated with symptoms suggesting adrenergic hyperactivation (startle at surprise, dreams about the event). General and mental health services use was frequent among our sample (83% consulted either their GP or a mental health professional), but people living alone tend to use these health services more infrequently than these living with others. Though necessary, measures taken to protect victims, such as lockdown, may foster PTSD. Victims of terror attacks having been subjected to lockdown may have experienced powerlessness, fostering prolonged stress and fear. These victims may benefit from mental health support over the following months.

This article aims to identify the types and functions of illocutionary acts in the main character’s utterances in “I Am Not Ashamed” movie. The theory used in this article is theory of illocutionary acts proposed by Searle (1976) who classified the types of illocutionary acts into five types, there are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declaratives. The method in this article using a qualitative descriptive method. The result of this study there are 4 types of illocutionary acts such as representatives, descriptives, commissives, expressives and 36 of functions of illocutionary acts there are describing, stating, inform, assert, claim, believe, conclude, tell, agree, guess, assure, remind, urging, forbiding, ask, requesting, begging, questioning, inviting, suggesting, warning, promising, planning, offering, threatening, surprise, thank, apology, annoyed, curious, greet, disappointment, worried, like, satisfied, and praise in the main character’s utterances in “I Am Not Ashamed” movie.

This research discusses the analysis of swearing words translation in the Joker movie. The purpose of this research is to describe the type of swearing word and the procedure used in translating swearing word. This study uses qualitative methods. The research data were obtained from English subtitles to Indonesian Joker movies. To answer the research question, the researcher used the theory types of swearing word proposed by Swan M. (1995) and procedure translation proposed by Newmark (1988) The results revealed that there were 49 swearing words. There are 2 types of swearing words namely: strong and weak swearing words. For strong swear words classified to exclamation of annoyance, surprise, insult, surprise question and emphasize the emotion and the weak swear word classified to exclamation of annoyance, surprise, insult and emotion. After that, procedures translation used in translating swear words only found 5 of 15 procedure translation in Joker's subtitle, namely: cultural equivalent, synonymy, through-translation, shift or transposition, and paraphrase. The most frequently type of swearing word is emphasize an emotion from strong swear word. Furthermore, the cultural equivalent procedure is the most used in translating.

The theory of universal emotions suggests that certain emotions such as fear, anger, disgust, sadness, surprise and happiness can be encountered cross-culturally. These emotions are expressed using specific facial movements that enable human communication. More recently, theoretical and empirical models have been used to propose that universal emotions could be expressed via discretely different facial movements in different cultures due to the non-convergent social evolution that takes place in different geographical areas. This has prompted the consideration that own-culture emotional faces have distinct evolutionary important sociobiological value and can be processed automatically, and without conscious awareness. In this paper, we tested this hypothesis using backward masking. We showed, in two different experiments per country of origin, to participants in Britain, Chile, New Zealand and Singapore, backward masked own and other-culture emotional faces. We assessed detection and recognition performance, and self-reports for emotionality and familiarity. We presented thorough cross-cultural experimental evidence that when using Bayesian assessment of non-parametric receiver operating characteristics and hit-versus-miss detection and recognition response analyses, masked faces showing own cultural dialects of emotion were rated higher for emotionality and familiarity compared to other-culture emotional faces and that this effect involved conscious awareness.

Journalistic media increasingly address changing user behaviour online by implementing algorithmic recommendations on their pages. While social media extensively rely on user data for personalized recommendations, journalistic media may choose to aim to improve the user experience based on textual features such as thematic similarity. From a societal viewpoint, these recommendations should be as diverse as possible. Users, however, tend to prefer recommendations that enable “serendipity”—the perception of an item as a welcome surprise that strikes just the right balance between more similarly useful but still novel content. By conducting a representative online survey with n = 588 respondents, we investigate how users evaluate algorithmic news recommendations (recommendation satisfaction, as well as perceived novelty and unexpectedness) based on different similarity settings and how individual dispositions (news interest, civic information norm, need for cognitive closure, etc.) may affect these evaluations. The core piece of our survey is a self-programmed recommendation system that accesses a database of vectorized news articles. Respondents search for a personally relevant keyword and select a suitable article, after which another article is recommended automatically, at random, using one of three similarity settings. Our findings show that users prefer recommendations of the most similar articles, which are at the same time perceived as novel, but not necessarily unexpected. However, user evaluations will differ depending on personal characteristics such as formal education, the civic information norm, and the need for cognitive closure.

