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Abstract: COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2 and leads to acute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and extrapulmonary manifestations in severely affected cases. However, most of the affected cases are mild or asymptomatic. Cannabinoids (CBs) such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), which act on G-protein-coupled receptors called CB1 and CB2, have anti-inflammatory effects. Many published studies show that CBs are effective in various inflammatory disorders, viral infections, and attenuation of ALI and ARDS. Therefore, the present narrative review aimed to summarize the possible immunological role of CBs in COVID-19. The effects of CBs are controversial, although they have beneficial effects via CB2 receptors and adverse effects via CB1 receptors against ALI, ARDS, and hyperinflammation, which are hallmarks of COVID-19. The present narrative review has shown that CBs effectively manage ALI and ARDS by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are common in COVID-19. Therefore, CBs may be used to manage COVID-19 because of their potent anti-inflammatory effects, suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting inflammatory signaling pathways.

Aims: This study documented hepatic tissue's protective activity against oxidative damage mediated experimental models of breast cancer. Background: Gaviola has a long history of improving the protection mechanism against many diseases as an antioxidant and anticancer dietary agent. Objective: The purpose of this study is to establish changes in hepatic profiling, antioxidants, inflammatory cytokine expression, and DMBA-induced hepatic histopathology of mammalian rats. Method: 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene (DMBA), PAHs, used orally in female Sprague Dawley rats Fifty-seven days-old with breast cancer single-dose diluted in sesame oil of 20 mg/kg/body weight. The cancer-bearing animals had 45 days gastrogavagated at 200 mg/kg/body weight with Graviola. The serum samples were taken at the end of the experiment. The rats were sacrificed to establish the hepatic protective activity of the Graviola by testing hepatic and oxidative stress markers. Result: Graviola therapy shows that enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and lipid peroxide levels have increased efficiency and have restored the high activity of hepatic marker enzymes such as ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT. To date, hepatic expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (Nfe2l2) and nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 (Nfkb1) mediated rats have normalized. In addition, histological observations have demonstrated that Graviola's treatment effectively protects the liver from the oxidative damage caused by DMBA, reinforcing its hepatic defensive nature. Conclusion: Graviola therapy improves the efficiency of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and lipid peroxide levels. It also helps in the restoration of other liver enzymes.

Correction to Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 7: 627-47. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Aug;7(8):704. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00210-2. PMID: 35809605. Background: Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Given the recent increasing trends in colorectal cancer incidence globally, up-to-date information on the colorectal cancer burden could guide screening, early detection, and treatment strategies, and help effectively allocate resources. We examined the temporal patterns of the global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors in 204 countries and territories across the past three decades. Methods: Estimates of incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for colorectal cancer were generated as a part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 by age, sex, and geographical location for the period 1990-2019. Mortality estimates were produced using the cause of death ensemble model. We also calculated DALYs attributable to risk factors that had evidence of causation with colorectal cancer. Findings: Globally, between 1990 and 2019, colorectal cancer incident cases more than doubled, from 842 098 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 810 408-868 574) to 2·17 million (2·00-2·34), and deaths increased from 518 126 (493 682-537 877) to 1·09 million (1·02-1·15). The global age-standardised incidence rate increased from 22·2 (95% UI 21·3-23·0) per 100 000 to 26·7 (24·6-28·9) per 100 000, whereas the age-standardised mortality rate decreased from 14·3 (13·5-14·9) per 100 000 to 13·7 (12·6-14·5) per 100 000 and the age-standardised DALY rate decreased from 308·5 (294·7-320·7) per 100 000 to 295·5 (275·2-313·0) per 100 000 from 1990 through 2019. Taiwan (province of China; 62·0 [48·9-80·0] per 100 000), Monaco (60·7 [48·5-73·6] per 100 000), and Andorra (56·6 [42·8-71·9] per 100 000) had the highest age-standardised incidence rates, while Greenland (31·4 [26·0-37·1] per 100 000), Brunei (30·3 [26·6-34·1] per 100 000), and Hungary (28·6 [23·6-34·0] per 100 000) had the highest age-standardised mortality rates. From 1990 through 2019, a substantial rise in incidence rates was observed in younger adults (age

Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a primary respiratory disease with an alarming impact worldwide. COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and presents various neurological symptoms, including seizures. SARS-CoV-2 shows neuroinvasive and neurotropic capabilities through a neuronal angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is also highly expressed in both neuronal and glial cells. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 can trigger neuroinflammation and neuronal hyperexcitability, increasing the risk of seizures. Olfactory neurons could be an exceptional neuronal pathway for the neuroinvasion of respiratory viruses to access the central nervous system (CNS) from the nasal cavity, leading to neuronal injury and neuroinflammation. Although neuronal ACE2 has been widely studied, other receptors for SARS-CoV-2 in the brain have been proposed to mediate viral-neuronal interactions with subsequent neurological squeals. Thus, the objective of the present critical review was to find the association and mechanistic insight between COVID-19 and the risk of seizures.

