Search

The Network In a Box is only one of the cutting-edge features that the Sixth Generation (6G) mobile technology is anticipated to provide (NIB). The NIB is a multi-generational, readily installable technology that offers connection services to applications utilised in uncommon circumstances, like on the battlefield or during natural catastrophes. Security is becoming even more crucial in the 6G communication system, and the NIB is no exception. Many active and passive attacks on the applications used in the 6G-enabled NIB are possible as a result of the unsecured channel. Having a secure user authentication and key management system in place is therefore essential. In order to protect the 6G-enabled NIB (iUAKMS-NIB) that can be used in industrial applications, this article suggests an enhanced user authentication and management scheme. The suggested method offers the best security against potential assaults on the 6G communication system because it is a modified and upgraded version of UAKMS-NIB. The key benefit of the suggested plan is that it outperforms other schemes in terms of performance. The analytical outcomes demonstrate that the suggested system offers improved security and is capable of withstanding a variety of attacks. In conclusion, the enhanced User Authentication and Management System that has been proposed is a crucial security measure for the 6G-enabled NIB. It performs better than conventional techniques and guarantees safe user authentication and key management

This work presents, a robust position tracking control of a 3-degrees of freedom 2PRP-PPR (P: Active Prismatic joint, P: Passive prismatic joint, R; Revolute joint) parallel motion mechanism. For controlling the motion of the defined platform, a simple method to develop a fuzzy logic controller called as robust single input fuzzy logic control (RSIFLC) algorithm is presented and used for the complex workspace trajectory tracking control problem with the existence of outside disturbances, variable uncertainties, and inner noises. The suggested control method comprises two sections: The first section considers a feed-forward expression to increase control action and a disturbance estimator to account for anonymous factors like outer disturbances and un-modeled dynamics. The second section employs single input fuzzy logic control as a feedback component to improve the system’s overall closed-loop stability. The experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the suggested control algorithm over traditional control schemes.

This paper examines the scientometric analysis of 44172 global publications trends on water pollution using web of science database during the period 2012-2021. The average number of publications published per year was 4417.2. The highest number of publications (8079) was published in the year 2021. The relative growth rates (RGR) has decreased from 2013 (0.74) to 2021 (0.22) in the span of 10 years. The doubling time (DT) has gradually increased from 0.94 in 2013 to 3.15 in 2018. The exponential growth of publications was observed during the study period. Majority of publications were found in English language. The results showed that China is the major country that conducts research on water pollution and India stood 3rank in terms of productivity in this period. A total of 23,519 different institutions were involved in publication of articles. Chinese Academic of Sciences, China topped the list with 3013 (6.82%) publications followed by University of Chinese Academic of Sciences, China with 1116 (2.53%) publications. The scientific literature on water pollution is spread over 2728 different web of science source journals. Environmental sciences ecology has highest number of articles with 24562 (55.60%) among subjects.

We report an improved total synthesis of 4,5-dibromo-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,3,6,7-tetraol, (±)-polysiphenol, via intermolecular McMurray dimerization of 5-bromovanillin and subsequent intramolecular oxidative coupling as the key steps. The synthetic route is applicable to 4,5-dichloro- and 4,5-difluoro-halologues (as well as a 4,5-dialkyl-analogue). Distinctive AA′BB′ multiplets in their 1H NMR spectra for the dimethylene bridges of the dibromo and dichloro compounds reveal them to be room-temperature stable atropisomers, while for the difluoro compound they present as a singlet. X-ray crystal structure determinations of their tetramethylated synthetic precursors show atropisomeric twist angles of 48°, 46°, and 32°, respectively, with the former representing the largest yet observed in any 4,5-disubstituted-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene. DFT computational studies reveal an unprecedented two-stage atropisomeric interconversion process involving time-independent asynchronous rotations of the dimethylene bridge and the biaryl axis for halologues containing chlorine or bromine, but a more synchronous rotation for the difluoro analogue.