The paper analyses the frequency and use of the relatively rare, yet highly productive into-causative construction in twenty varieties of English on the basis of the 1.9-billion word Corpus of Web-based Global English (GloWbE; Davies 2013)1 and Schneider’s (2007) Dynamic Model. It hypothesises differences in frequency, variation in the preference for particularly frequent fillers as well as productivity differences in line with Schneider’s stages of linguistic evolution. However, it shows that only frequency differences reflect the Dynamic Model; with regard to the preference for frequent realisations and productivity, postcolonial varieties turn out to be very similar to British English. These results come as a surprise against the background of similar studies of the way-construction, where all of these effects have been documented convincingly. It is argued that the properties of into-causatives themselves (e.g. their idiomatic and semantic simplicity) might contribute to their more native-like usage patterns in postcolonial varieties of English.

The aim of this article was to investigate students’ attitudes towards reading in Polish and English. Two self-constructed questionnaires were administered to 48 ESL (English as a second language) pupils (26 boys, 22 girls) of primary school. The first questionnaire consisted of 15 questions about various attitudes, problems and opinions on reading books. The content of the survey’s questions also raised issues related to reading in Polish and English, and emotions connected to reading. The second questionnaire consisted of 5 follow-up questions. The results indicate that pupils simply like reading for pleasure and reading makes them feel good. However, they do not fancy long and difficult words. They enjoy adventure books and stories about animals. Pupils like adults reading books to them. However, there is a significant diffrence between boys and girls – boys like when adults read to them, girls – do not. They prefer reading by themselves. Reading to children evokes in a classroom a nice and friendly atmosphere, combined with an effect of surprise. The children react positively to a teacher, listen to them with interest and get involved in a lesson by repeating the text that has been read to them. When it comes to reading in English students confirmed that they read books in that language. The pupils enjoyed the lessons where the teacher read English books to them.

In May 1994, while working in marketing for BASF Pharmaceuticals in Germany, I was prescribed a product called Sinupret® for chronic sinusitis by my family physician. The product was behind the counter in the local pharmacy and was reimbursed by my health insurance. After some months, my sinusitis was gone and I was intrigued about the product, its regulation and most particularly the research behind it. In reading the Sinupret® packet I discovered to my surprise that it was a herbal medicine. Convinced, with my pharma background, that there would be little evidence for such a product I asked our medical information department to conduct a literature review of all clinical trials for herbal medicines in all languages. A week later I received 4 thick lever arch files of abstracts of tens of thousands of clinical trials on hundreds of products. This delivery changed my life!

Objective: To analyze the Winter Youth Olympic Games (YOG) 2020 athletes' understanding and perceptions of harassment and abuse in sport and their knowledge of reporting mechanisms. Design: A cohort study. Setting: The Winter YOG2020 in Lausanne, Switzerland. Participants: Accredited athletes at the YOG2020. Intervention: An athlete safeguarding educational program was delivered at the YOG2020. Participating athletes were encouraged to answer a survey embedded in the safeguarding educational materials during the YOG. Main Outcome Measures: Perception of occurrence of harassment and abuse as well as knowledge of the term "safe sport" and reporting mechanisms. Results: The survey response rate of athletes attending the Safe Sport Booth was 69%. When asked to define Safe Sport, 10% of athletes at the YOG2020 correctly identified a sport environment free from harassment and abuse, 20% identified fair play/antidoping, and 19% safety. When presented with the definition of harassment and abuse, 30.4% expressed surprise, in contrast to 46% in the summer YOG2018. A third (32%) reported that harassment and abuse was either "likely" or "very likely" present in their sport, which was similar to the YOG2018 (34%). The group of athletes not knowing where to go to report harassment and abuse was greater than in the YOG2018 (26% vs 11%). There were no differences in responses between competitive sex (boys' vs girls' events) or type of sport (team vs individual). Conclusions: Outcomes of this study, such as the development of youth-friendly terminology and emphasizing mechanisms for reporting of harassment and abuse, should inform the development of safeguarding educational materials for youth athletes.