Introduction: The purpose of this systematic review was to reach a general conclusion regarding the effects of Lamiaceae plants on hirsutism by performing a meta-analysis of the clinical trials. Method: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched and selected from the results of clinical studies to evaluate the effect of Lamiaceae plants on hirsutism. Result: Three clinical studies were selected for meta-analysis. In the performed meta-analysis, changes in androgenic hormones levels were non-significant for total testosterone (TT) (SMD = -0.03; 95% CI [-0.68, 0.08]; P= 0.12) and significant for free testosterone (FT) (SMD = -0.85; 95% CI [- 1.45, -0.25]; P= 0.005). On the other hand, FSH level did not reduce (SMD = -0.39; 95% CI [-1.83, 1.06]; P= 0.60), while LH showed a marginally significant increase (SMD = 0.37; 95% CI [-0.007, 0.75]; P= 0.055). Ferriman – Gallway score did not show a remarkable change based on the metaanalysis of two studies (SMD = 0.89; 95% CI [-0.73, 2.51]; P= 0.28). Conclusion: The results showed that the Lamiaceae family can reduce serum levels of some hormones and signs of hirsutism. However, they do not change signs of hirsutism.

Abstract: COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has afflicted more than 245.37 million individuals worldwide and resulted in more than 4.9 million deaths as of today, with a mortality rate of 2.1%. Diabetes mellitus (DM) and its secondary complications are the major serious global health concerns today due to its growth rate, and it is the fastest-growing non-communicable disease. According to International Diabetes Federation (IDF) data, one out of 11 adults is diabetic, and the projection says that the figure will reach 642 million by 2040 globally. The occurrence of DM and its secondary complications is also associated with the severity of COVID-19 and high mortality. People with DM have a weakened immune system owing to innate immunity defects affecting phagocytosis, neutrophil chemotaxis, and cellmediated immunity; however, the high prevalence of diabetes in serious cases of COVID-19 may reflect the higher prevalence of type 2 DM (T2DM) in older people. Moreover, DM is linked to cardiovascular illness in older people, which could underlie the correlation between COVID-19 and fatal outcomes. SARS-CoV-2 infects via the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is found in pancreatic islets, and infection with SARS-CoV-1 has been linked to hyperglycemia in individuals who do not have DM. And hence diabetic patients need to take more precautions and maintain their blood glucose levels. Many pieces of research say that COVID-19 and DM, especially its secondary complications are interlinked. But it also needs more elaborative evidence on whether the anti-diabetic drugs can manage only blood glucose or SARS-CoV-2.

Background: The lack of anti-COVID-19 treatment to date warrants urgent research into potential therapeutic targets. Virtual drug screening techniques enable the identification of novel compounds that target the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Main Protease (Mpro). Objective: The binding of the halogenated compounds to Mpro may inhibit the replication and transcription of SARS-CoV-2 and, ultimately, stop the viral life cycle. In times of dire need for anti- COVID-19 treatment, this study lays the groundwork for further experimental research to investigate these compounds' efficacy and potential medical uses to treat COVID-19. Method: New heterocyclic compounds were synthesized through the first reaction of cyclohexane- 1, 3-dione (1a) or dimedone (1b) with trichloroacetonitrile (2) to give the 2,2,2-trichloroethylidene) cyclohexane-1,3-dione derivatives 3a and 3b, respectively. The latter compounds underwent a series of heterocyclization reactions to produce biologically active compounds. Results: Novel compounds, including fused thiophene, pyrimidine and pyran derivatives, were synthesized and tested against human RNA N7-MTase (hRNMT) and selected viral N7-MTases such as SARS-CoV nsp14 and Vaccinia D1-D12 complex to evaluate their specificity and their molecular modeling was also studied in the aim of producing anti-covid-19 target molecules. Conclusion: The results showed that compounds 10a, 10b, 10c, 10e, 10f, 10g and 10h showed high % inhibitions against SARs-Covnsp 14. Whereas compounds 5a, 7a, 8b, 10a, 10b, 10c and 10i showed high inhibitions against hRNMT. This study explored the binding affinity of twenty-two halogenated compounds to the SARS-CoV-2 MPro and discovered fifteen compounds with higher binding affinity than Nelfinavir, of which three showed remarkable results. c-Met kinase inhibitions of 10a, 10f, 10g and 10h showed that all compounds exhibited higher inhibitions than the reference Foretinib.

