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The work is devoted to the study of herbs of the representative genus Clover Trifolium fragiferum L. from the south Ukrainian flora. The aim of this research is to investigate the representative of Southern Ukraine flora Trifolium fragiferum L. which has a sufficient raw material base and use in folk medicine. Materials and methods. Samples were grown in the suburbs of Zaporizhzhia and harvested during full flowering (May – June). Microscopic analysis was performed with temporary preparations of leaves and stems. Plant extracts were analyzed chromatographically using an Agilent Technologies 6890 gas chromatograph with mass spectrometric detection. Results. The leaf is covered with parenchymal cells with slightly thickened membranes with anocytic stomata. The main parenchyma is composed of rounded toxoid cells. Stem rounded, covered with elongated parenchymal cells with thin membranes with almost no stomata and pubescence. Central axial cylinder is of beam type. Beams are open collateral, large. Above the phloem of the bundles is a multilayered sclerenchyma. The core is partially filled, hollow in the center. 63 compounds were found in the native extract, of which 37 were identified: coumarins, fatty acids, diterpene alcohols, oxygenated hydrocarbons of terpenoid nature, higher hydrocarbons, representatives of phytosterols, and phytosterols. After acid hydrolysis with sulfuric acid, 58 compounds were found, of which 49 were identified: coumarins, alcohols and phenols, aldehydes and ketones, compounds of diterpene nature. Conclusions. Pharmacognostic analysis of the genus Clover Trifolium fragiferum L. revealed diagnostic microscopic signs of leaves and stems. The components of the native extract are compared, and after its acid hydrolysis. Certain regularities in the distribution of classes of substances that characterized certain types of extracts were revealed: monoterpenoids, aromatic, heterocyclic compounds characterized the hydrolyzed product. Sesquiterpenes and steroid compounds are found only in the native extract of strawberry clover herb. Alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones were the majority in the hydrolyzed extract, and hydrocarbons were observed more in the native. Only 5 components were identified in both extracts: nonacosan, 2-phenoxyethanol, loliolide, dihydroactinidiolide and coumarin with significant differences in amounts.

A brief general analysis of research and publications of scientists who worked in the field of typification of settlements in various directions was carried out. Approaches to the classification of settlements by population, their functional and genetic features and status in different historical periods are considered. Most researchers, in particular, attach great importance to the analysis of the historical and geographical aspects of the emergence of settlements, and as a result, the formation of settlement networks. Emphasis is placed on the importance of natural conditions, in particular the relief and density of the river network, which directly had a significant impact on the choice of places for the formation of the settlement network. It is observed that there is a direct connection between the topographic type and the planning structure of settlements. An analysis of processed and analyzed data was carried out, in particular on the population of the Ternopil region for the period from 2003 to 2022. The settlements of the Ternopil region by population were analyzed and systematized, and the typification of villages, cities and towns by population was carried out, for the region as a whole and for each of the districts separately. A clearly expressed tendency to reduce the number of the region's population during the period under consideration was noted, and the predominance of the share of rural residents in the overall structure of the region's population was also revealed. It was found that more than 42% of the settlements (the largest group) are settlements with a population of 101 to 500 inhabitants. Typification of settlements by topographical types is carried out, in the section of the Ternopil Oblast and each of its districts separately. Taking into account the peculiarities of the relief and the presence of a dense network of small rivers, on the banks of which the vast majority of settlements in the Ternopil region are usually located, the main topographic types of settlements were distinguished: watershed, stream-river, and valley-river, which is the most numerous, is divided into subtypes. Settlements of the Ternopil region are grouped and separated according to the main planning forms, namely: simple linear, complex linear, circular, random-group, quarter and combined. The impact of topographic types on the formation of the planning structure of settlements is analyzed. Settlements were typified according to their planning structure, and the main features and regularities characteristic of different regions of the region were identified. The most common planning forms of settlements in the region were branched, lying to complex linear forms and linear-multi-row, most of such settlements are located on the banks of rivers with branching streets from lower to upper terraces. For a more complete understanding of the peculiarities of the formation of the settlement network of the Ternopil region, it is considered appropriate to trace the historical aspects and periods of their occurrence, and the functions assigned to a specific individual settlement from the moment of its foundation. Considering the natural features of the region, the largest share among the settlements of the region is naturally dominated by rural settlements specializing in agriculture, it is also worth highlighting settlements that performed defense, trade and administrative functions, most of which have retained their status as cities to this day. As a result of the last classification, clear patterns of combination and interweaving of the historical and geographical aspects of the placement of settlements with the natural features of the area and their genetic and functional type were revealed. Keywords: placing of population, settlement, typification, topographical types of settlements, plan forms of settlements, genetically-functional types of settlements.

At the present stage, performing musicology plays an important role in the formation and development of professional musicians. In the socio-cultural space of Ukraine of the 21st century, it continues the historical traditions of research on the formation of performers, but, at the same time, it undergoes serious transformations. The aim of the research is to identify the key, fundamental principles of performance skill in the context of today’s realities, to determine the factors influencing the reformatting of the essential features of the creative activity of musicians. The methods of work were: analysis of scientific literature, systematization of methodological complex, method of analysis and synthesis, method of thematic analysis and critical approach to discretization of musical works. The results of the work allow us to assert about radical changes in the approach to art as such, as well as in the formation of professionals and their creative activity with a change in the basic parameters of the approach to music education. The institutionalization of art currently plays a leading role in the cultural socialization of masters, but today it is not decisive. With the development of progressive methods and approaches to education, modern technologies, globalization, the process of becoming a musician becomes easier, but access to the world of art without mediation opens wide horizons for promising musicians, and, at the same time, increases the level of competition for material and non-material incentives. The study offers a new perspective on performing musicology as a promising field for further scientific work, which will allow a better understanding of the peculiarities of the formation of musicians in the socio-cultural space of the 21st century.