We study the announcement effects of the ECB’s asset purchase programme (APP) on core and peripheral euro area equity indices and sectors, using a data set for June 2014 – March 2018. Using an event study with a one-day window, our results show that those effects are statistically relevant and have the expected direction. A simultaneous one-standard deviation change in both policy surprise measures, which we considered, translates into a higher return of close to +1% on average, when surprises are more expansionary than expected. Comparatively, when surprises are more contractionary than expected, the returns are lower by less than −0.5% on average. This asymmetric reaction to policy surprises is statistically significant, and we confirm previous findings about the non-linearity of asset price responses. We are, to the best of our knowledge, the first to empirically identify and quantify the impact of two simultaneous but different quantitative easing (QE) factors: one that is related to overall stimulus and the other one that may differentially affect equity markets. Finally, we conclude that effects of the ECB’s APP are mostly derived from the latter QE factor—a ‘save the euro’ QE factor.

We investigate competition in a delegation framework, with a coarsely informed principal. Two imperfectly informed and biased experts simultaneously propose action choices. A principal with a diffuse prior, and only being able to ordinally compare the two proposals, has to choose one of them. The selected expert might receive a bonus payment. We show that having a second expert benefits the principal, even if the two experts have the same biases and the bonus of the winner is zero. In contrast with other models of expertise, in our setting the principal prefers experts with equal rather than opposite biases. Increasing the bonus brings experts closer to truthful reporting, but this only benefits the principal up to a threshold level, with further increases in the bonus strictly decreasing her payoffs. A methodological contribution of our paper is characterizing restrictions on the set of strategies which allows a formal generalization of ex ante expected payoffs to games with diffuse prior.

This article explores the social and relational aspects of surprise: a reaction to the sudden discovery of unexpected knowledge. Drawing on the micro-sociological perspectives of phenomenology, dramaturgy and symbolic interactionism, I present a five-stage trajectory of this social emotion, charting its emergence, feeling, meaning, responses and function. Surprise emerges from situated encounters when an unexpected incident causes a break in the script. This evokes a subjective experience of flustering and dual consciousness, which separates the actor from their role. The signified meanings of surprise include shifts of biographical identity, changes in power and status, and concerns about the exposure of epistemological naivety. Actors perform expressive gestures of surprise in line with cultural feeling and display rules, using dramaturgical techniques of impression management; these include dramatic realisation and verbal response cries. Team-mates cooperatively enact reparative interaction rituals, such as apologies, token exchange and feigned non-reaction, which restore the normal appearance of a scene. Surprise therefore has the paradoxical quality of being disruptively cohesive. While its immediate expression marks a momentary disturbance, it ultimately functions to maintain interaction order.

Current understanding of species capacities to respond to climate change is limited by the amount of information available about intraspecific variation in the responses. Therefore, we quantified between- and within- population variation in larval performance (survival, development, and growth to metamorphosis) of the shore crabCarcinus maenasin response to key environmental drivers (temperature, salinity) in 2 populations from regions with contrasting salinities (32-33 PSU: Helgoland, North Sea; 16-20 PSU: Kerteminde, Baltic Sea). We also accounted for the effect(s) of salinity experienced during embryogenesis, which differs between populations. We found contrasting patterns between populations and embryonic salinity conditions. In the Helgoland population, we observed a strong thermal mitigation of low salinity stress (TMLS) for all performance indicators, when embryos were kept in seawater. The negative effects of low salinity on survival were mitigated at increased temperatures; only at high temperatures were larvae exposed to low salinity able to sustain high growth rates and reduced developmental time, thereby metamorphosing with comparable levels of carbon and nitrogen to those reared in seawater. By contrast, larvae from the Kerteminde population showed a detrimental effect of low salinity, consistent with a maladaptive response and a weak TMLS. Low salinity experienced during embryogenesis pre-empted the development of TMLS in both populations, and reduced survival for the Kerteminde population, which is exposed to low salinity. Our study emphasises the importance of evaluating species responses to variation in temperature and salinity across populations; the existence of maladaptive responses and the importance of the maternal habitat should not be underestimated.