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear is a common medical condition that entails a stretch or sprain of the ACL, which is present in the knee joint. The incidence of ACL injury in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is estimated to be 31.4%. Prevention training programs (PTPs) can be used to reduce ACL injuries sustained during physical activity, as they primarily focus on improving strength, balance, and lower limb biomechanics and reducing landing impact. This study aimed to assess Saudi athletes’ awareness of ACL injury PTPs. Methods: A cross-sectional survey in the form of a self-administered questionnaire in the Arabic language was carried out from 22 December 2022 to 7 March 2023 and included 1169 Saudi athletes. Statistical analyses were performed on the collected data using frequency and percentages. Binary logistic regression was used for the adjusted analysis and determining associations between athletes playing high- and low-risk sports. Results: Overall, 52% of participants were female athletes, and 48% were male athletes. The western region of the country had the highest response rate (28.9%). The most common sport played was football at 36.6%. Most participants (70.97%) reported that their information on ACL injury was taken by their coaches. When assessing whether participants were familiar with the concept of an ACL injury PTP, the majority of the participants answered no, representing 971 (662 high-risk, 309 low-risk), compared to those who answered yes, representing only 198 (167 high-risk, 31 low-risk), with a statistically significant difference (adjusted OR: 2.106; 95% confidence interval: 1.544–2.873; p-value < 0.001). Conclusion: In general, the level of awareness of ACL injury PTPs among Saudi athletes was poor.

Introduction: Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor in children, most often occurring in the lower extremity of the femur, and is known to be particularly aggressive, with a high risk of metastasis. The most frequent secondary localizations are pulmonary and bone metastases; peritoneal metastases are extremely rare and have a poor prognosis. Case Report: We report the case of a 14-year-old child with a history of a treated right femoral osteosarcoma, which presented with peritoneal and pulmonary metastases. Conclusion: Imaging plays a very important role in the management of patients with osteosarcoma, it allows an early detection of metastases through a rigorous clinicoradiological surveillance, metastases usually have the same radiological appearance as the primary tumor and the diagnosis of certainty is essentially based on anatomopathological study.

Today, aging of the population is considered one of the most fundamental challenges worldwide. One of the important factors in active aging is paying attention to psychological variables and related factors. This study was conducted aimed to determine the relationship between self-esteem and subjective vitality of the older people in Iran, Sirjan in 2020. In this descriptiveanalytical study, 200 older people aged 60 years and older were selected from comprehensive health centers in Sirjan by a two-stage random sampling method. The data were collected using the validated Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and validated Subjective Vitality Scale. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20 using descriptive and inferential statistics, including the Mann—Whitney test, Kruskal—Wallis test, Post Hoc tests, and Spearman correlation coeffi cient. The mean age of the older people was 65,66±3,9 years. The the mean and standard deviation of self-esteem score was 36,34±4,62 and 21,80±2,85 for subjective vitality score. There was a positive and signifi cant correlation between self-esteem and subjective vitality R=0,58 (p Сегодня старение населения считается одной из самых фундаментальных проблем во всем мире. Одним из важных факторов активного старения является внимание к психологическим переменным и связанным с ними факторам. Это исследование было проведено для выявления взаимосвязи самооценки и субъективной жизнеспособности у пожилых людей в Сирджане (Иран) в 2020 г. Для этого описательноаналитического исследования были отобраны 200 пожилых людей 60 лет и старше из комплексных медицинских центров в Сирджане методом двухэтапной случайной выборки. Данные были собраны с использованием утвержденной шкалы самооценки Розенберга и утвержденной шкалы субъективной жизнеспособности. Данные были проанализированы с использованием программного обеспечения SPSS версии 20 с использованием описательной и логической статистики, включая критерий Манна— Уитни, критерий Крускала—Уоллиса, тесты Post Hoc и коэффициент корреляции Спирмена. Средний возраст пожилых людей составил 65,66±3,9 года. Среднее значение и стандартное отклонение самооценки составили 36,34±4,62 и 21,80±2,85 балла субъективной жизнеспособности. Выявлена положительная и достоверная корреляция самооценки и субъективной жизнеспособности R=0,58 (p