The paper refers to the Polish social and political figure of the 2nd half of the 19th — the early 20th century — Erazm Kobylianskyi. He was an emissary and a socialist and played a negative role in the life of Ivan Franko. Because of the E. Kobylianskyi I. Franko became one of the defendants in a high-profile trial of the socialists in Galicia in 1878. The paper outlines biography of this person, little known to Ukrainian researchers. Due to the fact that Kobylianskyi was a conspirator and had many aliases, not all facts of his life have been clarified yet. The researcher managed to find out some details of his biography due to the memoirs of his contemporaries. The main part of the study is focused on the issue of life contacts of I. Franko and E. Kobylianskyi. They met in connection with the pretrial investigation in the case of the socialist process in Galicia: that’s why an attention is also paid to certain aspects of this issue (in particular, the topic of socialism in Galicia of the 1870s, the trial of Franko and other accused). Franko himself never learned the real surname of Kobylianskyi and believed that he was dealing with Mykhailo Koturnytskyi (it was the most often used pseudonym of Kobylianskyi in Galicia). Polish authorities in Galicia of those days accused I. Franko of participating in a secret socialist society, in fact because of a letter by M. Drahomanov, which Kobylianskyi secretly brought from Switzerland to Lviv and had to pass it to M. Pavlyk. Can be considered as a matter of chance the fact that the police confiscated those letters? Could Kobylianskyi be a figurehead? The paper proposes answers to these questions with reference to reputable researchers and articles by Ivan Franko. Also, the study provides an analysis of the handwritten letters of Erazm Kobylianskyi to Ivan Franko from 1886. It is found out who was the author of the poetry collection "Ukrainki", published in 1884 in Lviv under the pseudonym Mychałko (Ivan Franko thought it was Kobylianskyi but was wrong).

Hirayama disease, or monomelic amyotrophy, is a rare neurological pathology manifested by unilateral or bilateral asymmetric paresis with atrophy of the distal upper extremities. The development of this disease is associated with the forward displacement of the posterior dural sac during neck flexion, which leads to compression of the spinal cord and venous stasis. The diagnosis of monomelic amyotrophy is based on the clinical picture and the results of magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine with flexion, showing segmental atrophy of the anterior horns of the spinal cord at C7 — Th1, detachment of the posterior dura mater and venous stasis. Most of the cases described in the literature are from India and Japan, with isolated cases diagnosed in North America and Europe. This article presents two clinical cases of progressive hand weakness in young men. The clinical picture of the disease and the results of additional examination methods are presented, which is necessary to establish a diagnosis of Hirayama’s disease.

The method for determining the optimal frequency of maintenance of individual samples of aerodrome construction equipment, which is operated outside the established resource, is presented. The developed methodology takes into account the frequency and duration of maintenance, routine maintenance, the reliability of equipment control, the probability of receiving signals about a failure, and the duration of the complete restoration of the product. Also, the analytical dependence of the unit costs per hour of stay of a sample of aerodrome construction equipment in good condition on the scale factor and the shape of the diffusion-monotonic distribution law of random variables has been established, in turn, makes it possible to develop a methodology for assessing the technical and economic efficiency of the operation of aerodrome construction equipment.

The study is devoted to the study of territorial differences in the resettlement of the population of Ternopil oblast after the introduction of changes in the administrative-territorial structure of the oblast, as one of the oblast regions where the boundaries and centers of the new administrative raions practically coincided with their eponymous inter-district resettlement systems. After all, as a result of the change in the administrative-territorial system, we received a certain redistribution of the population within the basic units of resettlement systems, and they are the beginning of those irreversible changes in resettlement systems that we will observe in the coming years. The article calculates and analyzes indicators-characteristics of population placement at the level of territorial communities of the oblast. The author uses the indicators of area of administrative units and their population, population density, the average distance between settlements, the coefficient of urbanization and the share of the urban population, the population concentration index and the degree of development of connections between the centers of territorial communities, as an indicator of the future prospects of cooperation between newly formed administrative centers. According to all the analyzed characteristics, at the raion level, Ternopil raion takes the leading position, and it was formed on the basis of the inter-district resettlement system of the same name. While Kremenets acts as an outsider. Which is expected, taking into account the peculiarities of the development of the Ternopil subregional resettlement system. But studies at the level of territorial communities, which actually have become the basis of new resettlement systems at the local level, have shown qualitative advantages in the resettlement characteristics of communities that form the supporting framework of resettlement in Ternopil oblast. The obtained results showed that the existing disproportions in the resettlement of the population of the study region, with the implementation of the new administrative-territorial system, have not only remained, but will intensify in the future. As a result of the analysis of all the above-mentioned indicators-characteristics of resettlement, the determining role of centers former inter-raion resettlement systems and separate centers of bush-level resettlement systems can be traced.