We examined behavioral and electrophysiological indices of self-referential and valence processing during a Self-Referential Encoding Task in 9- to 12-year-old children, followed by surprise memory tasks for self- and other-referential trait adjectives. Participants endorsed more positive than negative self-referential information but equally endorsed positive and negative information about the other character. Children demonstrated enhanced parietal LPP amplitudes in response to self- compared to other-referential trait adjectives. Positive and negative information was differentially remembered depending on the order of the referent cues presented, suggesting that social information undergoes differential consolidation processes depending on the referent and the order of presentation.

Purpose This paper aims to examine the effects of a general service recovery effort in consumers who were not victims of the service failure. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a 2 × 2 between-subjects design comparing a service failure announcement with apology and an anniversary event announcement, either with a 15% discount or no discount on purchase intentions. Findings A service recovery effort involving an apology and 15% discount leads to higher purchase intention in consumers who were not victims of the service failure in comparison to a control. The unexpected apology generates surprise, which amplifies the effect of the discount, leading to higher purchase intention. Practical implications The results of this study suggest that apologizing and offering a discount for a minor service failure can have positive effects on consumers who were not victims of the service failure. Thus, if a company is unsure which consumers have been affected by a service failure, this study shows that issuing a general apology for the failure does not have negative effects in unaffected consumers. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, this paper is the first to examine the effects of a service recovery effort in consumers who were not victims of the service failure and the first to find evidence of a service recovery paradox in unaffected consumers.

An invitation to write a thought piece is an opportunity to reflect on one's early career, when events and choices shaped what we became. Because I teach at a university, I wrote a narrative for those thinking of becoming an ocean scientist, and are now encountering the research literature. It is a chronicle of episodes, each a discovery or surprising event and what I learned. It moves from early memories of the natural world to first attempts at science. A near-fatal surprise led to a course in environmental policy, to a commitment to public good science, and to learning benthic ecology in Woods Hole. Failure at publishing an original finding from a thesis spurred me to self-directed practice in writing scientific prose. Skill at running statistical analyses resulted in a post-doc on a topic where I had no other expertise. Publication success led to a second post-doc and a faculty position in Canada, where I funded three decades of student-oriented research, taught statistics, and wrote a book on ecological scaling from the point of view of an oceanographer. Teaching statistics came with surprises, which I list as further food for thought.

Scholars and journalists have devoted considerable attention to understanding the circumstances in which Americans receive surprise medical bills. Previous research on this issue has focused on the scope of the problem, including the conditions that are most likely to lead to surprise bills. However, the existing literature has almost exclusively relied on claims data, limiting our understanding of consumer experiences and attitudes toward policy changes to address surprise billing. Using a survey administered to a nationally representative sample of 4998 Americans, we analyze consumer experiences with surprise billing, knowledge of the issue, how concerned Americans are about receiving surprise bills and how past experiences influence policy preferences toward federal action on surprise billing. Our analysis demonstrates that knowledge and concern about surprise billing are the highest among the educated and those who have previously received a surprise bill. These factors also predict support for federal policy action, with high levels of support for federal policy action across the population, including among both liberals and conservatives. However, more detailed federal policy proposals receive significantly less support among Americans, suggesting that stand-alone policy action may not be viable. Our results show bipartisan support among American consumers for federal action on surprise billing in the abstract but no consistent views on specific policy proposals.