Progressive application of multidisciplinary research and development pushes the evolution of automation in many subsectors of agriculture to increase productivity, economic growth and environmental preservation with the help of robotics and artificial intelligence. Fruit harvesting robots have been developed mainly to provide support in the field for limited labour resources, to enable selective harvesting, to improve the efficiency and to preserve the quality of fruits. Even a small delay in harvesting can cause a maximum impact to the quality of the fruit. Selective fruit harvesting is an integration of different subcomponents. This paper provides a brief analysis of the techniques in selective fruit harvesting for the past 6 years starting from 2017 to 2022, associated principles, limitations and directions for future challenges. The first subcomponent is the vision system, it captures the information about the fruit in a tree canopy to perform efficient 2D and 3D localization. Hence getting accurate information from the vision system is more essential even in a complex agricultural environment. The detection of fruit from the vision system is normally done with two major methods such as traditional image processing and deep learning approaches. The result shows that the traditional methods provide high efficiency but the colour similarity, complex backgrounds and lightning conditions often makes failure in detection. Shortage of standard dataset and high-powered processing devices hinders the development of deep learning algorithms. Also, the usage of large data sets reduces the training speed even in pre-trained networks. For fruit grasping and detachment, the detection of plucking point is more essential to preserve the quality and for further storage. The elaborate description about the framework, limitations in current sensing, fruit and picking point detection algorithms provides guidelines to the researchers in building a fully automated robotic system to increase the processing speed and production rate.

Zebrafish larva is a simple model system to study blood vessel development because of its excellent optical properties. Current methods to study blood vessels in zebrafish involve utilizing either blood vessel-specific transgenic lines or specialized techniques such as microangiography and video capillaroscopy. In this study, we have developed a simple protocol using ImageJ to observe the blood vessels of live zebrafish larva at different developmental stages, namely 1- to 4-day postfertilization (dpf). To validate this protocol, we treated 1 dpf zebrafish embryos with 100 μM quercetin, and analyzed the impaired development of subintestinal vein in the quercetin-treated 3 dpf larvae.

The presence and movement of multi-class commercial vehicles (CVs) under different traffic conditions in a shared roadway influences the highway traffic characteristics. The purpose of this study is to quantify the impact of the varying proportion of multi-class commercial vehicles (CVs) on the speed, dynamic passenger car unit (DPCU), capacity, and level of service (LoS) of the highways through empirical analysis. The speed-flow data were collected at highway sections in India, utilizing an Infra-Red (IR) sensor device. Individual vehicle speeds are predicted using the simultaneous equations approach, which are used to determine the respective DPCU factors of the vehicles and highway capacity at different proportions of multi-class CVs. The LoS threshold values are established based on the volume to capacity (v/C) ratio for the various percentages of multi-class CVs. The study results reveal that the multi-class CVs have had a unique effect on DPCU factors of the different vehicle categories under the influence of varying proportions of multi-class CVs. The highway speed reduced by 27.76% at 30% multi-class CVs compared to 5% multi-class CVs. Eventually, the highway capacity reduced by 24.25% at 30% multi-class CVs compared to 5% multi-class CVs. The LoS varied for each highway section accordingly from free-flow condition to the congested condition due to the incremental variation in the percentage of the multi-class CVs. The study indicates that the presence of a higher proportion of multi-class CVs significantly affects the speed, DPCU, capacity, and LoS of the highways.

This book is appropriate for anyone interested in learning more about fundamentals for developing an electric vehicle with cutting edge techniques that are used in global markets for protecting our environment clean and green, as well as anyone who introduces commercial, scientific, and technological discoveries to combat various physical barriers to construct an electric vehicle through scientific innovation to develop their products globally. Furthermore, in the manufacturing industries by impart maintenance and diagnostic technique, bring innovative ideas for the betterment and benefit of the customer’s needs. This book has made a small impact in understanding various fundamental concepts to combat various manufacturing obstacles in developing an electric vehicle which includes safe storage system with real-time case studies, global manufacturing standards, and industries that are fundamentally willing to use smart techniques to expand their production using smart techniques to attract international customers and improve profit in their adopted business by using go clean and green techniques. This book has a strong influence on the different research approaches, with several applications in promotion of an electric vehicle with robust manufacturing approach with able maintenance strategies in world market., Nil