We present results of the investigations of the properties of the methanol $J_1 - J_0$ A$^{-+}$ line series motivated by the recent serendipitous detection of the maser emission in the $14_1 - 14_0$ A$^{-+}$ line at 349~GHz in S255IR-SMA1 soon after the accretion burst. The study includes further observations of several lines of this series in S255IR with the SMA, a mini-survey of methanol lines in the 0.8 mm range toward a sample of bright 6.7~GHz methanol maser sources with the IRAM-30m telescope, and theoretical modeling. We found that the maser component of the $14_1 - 14_0$ A$^{-+}$ line in S255IR decayed by more than order of magnitude in comparison with that in 2016. No clear sign of maser emission is observed in other lines of this series in the SMA observations except the $7_1 - 7_0$ A$^{-+}$ line where an additional bright component is detected at the velocity of the maser emission observed earlier in the $14_1 - 14_0$ A$^{-+}$ line. Our LVG model constrains the ranges of the physical parameters that matches the observed emission intensities. No obvious maser emission in the $J_1 - J_0$ A$^{-+}$ lines was detected in the mini-survey of the 6.7~GHz methanol maser sources, though one component in NGC7538 may represent a weak maser. In general, the maser effect in the $J_1 - J_0$ A$^{-+}$ lines may serve as a tracer of rather hot environments and in particular luminosity flaring events during high mass star formation., Comment: 16 pages, 12 figures

The article examines the role of leadership in the modernization of the educational system of Ukraine. It is proved that educational leadership as a management paradigm acquires special importance in the conditions of military aggression of the Russian Federation and will contribute to the restoration and development of the education system after the war. One of the main issues of Ukrainian education is that after the country gained independence, the system developed by inertia which lead to increased distance from the real needs of democratic development of society, state and economy. This author used qualitative methods to collect data in order to prepare list of recommendations which will allow transform from authoritarian system of teaching to modern, western orientated system where teacher is a leader not just a source of information flow. Teacher-leader has to have charisma, developed emotional intelligence, service motives to his followers. To achieve success, modern Ukrainian educational system has to be student-centered where student is not inactive object of pedagogical influence of a teacher, on opposite, he become an equal contributor in the learning course. The author discovered that students found more important competencies that are formed during the course then teacher’s professionalism and knowledge of the subject. Given recommendation prevent any intolerance or discrimination against students and create space for students to cultivate personal development that can be used in future careers. However, in order to achieve best results the educational institution must consider the recommendation as general and adapt them to their environment instead of just implementing them.

Sometimes in practice it is necessary to calculate the probability of an uncertain cause, taking into account some observed evidence. For example, we would like to know the probability of a particular disease when we observe the patient’s symptoms. Such problems are often complex with many interrelated variables. There may be many symptoms and even more potential causes. In practice, it is usually possible to obtain only the inverse conditional probability, the probability of evidence giving the cause, the probability of observing the symptoms if the patient has the disease.Intelligent systems must think about their environment. For example, a robot needs to know about the possible outcomes of its actions, and the system of medical experts needs to know what causes what consequences. Intelligent systems began to use probabilistic methods to deal with the uncertainty of the real world. Instead of building a special system of probabilistic reasoning for each new program, we would like a common framework that would allow probabilistic reasoning in any new program without restoring everything from scratch. This justifies the relevance of the developed genetic algorithm. Bayesian networks, which first appeared in the work of Judas Pearl and his colleagues in the late 1980s, offer just such an independent basis for plausible reasoning.This article presents the genetic algorithm for learning the structure of the Bayesian network that searches the space of the graph, uses mutation and crossover operators. The algorithm can be used as a quick way to learn the structure of a Bayesian network with as few constraints as possible.learn the structure of a Bayesian network with as few constraints as possible., Розроблено генетичний алгоритм для навчання структури баєсівської мережі з повністю спостережуваного набору даних, який здійснює пошук по простору графа і використовує оператори мутації та кросовера. Цей алгоритм здійснює пошук по простору спрямованих ациклічних графів.

The world plant products market is expanded rapidly and trade in them tends to grow by 15–25 % annually. The number of reports is increased proportionally about accidental contamination or deliberate, economically motivated falsification of plant raw materials. 27 % of the nearly 6.000 herbal preparations that are sold in 37 countries have contained undeclared contaminants, substitutes, or other components, according to the literature. We have conducted a plant conduction system microscopic analysis of the individual members’ genus Clover (Trifoliae L.), Fabaceae L. to identify morphoanatomical characteristics. Clover has anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, choleretic, diaphoretic, diuretic, hemostatic, expectorant, astringent properties and is used in many diseases. Aim. The finding common features and those that differ and can be used as diagnostic during studying the conducting system structure of genus Trifolium L. leaves and stems. Materials and methods. Plant material (herb) from Trifolium pratense L., T. incarnatum L., T. repens L. and T. fragiferum L. was harvested during the active flowering period – (May – June) and was dried in a well-ventilated place. Leaves and stems preparations were pre-boiled in 5 % sodium hydroxide water solution and fixed in chloral hydrate solution. Cross-sections were made with a microtome. The BIOLAM LOMO light microscope (Russia) and OLYMPUS SH-21 digital camera were used to record the data about identify the conducting apparatus of the plant’s leaf, petiole, and stem. Results. It has been examined the central vein structure of T. pratense L. and T. fragiferum L. leaves, it was determined that the conductive system is covered with a crystalline coating and there is one closed collateral bundle in the center, which is not typical for dicotyledonous plants. The petioles of T. incarnatum L., T. fragiferum L., and T. repens L. in cross-section are several different shapes. There are kidney-shaped and round. The conducting apparatus T. incarnatum L. and T. repens L. have arranged in a circle, closed and collateral. The leafstalk structure type of T. fragiferum L. is bunchles. It contradicts too the information about the structure conducting system of dicotyledonous plants. The stem’s conducting bundles are collateral and open. Conclusions. We have paid attention to the structural peculiarities of the conductive system of the central vein and petiole of objects for study: Trifolium pratense L., T. incarnatum L., T. repens L., and T. fragiferum L. when searching for differentiating features in some members of the genus Trifoliae L. in pharmacognostic analysis. The Dicotyledonae representatives are not characteristic of the closed type of conductive bundles, which we observed during microscopic examination.