Zwycięstwo Donalda Trumpa w wyborach prezydenckich w 2016 r. zaskoczyło wielu komentatorów – wygrał bowiem polityk pod wieloma względami odznaczający się na tle konkurentów politycznych, kontrowersyjny i niewątpliwie nieortodoksyjny. Zmiana jakościowa – bez względu na to, czy oceniana jest pozytywnie, czy negatywnie – objęła m.in. takie aspekty jak instrumentarium marketingu politycznego oraz sposób mówienia przez kandydata o wartościach, różnicach partyjnych i podziałach społecznych. Ta nowa retoryka została przeniesiona na praktykę codziennego wypełniania obowiązków przez Prezydenta, znajdując wyraz m.in. w szeroko komentowanych, dorocznych orędziach do Kongresu, znanych najszerzej jako State of the Union Addresses. Chcąc dokonać przynajmniej częściowego opisu specyfiki perswazji Trumpa i prześledzić jej ewolucję, autorzy prezentują ogólne tło tego rodzaju wystąpień oraz analizują dwa wybrane przemówienia – pierwsze, z roku 2017, oraz ostatnie, z roku 2020. Na podstawie tego badania stawiają wniosek, że Trump nie zerwał całkowicie z tradycją orędzi prezydenckich i nie odrzucił narzędzi już wcześniej używanych; nie przeniósł ich jednak również bezpośrednio na swoje wystąpienia, zamiast tego dokonując reinterpretacji w ramach własnego, unikalnego stylu.

Apart from the economic impact of the online gambling industry, the social, public order and health-related consequences of the industry merit analysis to inform appropriate action, regulatory or otherwise. The omnipresence of ICTs, the inability to use technologies properly, along with the growth of online gambling channels, have acted simultaneously as a catalyst for the spread of pathological and problematic gambling. In this context, social networks have become a highly effective platform to instil positive attitudes towards the products of gambling operators. This work uses the Natural Language Processing based web application “GPLSI Social Analytics” to track, in real time, the conversations generated on Twitter about the Spanish domain accounts of the main online sports gambling operators. The findings indicate that most of the messages about these operators are positive and surprise is the predominant emotion associated with them. The notion of responsible online gambling barely receives a mention in the conversations analysed. Given the role of new technologies as access facilitators and potential enhancers of addictive behaviours, it is necessary to adopt measures directed at social networks that guarantee the coexistence of the right to freedom of expression with the protection of the most vulnerable populations. This research work has been partially funded by Generalitat Valenciana through project “SIIA: Tecnologías del lenguaje humano para una sociedad inclusiva, igualitaria, y accessible” with grant reference PROMETEU/2018/089, by the Spanish Government through project RTI2018-094653-B-C22: “Modelang: Modeling the behavior of digital entities by Human Language Technologies'', as well as being partially supported by a grant from the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) and the LIVINGLANG project (RTI2018-094653-B-C21) from the Spanish Government. Additionally, it has been backed by the work of both COST Actions: CA19134 – “Distributed Knowledge Graphs” and CA19142 – “Leading Platform for European Citizens, Industries, Academia and Policymakers in Media Accessibility”.

The Surprise Valley landslide complex is the name used here for a group of prominent river-damming landslides in Grand Canyon (Arizona, USA) that has shifted the path of the Colorado River several times in the past 2 m.y. We document a sequence of eight landslides. Three are Toreva-block landslides containing back-rotated but only mildly disrupted bedrock stratigraphy. The largest of these landslides, Surprise Valley landslide, is hypothesized to have dammed the Colorado River, cut off a meander loop through Surprise Valley, and rerouted the river 2.5 km south to near its present course at the Granite Narrows. Another bedrock landslide, Poncho's runup, involved a mass detachment from the north side of the river that drove a kilometer-scale bedrock slab across the river and up the south canyon wall to a height of 823 m above the river. A lake behind this landslide is inferred from the presence of mainstem gravels atop the slide that represent the approximate spillway elevation. We postulate that this landslide lake facilitated the upriver 133 Mile slide detachment and Toreva block formation. The other five landslides are subsequent slides that consist of debris from the primary slides; these also partially blocked and diverted the Colorado River as well as the Deer Creek and Tapeats Creek tributaries into new bedrock gorges over the past 1 m.y. The sequence of landslides is reconstructed from inset relationships revealed by geologic mapping and restored cross-sections. Relative ages are estimated by measuring landslide base height above the modern river level in locations where landslides filled paleochannels of the Colorado River and its tributaries. We calculate an average bedrock incision rate of 138 m/m.y. as determined by a 0.674 ± 0.022 Ma detrital sanidine maximum depositional age of the paleoriver channel fill of the Piano slide, which has its base 70 m above the river level and ∼93 m above bedrock level beneath the modern river channel. This date is within error of, and significantly refines, the prior cosmogenic burial date of 0.88 ± 0.44 Ma on paleochannel cobbles. Assuming steady incision at 138 m/m.y., the age of Surprise Valley landslide is estimated to be ca. 2.1 Ma; Poncho's runup is estimated to be ca. 610 ka; and diversion of Deer Creek to form modern Deer Creek Falls is estimated to be ca. 400 ka. The age of the most recent slide, Backeddy slide, is estimated to be ca. 170 ka based on its near-river-level position. Our proposed triggering mechanism for Surprise Valley landslides involves groundwater saturation of a failure plane in the weak Bright Angel Formation resulting from large volumes of Grand Canyon north-rim groundwater recharge prior to establishment of the modern Deer, Thunder, and Tapeats springs. Poncho's and Piano landslides may have been triggered by shale saturation caused by 600–650 ka lava dams that formed 45 river miles (73 river km; river miles are measured along the Colorado River downstream from Lees Ferry, with 1 river mile = 1.62 river kms) downstream near Lava Falls. We cannot rule out effects from seismic triggering along the nearby Sinyala fault. Each of the inferred landslide dams was quickly overtopped (tens of years), filled with sediment (hundreds of years), and removed (thousands of years) by the Colorado River, as is also the potential fate of modern dams.