The existence of different types of Commercial Vehicles (CVs) in the shared roadway affects traffic flow characteristics differently from other vehicles. Owing to the uncertain placement and movement of these CVs in both longitudinal and lateral directions, the opportunities for lane changing and overtaking by other vehicles with lower maneuverability decrease, resulting in the formation of platoons. The study's primary aim is to assess the effect of mixed traffic platoons formed by three different classes of CVs on highway traffic speed, flow, and density under two different traffic regimes (regimes A and B). In this study, regime A represents the non-platooning condition, and regime B represents the platooning condition. Bi-directional traffic data was collected from the highway sections in India using an Infra-Red sensor-based device. The critical leading time headway is determined for the different CVs (platoon leaders) based on the mean absolute relative speed of platoons. The speed-flow-density plots are established using the macroscopic fundamental diagrams for the highway sections under regimes A and B to quantify the platooning impacts of CVs on the traffic characteristics. The study findings reveal that the speed at capacity, density at capacity, and traffic capacity decreased significantly due to CVs' influence on the general traffic mix during the mixed traffic platooning conditions. However, this effect was found to be relatively higher during the Heavy Commercial Vehicle operation as a platoon leader compared to Medium Commercial Vehicle and Light Commercial Vehicle as a platoon leader.

Extraintestinal manifestations are common in inflammatory bowel disease and involve several organs, including the kidney. However, the mechanisms responsible for renal manifestation in inflammatory bowel disease are not known. In this study, we show that the Wnt–lipoprotein receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5/6) signaling pathway in macrophages plays a critical role in regulating colitis-associated systemic inflammation and renal injury in a murine dextran sodium sulfate–induced colitis model. Conditional deletion of the Wnt coreceptors LRP5/6 in macrophages in mice results in enhanced susceptibility to dextran sodium sulfate colitis-induced systemic inflammation and acute kidney injury (AKI). Furthermore, our studies show that aggravated colitis-associated systemic inflammation and AKI observed in LRP5/6LysM mice are due to increased bacterial translocation to extraintestinal sites and microbiota-dependent increased proinflammatory cytokine levels in the kidney. Conversely, depletion of the gut microbiota mitigated colitis-associated systemic inflammation and AKI in LRP5/6LysM mice. Mechanistically, LRP5/6-deficient macrophages were hyperresponsive to TLR ligands and produced higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines, which are associated with increased activation of MAPKs. These results reveal how the Wnt–LRP5/6 signaling in macrophages controls colitis-induced systemic inflammation and AKI.

Zebrafish (

Cbl-b is a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase that is expressed in several immune cell lineages, where it negatively regulates the activity of immune cells. Cbl-b has specifically been identified as an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy due to its role in promoting an immunosuppressive tumor environment, and Nx-1607, is in phase I clinical trials for advanced solid tumor malignancies. Using a suite of biophysical and cellular assays, we confirmed potent binding of C7683 (an analogue of Nx-1607) to the full-length Cbl-b and its N-terminal fragment containing the TKBD-LHR-RING domains. To further elucidate its mechanism of inhibition, we determined the co-crystal structure of Cbl-b with C7683, revealing compound interaction with both the TKBD and LHR, but not the ring domain. Here, we provide structural insights into a novel mechanism of Cbl-b inhibition by a small-molecule inhibitor that locks the protein in an inactive conformation by acting as an intramolecular glue.