The paper deals with the poem by Ivan Franko “My soul! The soul of my soul!”, which wasn’t published during the poet’s lifetime. As one of the poems from Franko’s poetic cycle “The First Bunch” it might have been included in the forthcoming collection “The Withered Leaves”. That’s why the general context of this collection is relevant. The researcher reviews the genre and creative history of the poem and gives attention to its psychobiographical context. The comparison of the published text with the autograph revealed a discrepancy that modifies interpretation. The basis of this poetic reflection is the poet’s intimate feelings for Celina Żurowska (married name Zygmuntowska), so the paper focuses on this Polish woman, in particular her attitude to the poet and her influence on his work. The research focus also includes other works of the writer, which somehow relate to Celina. Her pride, stubbornness, and sometimes even contempt caused pain in the poet’s soul, which gave rise to poetic masterpieces. The memories of Franko’s contemporaries, as well as the ones of Celina herself, help to interpret the poem. The researcher analyzed the work in terms of its structure, poetic composition, emotional tone, and iconosphere. The images of the pearl (shell) and the soul, which are the central symbols of this work, show semantic similarity. The pearl is a symbol of love that grows and becomes stronger due to patience, and at the same time, it is a metaphor for the soul. The poetic language and versification have been examined as well.

The data on the composition and amount of amino acids have been analyzed in the raw materials of five legume species. All of them grow in Southern Ukrainian flora (Securigera varia (L.) Lassen, Vicia cracca L., Lupinus luteus L., Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall., Melilotus albus Medic.) and may be used as a source of amino acids, especially essential, whose resource has to be replenished from the outside. Aim. We have studied and compared the amino acid profile of some species of the Ukrainian South Legumes, and used the multidimensional statistical cluster analysis to construction of histograms based on the amino acids content and composition of such plants as: Securigera varia (L.) Lassen, Vicia cracca L., Lupinus luteus L., Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall., Melilotus albus Medic. Materials and methods. The raw materials were harvested at the South of Ukraine and were investigated by gas-liquid chromatography. The amino acid analyzer has been used after hydrochloric acid hydrolysis at elevated temperature. Results. 19 amino acids have been identified, of which nine are essential or partially interchangeable. The non-polar amino acid proline is in the lead in terms of quantity among the essential amino acids. Its amount was 6932 mg/100 g and the ability to accumulate it was noted in Melilotus officinalis (2276 mg/100 g). The smallest proline amount was found in Lupinus luteus (388 mg/100 g). The sulfur-containing non-polar amino acid methionine is in the smallest amount in the selected plants (506 mg/100 g). Our attention was drawn to the absence of the polar amino acid glutamine among the non-essential amino acids in some plants. Securigera varia, Vicia cracca, and Melilotus officinalis did not contain glutamine. In this subgroup, the polar aspartic acid was found in the highest amount (6824 mg/100 g) with the highest content in Vicia cracca and the lowest – in Melilotus albus (2660 mg/100 g and 385 mg/100 g, respectively). Conclusions. The analysis of the presence and number of amino acids was the basis for our multidimensional statistical cluster analysis and histograms of the presentation of the amino acid profile of the studied plant members of the family Fabaceae L. In constructing the dendrogram, three clusters were identified, and representatives of one genus (Melilotus L.) were attributed to different clusters which is significant for further chemosystematic studies.

Pyogenic granuloma is a benign vascular formation that occurs as a result of the process of impaired wound healing in combination with vascular proliferation, and which can be regarded as a reactive process. Histologically, pyogenic granuloma is characterized by the growth of granulation tissue with a large number of dilated, swollen capillary endothelium, swollen stroma, sometimes containing an inflammatory infiltrate consisting of lymphocytes, neutrophils, plasma cells and fibroblasts among the loose connective tissue. Exophytic lobular proliferation of capillaries is well expressed, the epidermis is sometimes eroded with peripheral epidermal layers and areas of acanthosis on the periphery. For the last 5 years, in the period from 2015 to 2020, 18 patients with a diagnosis of pyogenic granuloma were hospitalized at the pediatric surgery Clinic of the Vinnytsia National Pirogov Memorial Medical University (Ukraine). The average age of patients was 8.98±0.97 years old. According to the obtained data, the maximum number of patients was in the range of 5–13 years, which coincides with the results of other researchers. Regarding the localization of pyogenic granuloma among all patients of the general study group, it was distributed as follows: head-neck – 14 patients, upper torso – 3 cases and in 1 child a pyogenic tumor was located on the finger. All children underwent surgical removal of pyogenic granuloma within healthy tissues. Complications and recurrences of the disease were not observed in any clinical case. Pediatricians should pay attention to the presence of tumors, especially those that have occurred at the site of injury, even minor, in order to exclude more complex pathology, such as melanoma. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of these Institutes. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. The authors declare no conflicts of interests. Key words: pyogenic granuloma, children, neoplasms.