The thermal resistances (R-values) of airspaces depends on the emittance of all surfaces around an airspace, dimensions, heat-flow direction, and the temperatures of the bounding surfaces. Assessing the energy performance of building envelope components and fenestration systems requires accurate results for the R-values of any enclosed spaces. The evaluation of reflective insulation R-values has evolved to include use of computational fluid dynamics and surface-to-surface radiation to quantify convective and radiative contributions to the heat transfer across airspaces of all types. This paper compares an advanced and validated model for calculating enclosed airspace R-values with the widely-used ISO 6946 and airspace R-values in the ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals. The impact of construction and installation defects on the thermal performance of reflective insulation has not been previously evaluated. In this research, an advanced model was used to evaluate a construction defect and dimensional aspect ratios that one-dimensional methods do not address. Imperfect installation and defects that result in air movement into or through a reflective insulation assembly reduces the thermal resistance of the assembly. Additionally, the amount of thermal resistance reduction depends on the amount and temperature of invasive air or the size of internal defects that allows natural convection inside the reflective airspace. In this study, these performance issues are evaluated quantitatively using computer simulation techniques. The differences in results obtained using methods that are currently being used to evaluate the R-value and the advantages of the advanced method for evaluating the reflective insulation performance for different applications are discussed. For the case considered in this study, the results showed that the failure to achieve parallel surfaces results in less than a 5% decrease in thermal resistance. Also, the results showed that internal air gaps between airspaces result in negligible loss in R-value unless air gaps that allow circulation between airspaces are created.

Intending to provide efficient and compact wastewater remediation, the present work is exploiting and introducing a novel composite prepared from porous starch aerogel (PSA) and organically modified Ca-montmorillonite (OMMT) for the removal of dyes from aqueous samples. First, potato starch components were used as a hydrolysis precursor to obtain PSA. The organoclay samples were prepared by co-intercalation of octadecylamine (ODA) into Ca-MMT using a low-temperature melting procedure. Composites with different starch-to-organoclay ratios of 10:1, 1:1, and 1:10 were then prepared by a blending process in distilled water and used for methyl orange (MO) uptake. The removal of methyl orange dyes increased with the amount of organoclay in the PSA matrix. Characterization revealed that organoclay synergy improved the PSA surface chemistry, while an important improvement in textural properties and thermal stability was also observed. The composite’s efficiency was demonstrated by high removal capabilities towards MO in most experimental runs, with a maximum adsorption capacity beyond 344.7 mg/g. The fitting result showed that MO adsorption follows a monolayer adsorption model, and chemisorption was the rate-controlling step. Nonetheless, this study proved the great potential of PSA/OMMT in dyeing wastewater treatment. Furthermore, starch modification is proven as an effective approach to enhancing the performance of starch-derived adsorbents.

With the growth and globalization of IC design and development, there is an increase in the number of Designers and Design houses. As setting up a fabrication facility may easily cost upwards of $20 billion, costs for advanced nodes may be even greater. IC design houses that cannot produce their chips in-house have no option but to use external foundries that are often in other countries. Establishing trust with these external foundries can be a challenge, and these foundries are assumed to be untrusted. The use of these untrusted foundries in the global semiconductor supply chain has raised concerns about the security of the fabricated ICs targeted for sensitive applications. One of these security threats is the adversarial infestation of fabricated ICs with a Hardware Trojan (HT) . An HT can be broadly described as a malicious modification to a circuit to control, modify, disable, or monitor its logic. Conventional VLSI manufacturing tests and verification methods fail to detect HT due to the different and un-modeled nature of these malicious modifications. Current state-of-the-art HT detection methods utilize statistical analysis of various side-channel information collected from ICs, such as power analysis, power supply transient analysis, regional supply current analysis, temperature analysis, wireless transmission power analysis, and delay analysis. To detect HTs, most methods require a Trojan-free reference golden IC. A signature from these golden ICs is extracted and used to detect ICs with HTs. However, access to a golden IC is not always feasible. Thus, a mechanism for HT detection is sought that does not require the golden IC. Machine Learning (ML) approaches have emerged to be extremely useful in helping eliminate the need for a golden IC. Recent works on utilizing ML for HT detection have been shown to be promising in achieving this goal. Thus, in this tutorial, we will explain utilizing ML as a solution to the challenge of HT detection. Additionally, we will describe the Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tool flow for automating ML-assisted HT detection. Moreover, to further discuss the benefits of ML-assisted HT detection solutions, we will demonstrate a Neural Network (NN) -assisted timing profiling method for HT detection. Finally, we will discuss the shortcomings and open challenges of ML-assisted HT detection methods.