DNA damage, induced by either chemical carcinogens or environmental pollutants, plays an important role in the initiation of colorectal cancer. DNA repair processes, however, are involved in both protecting against cancer formation, and also contributing to cancer development, by ensuring genomic integrity and promoting the efficient DNA repair in tumor cells, respectively. Although DNA repair pathways have been well exploited in the treatment of breast and ovarian cancers, the role of DNA repair processes and their therapeutic efficacy in colorectal cancer is yet to be appreciably explored. To understand the role of DNA repair, especially homologous recombination (HR), in chemical carcinogen-induced colorectal cancer growth, we unraveled the role of RAD51AP1 (RAD51-associated protein 1), a protein involved in HR, in genotoxic carcinogen (azoxymethane, AOM)–induced colorectal cancer. Although AOM treatment alone significantly increased RAD51AP1 expression, the combination of AOM and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) treatment dramatically increased by several folds. RAD51AP1 expression is found in mouse colonic crypt and proliferating cells. RAD51AP1 expression is significantly increased in majority of human colorectal cancer tissues, including BRAF/KRAS mutant colorectal cancer, and associated with reduced treatment response and poor prognosis. Rad51ap1-deficient mice were protected against AOM/DSS-induced colorectal cancer. These observations were recapitulated in a genetically engineered mouse model of colorectal cancer (ApcMin/+). Furthermore, chemotherapy-resistant colorectal cancer is associated with increased RAD51AP1 expression. This phenomenon is associated with reduced cell proliferation and colorectal cancer stem cell (CRCSC) self-renewal. Overall, our studies provide evidence that RAD51AP1 could be a novel diagnostic marker for colorectal cancer and a potential therapeutic target for colorectal cancer prevention and treatment.Implications:This study provides first in vivo evidence that RAD51AP1 plays a critical role in colorectal cancer growth and drug resistance by regulating CRCSC self-renewal.

Supplementary Methods

Supplementary Figures and Legends 1-3

Hypoxic signaling is a central modulator of cellular physiology in cancer. Core members of oxygen-sensing pathway including the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL) and the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) transcription factors have been intensively studied, but improved organismal models might speed advances for both pathobiologic understanding and therapeutic modulation. To study HIF signaling during tumorigenesis and development in zebrafish, we developed a unique in vivo reporter for hypoxia, expressing EGFP driven by prolyl hydroxylase 3 (phd3) promoter/regulatory elements. Modulation of HIF pathway in Tg(phd3::EGFP) embryos showed a specific role for hypoxic signaling in the transgene activation. Zebrafish vhl mutants display a systemic hypoxia response, reflected by strong and ubiquitous transgene expression. In contrast to human VHL patients, heterozygous Vhl mice and vhl zebrafish are not predisposed to cancer. However, upon exposure to dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA), the vhl heterozygous fish showed an increase in the occurrence of hepatic and intestinal tumors, a subset of which exhibited strong transgene expression, suggesting loss of Vhl function in these tumor cells. Compared with control fish, DMBA-treated vhl heterozygous fish also showed an increase in proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive renal tubules. Taken together, our findings establish Vhl as a genuine tumor suppressor in zebrafish and offer this model as a tool to noninvasively study VHL and HIF signaling during tumorigenesis and development. Cancer Res; 72(16); 4017–27. ©2012 AACR.

Supplementary Figure S5. Therapeutic effect of blocking the β-catenin pathway against established tumors.

Supplementary Figure S3. β-catenin signaling in DCs limits antitumor immunity by regulating the expression of co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory molecules.

Supplementary Figure S4. Blocking β-catenin/TCF pathway enhances antitumor immunity against established EG7 and MO4 tumors.

Supplementary Figure S2. DCs express vitamin A-metabolizing enzymes in response to EG7 tumor.

Supplementary table 1 will provide a complete list of genes that are differentially regulated genes in RNA-seq analysis for control and 5-AzaC+Butyrate treated CSCs

Supplementary Table S2 will provide information about the Pathway and gene network analyses

Supplementary Figure Legend. Legend for Supplementary Figures S1-S5.