High rates of technological progress contribute to the development and improvement of all spheres of human activity, including biomechanical research. The development of new prostheses, orthoses and exoskeletons place increased demands on the determination of the mass-inertial characteristics of the human body. The paper analyzes the existing experimental-analytical and analytical methods for determining the center of gravity of the human body, which are based on the segmentation method. It is shown that the existing analytical methods do not provide complete information about the individual characteristics of the modeled object, when it is implemented using CAD tools, but give only generalized results without taking into account the physical development, health status and other individual characteristics. An improvement of the analysis technique is proposed, which allows increasing the accuracy of determining the mass-inertial characteristics of the human body (including the center of gravity) by its individual anthropometric parameters on the basis of a 14-segment biomechanical model. The article presents a block-diagram and description of the corresponding software module of the calculation, implemented in the Autodesk Inventor environment, in which the human body, when determining its center of gravity, is represented as a complex three-dimension object. This object consists of elements of different densities, while the data on the density of the constituent parts are obtained on the basis of the individual characteristics of the design object by interpolating information from external specialized databases. A comparative analysis of determining the coordinates of the center of gravity of a biological object using both the existing analytical and experimental-analytical segmentation techniques, and the proposed one is carried out. It is shown that the results obtained using the proposed improved analytical technique implemented in CAD, correlate very well with the results of the existing experimental analytical technique with a deviation of 3...4 %.

The rapid development of computer technology, the emergence of modern cyber threats with signs of hybridity and synergy put forward strict requirements for the economic component of national security and especially the processes of ensuring the economy cybersecurity. The cybersecurity industry is trying to meet today's requirements by introducing new and more advanced security technologies and methods, but it is believed that such a universal approach is not enough. The study is devoted to resolving the objective contradiction between the growing practical requirements for an appropriate level of cybersecurity of business process contours while increasing the number and technological complexity of cybersecurity threats. Also the fact that threats acquire hybrid features on the one hand, and imperfection, and sometimes the lack of methodology for modeling the behavior of interacting agents of security systems should be taken into account. However, this does not allow timely prediction of future actions of attackers, and as a result, determining the required level of investment in security, which will provide the required level of cybersecurity. The paper proposes the Concept of modeling the behavior of interacting agents, the basis of which is a three-level structure of modeling the subjects and business processes of the contours of the organization and security system, based on modeling the behavior of antagonistic agents. The proposed methodology for modeling the behavior of interacting agents, which is based on the Concept of behavior of antagonistic agents, allows assessing and increasing the current level of security by reducing the number of hybrid threats by 1.76 times, which reduces losses by 1.65 times and increases the time for choosing threat counteraction means by reducing the time to identify threats online by 38 %

Резюме. Хронічна травматична енцефалопатія (ХТЕ) – унікальна нейродегенеративна таупатія – вперше описали в боксерів, а згодом, у спортсменів контактних видів спорту, військових ветеранів та цивільних, які піддавалися повторним легким черепно-мозковим травмам. Мета дослідження – проаналізувати світовий досвід останнього десятиліття у дослідженні поширеності, факторів ризику, патогенезу та діагностики хронічної травматичної енцефалопатії. Матеріали і методи. Здійснено аналіз доступних інформаційних ресурсів мережі «Internet», іноземних фахових видань, медичної бази даних MEDLINE/PubMed за останні десять років. Застосовано метод інформаційного пошуку та аналітико-порівняльний. Результати. Експериментальні та клінічні роботи останнього десятиліття спрямовані на вирішення численних проблем, зокрема встановлення поширеності ХТЕ, факторів ризику, основних патогенетичних механізмів, удосконаленні морфологічних та клінічних критеріїв, спробах класифікувати ХТЕ, пошуку біомаркерів та специфічних нейровізуальних критеріїв. Клінічно для патології властиві прогресуючі когнітивні (пам’ять, виконавча дисфункція, візуально-просторова дисфункція) й поведінкові (збудливість, агресія) розлади, зміни настрою (депресія, суїцидальність) та рухові порушення (дисфагія, брадикінезія, тремор, ригідність, порушення ходи, падіння тощо). Триває пошук консенсусу щодо клінічної класифікації ХТЕ. Морфологічно ХТЕ характеризується процесами накопичення фосфорильованого тау (р-тау) у верхівках і навколосудинних ділянках, мікрогліозу та астроцитозу, що призводить до прогресуючої нейродегенерації. Ураження зазнають в основному лобна, скронева та потилична частки. Встановлено роль контактних видів спорту, віку, в якому було отримано першу черепно-мозкову травму (критично 9–12 років), тривалості спортивної кар’єри. Висновки. Незважаючи на майже столітню історію вивчення ХТЕ, з часом кількість питань, які потребують вирішення, – зростає. Перспективним є пошук діагностичних критеріїв, які дозволять не лише прижиттєво підтвердити діагноз ХТЕ, але і встановити маркери (нейрональної, аксональної та астрогліальної травм), що прогнозуватимуть ризик розвитку нейродегенеративної патології після черепно-мозкової травми.