This contribution analyses the argumentative premises underlying applied linguistic research conducted in the area of English-medium instruction. Applied linguistics not only studies language as it is used in the real world but is widely understood as an approach through which real-world problems in matters of language can be solved. It comes as no surprise, therefore, that applied linguistics is commonly used as a diagnostic perspective in English-medium instruction (EMI) research where it aims to provide insight into issues in need of fixing or improvement. Such studies are not conducted in an argumentative vacuum: they are embedded in a background process of policymaking, debate and discussion by stakeholders and policymakers who are involved in the introduction of English as an international language in higher education. This paper aims to highlight the argumentative backdrop against which applied linguistic research into EMI is construed and legitimised. Analysing conference abstracts in the field of EMI, the paper seeks to draw attention to everyday logic and beliefs applied linguists engage in when submitting paper proposals for conferences. It calls for a critical applied linguistic research agenda which foregrounds the potential ideological effects everyday conceptualisations of language have on EMI research and, ultimately, on EMI policymaking.

The Coronavirus pandemic has taken the world by surprise in its ability to change the way everything functions today. It has severely impacted the health, both mental as well as physical, of citize...

Janine Puget apre l'intervista ricordando uno dei suoi maestri, Enrique Pichon-Rivière, e i suoi primi approcci al gruppo, esperienze che poi l'hanno portata a definire i concetti di "configurazione" e "situazione" e a ripensare il transfert e il controtransfert. Per la Puget è fondamentale riconoscere la realtà dell'analista come soggetto nella relazione e non ridurlo a solo quello che il paziente pensa di lui. Fondamentale nell'incontro è la capacità di sorprendersi, accettare che il confronto con l'altro porta sempre a qualcosa di nuovo, che obbliga al contempo a fare i conti con le differenze e le mancanze. Si parla delle nuove modalità di comunicazione dettate dalla tecnologia e dal linguaggio usato dai giovani, che ci obbligano a lasciare le nostre convinzioni tradizionali e utilizzare un idioma originale per incontrare l'altro. La Puget enfatizza molto l'importanza del conflitto non come soluzione, ma come energia che ci mantiene vivi e dinamici, perché la vita è conflitto.

Periodic inspections, in which firms are punished for detected violations, are a popular means of enforcing environmental, health, and safety regulations. The effectiveness of these programs typically hinges on the timing of inspections being unannounced and difficult to anticipate, lest firms comply only when they believe inspections are likely. In Las Vegas, Nevada, many facilities—e.g., casinos, hotels, and shopping malls—house multiple food-service establishments, several of which are often inspected during the same inspector visit. Within such visits, all but the first establishment inspected likely anticipate their next inspection to a meaningful extent. Using data which record inspection starting times and span more than six years, I find that establishments in such facilities perform significantly and substantially worse when they receive the first inspection of a visit. Relative to their own performances on days when inspected later than first, establishments are assessed 21% more demerits and cited for 31% more critical violations in these surprise inspections.