PDF file - 817K, Figure S1 shows in vivo expression of phd3::EGFP in wild-type and vhl-/- Figure S2 shows that phd3::EGFP mRNA expression recapitulates endogenous phd3 expression. Figure S3 shows that EGFP expression in phd3::EGFP embryos is Hif dependent. Figure S4 shows that EGFP expression in phd3::EGFP embryos can be activated by inhibitors of PHD hydroxylases. Figure S5 shows the half life of the fluorescence of the phd3::EGFP line. Figure S6 shows that the phd3::EGFP transgene acts as an in vivo marker for detecting LOH events at the vhl locus in vhl+/- fish. Figure S7 shows morphology of gonadal tumors after DMBA treatment. Figure S8 shows the sequence analysis of the vhl locus in dissected tumors. Figure S9 shows that vhl mRNA levels are decreased in EGFP+ tumors in vhl+/- fish.

Supplementary Figure S1. Pharmacological inhibition of retinoic acid synthesis limits tumor growth and T regulatory cell induction.

PDF file - 438K

PDF file - 56K, Table S1, shows relative increase in EGFP fluorescence levels of phd3: EGFP in vhl-/- embryos vs wild-type. Table S2 shows the effect of DMBA treatment on the rates of LOH for the vhl locus in 2.5 month old wild-type and vhl+/- fish. Table S3 shows the increased number of macroscopic phd3: GFP positive areas induced by DMBA vhl-/+ adults as compared to wild-type, they are likely to correspond to vhl-/- tumors. Table S4 shows preferential induction of renal tubule proliferation in vhl heterozygotes.

Recently, impressive technical advancements have been made in the isolation and validation of mammary stem cells and cancer stem cells (CSC), but the signaling pathways that regulate stem cell self-renewal are largely unknown. Furthermore, CSCs are believed to contribute to chemo- and radioresistance. In this study, we used the MMTV-Neu-Tg mouse mammary tumor model to identify potential new strategies for eliminating CSCs. We found that both luminal progenitor and basal stem cells are susceptible to genetic and epigenetic modifications, which facilitate oncogenic transformation and tumorigenic potential. A combination of the DNMT inhibitor 5-azacytidine and the HDAC inhibitor butyrate markedly reduced CSC abundance and increased the overall survival in this mouse model. RNA-seq analysis of CSCs treated with 5-azacytidine plus butyrate provided evidence that inhibition of chromatin modifiers blocks growth-promoting signaling molecules such as RAD51AP1 and SPC25, which play key roles in DNA damage repair and kinetochore assembly. Moreover, RAD51AP1 and SPC25 were significantly overexpressed in human breast tumor tissues and were associated with reduced overall patient survival. In conclusion, our studies suggest that breast CSCs are intrinsically sensitive to genetic and epigenetic modifications and can therefore be significantly affected by epigenetic-based therapies, warranting further investigation of combined DNMT and HDAC inhibition in refractory or drug-resistant breast cancer. Cancer Res; 76(11); 3224–35. ©2016 AACR.

The Supplemental materials and method file has methods for the Generation of mammospheres and tumorospheres, Preparation of single cell suspension from mammary gland, methods for RNA Isolation and Real-time PCR, and Clonogenic assay.

Supplementary Figure legends provide clear description for the Supplementary Figures S1-S7.

The Supplemental figure file contains severn additional figures. Supplementary figure 1 shows that the Lin-CD49f+CD24+ cells are tumorigenic, Supplementary Figure 2 provide additional evidence for myoepithelial stem and luminal progenitor cells are the targets of genetic mutations/epigenetic modifications that lead to tumor cell of origin, Supplementary Figure 3, shows that the treatment with DNMT and HDAC inhibitors reduces colony formation, Supplementary Figure 4l provide a Flow chart for RNA sequencing analysis, Supplementary Figure 5 shows a heat map for differential expression of genes in normal and in breast cancer, Supplementary Figure 6 shows RAD51AP1 expression in basal breast cancer, and Supplementary Figure 7 shows SPC25 expression in basal breast cancer