High-speed photodetectors (PDs) based on InGaAs/GaAs quantum well-dot (QWD) nanostructures with the frontal-end and back-end input of radiation have been studied. A PD with 40 rows of QWDs exhibited a spectral responsivity of up to 0.4 A/W in the 950–1100 nm optical range at a –5-V bias voltage. The decay time constant of pulsed response for PDs with an input area of 1.4 × 10–4 cm2 was ~250 ps.

InAs and In0.8Ga0.2As quantum dots in a GaAs matrix as well as GaAs solar cells with quantum dots of both types in the i-region are obtained by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy. As a result of investigations by photoluminescence and transmission electron microscopy, it is found that the In0.8Ga0.2As quantum-dot array is highly uniform, contains a smaller number of large imperfect quantum dots, and also provides a decrease in mechanical stresses in the structure. An analysis of the spectral dependences of the internal quantum yield shows that the quality of a solar-cell matrix after embedding up to 20 rows of In0.8Ga0.2As quantum dots remains at a level close to the reference GaAs solar cells. In this case, a linear increase in the additional photocurrent generated due to the absorption of sub-bandgap photons in In0.8Ga0.2As quantum dots is provided with an increase in the number of rows of quantum dots, since the value of the photocurrent gain per row is preserved.

An option for the structural design of the metamorphic InGaAs photovoltaic converter is presented. The peculiarity of the proposed device is the ability to operate efficiently with the high-power 1064 nm laser radiation at the elevated up to +125°C temperatures. The temperature dependencies of the output photovoltaic parameters for two types of InxGa1−xAs laser-power converters are presented in regard to In content: with x = 0.23 and x = 0.18 and with an efficiency of ~50% and ~40% (25 °C), respectively. For In0.18Ga0.82As device, an increase in efficiency of up to 50% is recorded upon transition to a temperature range of $50~\div ~60~^{\circ }\text{C}$ with maintaining efficiency at a level of more than 45% at elevated to 100 °C operating temperatures. In comparison, the “standard” In0.23Ga0.77As device performs a negative efficiency trend within a whole temperature range with absolute values below 45% in practically important operating modes of $+ 75\,\,\div \,\,100\,\,^{\circ }\text{C}$ .

An analysis of existing methods and a new combined process of bimetallic fabrication are presented, according to which a special regular macro relief is made on the surface of its functional component by laser or mechanical treatment. The bimetallic component thus prepared is placed in sand form, the dimensions of the cavity of which correspond to its dimensions. A melt of the structural component of bimetal is fed to the surface of the functional component through a hole in the form of a special device with a defined flow rate. The process of manufacturing bimetal, the functional component of which was a nickel alloy, and structural – carbon steel St.3Mathematical modelling and computing determine the patterns of temperature distribution over the height of the projections of the macro relief when they are heated by the melt of the structural component of bimetal, depending on their geometrical parameters, thermophysical characteristics of the material, schemes and conditions of pouring. Metallographic studies have established the conditions under which metallurgical bonds are formed between bimetal components and their bond strength is ensured. It is proved that to insure high bond strength of bimetallic components and uniform distribution over the joint plane, it is necessary that the height of the macro relief and the step between them have the optimum value. In this case, the transverse dimensions of the projections (1x1) mm, the optimal dimensions of the projection height are 0.5 mm, the steps between them - 1.5 mm. The high efficiency of the new, innovative combined technology of bimetal manufacturing has been demonstrated.

The current–voltage characteristics of InxGa1 –xAs/GaAs metamorphic photovoltaic converters with built-in n-InGaAs/InAlAs Bragg reflectors are studied at an indium content of x = 0.025–0.24. The series resistance of the heterostructures is measured in the temperature range from 90 to 400 K. It is found that a sharp rise in the resistance of silicon-doped reflectors with an increasing fraction of In is due to weak activation of the donor impurity in InAlAs–n:Si layers. As a result, the energy barriers for majority carriers are formed in the latter, with a height of 0.32–0.36 eV and a substantial width. To suppress this effect, the technology of the Te doping of n-InGaAs/InAlAs Bragg reflectors is developed, which reduces the series resistance by five orders of magnitude. This makes it possible to keep the fill factor of the current–voltage characteristic above 80% up to current densities of 2 A/cm2. Values exceeding 85%, achieved for the quantum efficiency, indicate that the “memory” and tellurium segregation effects characteristic of this kind of impurity are suppressed.