Trypanosomiasis is an important but neglected tropical diseases which continues to cause morbidity and mortality on a large scale in sub-Saharan Africa. In the present study, the aqueous leaf extract, flavonoid fraction, and subfractions of the flavonoid from A. senegalensis leaves were evaluated for their antitrypanosomal activities, effects on some hematological parameters, and some liver-based enzymes in mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Mice treated with aqueous extract at a concentration range of 100–400 mg kg bw exhibited parasite inhibition range between 66.08 and 73.09% while mice treated with the flavonoid fraction (50-200 mg/kg bw) exhibited higher parasite inhibition (83.37-86.38%). Mice treated with subfractions of the flavonoids showed a significant decrease in parasite count ( p < 0.05 ), with subfraction 3 completely clearing parasites in the circulation after twenty-one days of treatment. Biochemical analysis revealed that the subfraction 3 restored the alterations in the serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and total protein concentrations that were observed in the infected nontreated mice. The subfraction 3 was subsequently characterized by HPLC analysis which revealed the presence of rutin (RT: 22.26, 65.34 ppm) as the most abundant bioactive compound that could be attributed to the bioactivity of the subfraction 3. Other polyphenolic compounds identified included gallic acid (RT: 4.39, 0.578 ppm), quercetin (RT: 37.27, 0.729 ppm), kaempferol (RT: 38.33, 1.52 ppm), and luteolin (RT; 39.173, 32.77 ppm). Taken together, subfraction 3 of the flavonoid fraction from of A. senegalensis demonstrated potent antitrypanosomal activities and therefore represents a reserve of bioactive metabolite worthy of further exploration for the treatment of trypanosomiasis.

PurposeThis study aims to assess and decompose the sustainable development using the 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Iran in 2018, for proposing agenda-setting of public policy.Design/methodology/approachIt ranks the SDGs not only in Iran but also in the region and the world to reveal the synergetic effects.FindingsBased on the results, subaltern-populace generally suffers from the hegemonic domination of ruling elite-bourgeois, lack of strong institutions, heterogeneous policy networks and lack of advocacy role of non-governmental organizations, due to no transparency, issues in law or no rule of law, no stringent regulation, rent, suppression and Mafia, all leading to corruption and injustice.Practical implicationsTo stop the loop of corruption-injustice, Iran should homogenize the structure of the policy network. Furthermore, the failed SDGs of the three-geographic analysis are the same in a character; all of them propose SDG 3, good health and well-being as a serious failed goal.Social implicationsIn this regard, strong evidence is the pandemic Coronavirus, COVID 19 since 2019, due to its highly-disastrous consequences in early 2020 where the public policymakers could not adopt policies promptly in the glob, particularly in Iran.Originality/valueIn Iran, in addition to this, the malfunction of health is rooted in “subjective well-being” and “traffic deaths,” respectively. Concerning the transportations system in Iran, it is underscored that it is damaging the sustainable development from all the three pillars of sustainable development including, economic, social and environmental.

A new structure of the Marx pulse generator for generating bipolar high-voltage pulses is introduced. This structure is composed of a buck-boost converter and connected to a low DC voltage source and several parallel diode-capacitor units. In the first stage, the inductor energy is supplied through the voltage source and in the next stage, the inductor energy is transferred to capacitors. For generating the pulses, voltage polarities of the capacitors are changed by a small inductor which is in resonant with the capacitors. Then, using a fast switch, the capacitors are connected in series to generate desirable high-level pulses. To have bipolar pulses, polarity of capacitors is inverted, alternatively. Modularity of the proposed structure enables us to increase number of the units for generating higher voltage level, straightforwardly.

In the present study, we introduce some new separation axioms for binary topological spaces. This new idea gives the notion of generalized binary ( T 0 , T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , and T 4 spaces) and binary generalized semi ( T 0 , T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , and T 4 spaces) using generalized binary open sets and binary generalized semi open sets to investigate their properties. We also provide adequate examples to assist and understand abstract concepts. In the similar manner, we begin researching the b-sg- T 0 , b-sg- T 1 , b-sg- T 2 , b-sg- T 3 , and b-sg- T 4 spaces in binary topological spaces. The study on the axioms is done over binary- T 0 , binary- T 1 , binary- T 2 , binary- T 3 , and binary- T 4 spaces, motivated to do the analysis of the spaces gb(b-gs)- T 0 , gb(b-gs)- T 1 , gb(b-gs)- T 2 , gb(b-gs)- T 3 , and gb(b-gs)- T 4 as well.