This paper focusses on the development of a Cartesian parallel manipulator (CPM) having multiple limb assembly configurations. An optimal configuration of the 3-PRRR CPM is identified after analysing the interference-free workspace of various limb assembly conditions, where each leg comprises an active prismatic joint followed by three revolute joints. The validation of the link interference detection algorithm is carried out using a virtual prototype. The Euler–Lagrange dynamic modelling of the CPM is validated using one of the well-known multi-body simulation packages namely, ADAMS. The paper proposes a detailed design and performance analyses of a motion controller for the proposed manipulator, based on a finite-time sliding mode scheme. A Graphical User Interface (GUI) is also developed using the MATLAB App Designer, which ensures easier and intuitive synthesis of the CPM. The development of an in-house functional prototype is also presented in this work.

This paper focuses its attention on investigating the mechanical design and control aspects of a new autonomous mobile agricultural robot being developed for the purpose of automated harvesting of fruits in plantations. The paper goes from discussing the need of automated harvesting of fruits and the problems involved to conceptualizing the design of such a robot and ends with a brief discussion on the control aspects of the robot.

Aluminum alloys are extensively used as a main engineering material in various industries such as automotive industries, the mould and die components manufacture and the industry in which weight is the most important factor. Surface roughness is an important measurement of product quality since it greatly influences the performance of mechanical parts as well as production cost. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of the main factors of the surface roughness in aluminum semi-solid AA1100 face milling. The results of the research could be applied in the manufacture of automotive components and mold industries. This study was conducted by using computer numerical controlled milling machine with 40- millimeter diameters fine type carbide tool with twin cutting edge. The experimental results were evaluated using Taguchi technique. Machining timing, and Flatness were mainly influenced with feed. MRR was mainly influenced with DOC. Practically minimum flatness error obtained at low speed with maximum feed and depth of cut. During this operation very low surface finish 0.520 µm generally it can achieve cylindrical grinding process. Keywords: AA 1100, face milling, Ra, CMM, flatness error

The five-phase loads with Multi-Level Inverters (MLI) are preferred by industries in high and medium power applications due to lower switching loss, voltage stress across switches, etc. The controlling of a five-phase motor drive is done by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques. This paper discusses different multi carrier PWM techniques, such as Level Shifting Carrier (LSC) PWM and Phase Shifting Carrier (PSC) PWM techniques available for controlling the inverter drive. The simulation is carried out for all PWM techniques and load voltage, voltage THD, Common Mode Voltage (CMV), and DC-link voltages are noted and compared among the PWM techniques.

The electric vehicle charger with modified LUO converter is proposed in this paper that has High Frequency Transformer (HFT) to isolate the input and load side. The primary of the HFT contains two switches and two diodes that reduces the voltage stress in switches. The proposed topology operates in Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM), which reduces the components and control complexities of the converter. The charger is operated in Constant Voltage (CV) - Constant Current (CC) modes, which increases the battery life at long term. The proposed topology delivers better performance that is evaluated by performing the simulation in MATLAB/Simulink. The resultant output voltage from modified LUO converter charges the battery of 48V.

Introduction: Ageing is characterized by a decline in mobility function and mental health. Physical activity can possibly play a role in maintaining mental health and functional independence in older adults, but it is seen that elderly persons do not tend to be adequately physically active. Purpose: To assess physical activity, depression and functional mobility in older adults and to determine the relationship between these factors in them. Materials and Methods: A pilot cross sectional study was conducted on 40 older adults with age ≥ 65 years (mean=69.72, SD=± 4.95). Physical activity was assessed using Short Form International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ- SF), depression with Short Form Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS- SF) and functional mobility using Time Up and Go test (TUG). Statistical Analysis: The data was analyzed using Spearman co-efficient of correlation and regression analysis to examine the relationship between IPAQ, GDS and TUG scores. Results: A significant negative correlation was found between GDS and IPAQ and with IPAQ and TUG. Between GDS and TUG, there was a significant positive correlation. All correlations were significant with p value