For many years, real-time OS-based applications have been used in embedded special-purpose systems. Recently they have been used everywhere, from on-board control systems for aircraft, to household appliances. The development of multiprocessor computing systems usually aims to increase either the level of reliability or the level of system performance to values that are inaccessible or difficult to implement in traditional computer systems. In the first case, the question of the availability of special means of ensuring the fault tolerance of computer systems arises, the main feature (and advantage) of which is the absence of any single resource, failure of which leads to a fatal failure of the entire system. The use of a real-time operating system is always associated with equipment, with an object and with events occurring at an object. A real-time system, as a hardware-software complex, includes sensors that record events at an object, input / output modules that convert sensor readings into a digital form suitable for processing these readings on a computer, and finally, a computer with a program that responds to events occurring at the facility. The RTOS is focused on processing external events. It is this that leads to fundamental differences (compared with general-purpose OS) in the structure of the system as well as in the functions of the kernel and in the construction of the input-output system. The RTOS can be similar in its user interface to general-purpose operating systems, but it is completely different in its structure. In addition, the use of RTOS is always specific. If users (not developers) usually perceive a general-purpose OS as a ready-made set of applications, then the RTOS serves only as a tool for creating a specific hardware-software complex in real time. Therefore, the widest class of users of RTOS is the developers of real-time complexes, people designing control and data collection systems. When designing and developing a specific real-time system, the programmer always knows exactly what events can occur at the facility, and he knows the critical terms for servicing each of these events. We call a real-time system (SRV) a hardware-software complex that responds in predictable times to an unpredictable stream of external events. The system must have time to respond to the event that occurred at the facility, during the time critical for this event. The critical time for each event is determined by the object and by the event itself, and, of course, it can be different, but the response time of the system must be predicted (calculated) when creating the system. Lack of response at the predicted time is considered an error for real-time systems. The system must have time to respond to simultaneously occurring events. Even if two or more external events occur simultaneously, the system must have time to respond to each of them during time intervals critical for these events. In this study, as part of a network fault-tolerant technology, the RTOS becomes a special type of control software that is used to organize the operation of embedded applications, which are characterized by limited memory resources, low productivity and the requirements of a guaranteed response time (T

Development of lift-off technique of AlGaAs/GaAs- heterostructures, grown by the Metalorganic vapour-phase epitaxy, to GaAs carrier-substrate using silver-containing paste or Au-In compound has been carried out. Forming process of frontal ohmic contact to GaAs n-type conductivity based on contact systems Au(Ge)/Ni/Au and Pd/Ge/Au with specific contact resistance (2-5)·10-6 Ω·cm2 has been investigated. Analyzed was the influence of heterostructure lift-off technique and forming process of frontal ohmic contact on the IR light-emitting diodes parameters: minimum light-emitting diodes (1 mm2 square) series resistance was 0.16 Ω. Optical power 270 mW at current 1.5 A has been achieved. Keywords: AlGaAs/GaAs- heterostructure, light-emitting diode, transfer to carrier-substrate, Au--In- compound, ohmic contacts.

Results are reported of using subcontact layers with energy gap width Eg of 0.35 to 0.8 eV for obtaining low-resistivity electrical contacts to p-InP. An experimental dependence of the contact resistance on Eg of the subcontact material InxGa1 – xAs was obtained.

Object. Patients with inflammatory diseases of paranasal sinuses make up about 1/3 of the total number of patients admitted to hospitals with diseases of the upper respiratory tract. The aim of the study was to describe the causes and methods of treatment of maxillofacial sinusitis according to the Department of maxillofacial surgery and otorhinolaryngology SB "SOKB № 1" AND compare them for the periods from 2006 to 2007 and from 2015 to 2018 g. Methodology. A retrospective study of nosology according to the annual reports and protocols of operating journals, patient histories of the Department of maxillofacial surgery and otorhinolaryngology SB "SOKB № 1" FOR the periods from 2006 to 2007, and from 2015 to 2018. Results. Over the investigated period, the proportion of hospitalized patients with sinusitis increased 1.9 times. Between 2016 and 2017, 2.7 times more patients with chronic sinusitis and rhinosinusitis were hospitalized than in 2006-2007. The number of hospitalized patients with acute sinusitis decreased significantly (9.5 times). The frequency of chronic inflammation in the maxillary sinus is 3.3-7.4 times higher than in other paranasal sinuses. Women predominate among patients with sinusitis. The age of patients with sinusitis is varied, but middle-aged and young people make up the majority. Analysis of factors of infection of the maxillary sinus showed that the most common cause of inflammation of the maxillary sinus in hospitalized patients were foreign bodies and perforations of the bottom of the sinus when removing the upper teeth. The analysis of surgical treatment methods of chronic maxillary sinusitis in different years showed that in 2006-2007 Caldwell—Luke sinusotomy prevailed, and now – endoscopic sinusotomy. Conclusion. Pathology of maxillary sinuses requires a comprehensive approach of an otorhinolaryngologist, dentist and maxillofacial surgeon in matters of diagnostic and therapeutic tactics.

The results of modeling and analysis of scenarios of the behavior of interacting agents in conditions of cyber conflict are presented. General approaches to the development of a scenario of the behavior of antagonistic agents are presented. The definition of the scenario is given and the factors determining the scenario of behavior are highlighted. The given scenarios are determined by such factors as the ratio of the capabilities of the attacking and the defending sides, the presence or absence of information exchange between security agents, and the time of switching to a new attack vector. The value of the time of switching to a new attack vector is found, at which the interaction is more stable. This indicates that the reaction of the defense side should not be purely reactive, and the “wait and see” strategy is not always the best. Modeling and analysis of the results were carried out in the conditions of information exchange between agents of the protection system and in the absence of such an exchange. The advantages and disadvantages of this behavior are noted. It is shown that when changing the time of switching to a new attack vector, not only the financial indicators of the activity of the participants in cyber conflict change, but also the nature of the interaction. The value of the time of switching to a new attack vector was found, in which the interaction is more stable, which suggests that the reaction of the defense side should not be purely reactive, and the “wait and see” strategy is not always the best. It is shown how the proposed approach can be used to justify the choice of a strategy for agent behavior in security systems, as well as for economic assessments of countermeasures and their deterrent effect on attackers. The proposed scenarios can be considered as a useful tool for assessing investments in the security of the business process circuit by decision makers

A sequence over of development of computer is brought technologies on creation of model of detail with the use of various approaches. The self-reactance planning, direct design is considered, (without the tree of construction and hard connections between structural elements), variation design. Similar decisions were used exceptionally for to the 2d-sketch and constructions of connections "from top to bottom" for frame-clamping knots that did not embrace a three-dimensional design. A situation changed with appearance of synchronous technology, that was able to spread the variation going near a design on all chainlet of planning of good. It is synchronous technology allows to change the functional of direct design directly in a self-reactance environment. The algorithm of creation of three-dimensional model of detail is worked out in a synchronous environment. In an algorithm thoroughly to consider all stages of creation of three-dimensional model of detail from a requirement specification to the model and designer documentation. The technology of creating a three-dimensional model details the type of housing in the synchronous design environment of modern CAD Solid Edge. The features of creating and editing a three-dimensional model of the part and its elements are given in detail, taking into account the features of technological processes of forming cutting. It is considered as by means of managing 3d-розмірів and geometrical connections between 3d-об'єктами exact control of geometry is realized in synchronous technology. In Solid Edge with synchronous technology structural elements are independent and kept not in the tree of model, but in a navigator. Computer imitation models allow operatively to investigate and pick up the optimal modes and parameters of technological process, that promotes efficiency, exactness and quality of production considerably. Modern technologies not only simplify work to the engineer-designer, but also considerably cut prime cost production. A comparative analysis of the design in synchronous and parametric environments with an explanation of the advantages and disadvantages. Synchronous technology unites in itself advantages of self-reactance and direct design, and eliminates the lacks of both approaches., Наведено послідовність розвитку комп’ютерних технології по створенню моделі деталі з використанням різноманітних підходів. Розглянуто параметричне проектування, пряме моделювання, (без дерева побудови та жорстких зв’язків між конструктивними елементами), варіаційне моделювання. Подібні рішення застосовувалися виключно для 2D-ескізу і побудови зв'язків «зверху вниз» для складальних вузлів, які не охоплювали тривимірного моделювання. Ситуація змінилась з появою синхронної технології, яка змогла поширити варіаційний підхід до моделювання на весь ланцюжок проектування виробу. Тобто синхронна технологія дозволяє змінювати функціонал прямого моделювання безпосередньо в параметричному середовищі. Розроблено алгоритм створення тривимірної моделі деталі в синхронному середовищі. Розглянуто технологію створення тривимірної моделі деталі типу “Корпус” в синхронному середовищі проектування сучасної САПР Solid Edge. Докладно наведено особливість створення та редагування тривимірної моделі деталі та її елементів з урахуванням особливостей технологічних процесів формоутворення різанням. Проведено порівняльний аналіз проектування у синхронному та параметричному середовищах з поясненням переваг та недоліків.

The precedence constrained traveling salesman problem (TSP-PC), or the sequential ordering problem (SOP), consists of finding an optimal TSP tour that will also satisfy the namesake precedence constraints, typically specified as a partial order or a directed acyclic graph. Its dynamic programming (DP) solution was proposed as early as 1979, however, by late 1990s, it mostly fell out of use in plain TSP-PC. Revisiting this method, we are able to close one of the long-standing TSPLIB SOP problem instances, ry48p.3.sop , and provide improved bounds on its time complexity. Harnessing the “omnivorous” nature of DP, we prove the validity of DP optimality principle for TSP-PC with both (i) abstract cost aggregation function, which may be the arithmetic + operation as in “ordinary” TSP or max as in Bottleneck TSP, or any other left-associative nondecreasing in the first argument operation and (ii) travel cost functions depending on the set of pending tasks (“sequence dependence”). Using the latter generalization, we close several TD-SOP (time-dependent TSP-PC) instances based on TSPLIB SOP as proposed by Kinable et al., including rbg253a.sop . Through the restricted DP heuristic, which was originally formulated for time-dependent TSP by Malandraki and Dial, we improve the state-of-the-art upper bounds for all yet unsolved TSPLIB-based TD-SOP instances, including those with more than 100 cities. We also improve worst-case complexity estimates for DP in TSP-PC.

The article is devoted to the study of the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in patients undergoing orthopedic intervention under general anesthesia. The role of factors of age, concomitant pathology, nature of orthopedic pathology, duration and type of anesthesia has been established.

The physical conditions were estimated from the methanol radio lines observed at 0.8 mm with IRAM30m in the star-forming region S255IR-SMA1. In the approximation of a large velocity gradient (LVG), the values of the gas kinetic temperature (170 K), the number density of molecular hydrogen (3×106 cm−3), the specific column density of methanol (2×1012 cm−3s), the relative abundance of methanol (10−7) and the filling factor (10 %). The parameter values are typical for hot dense cores. It is shown that the S255IR-SMA1 object is significantly inhomogeneous within the diagram (7.5 ).