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This project is the central platform for the Network of (German-speaking) Open Science Initiatives (Netzwerk der Open-Science-Initiativen, NOSI). We're providing protocols, links, and resources that might be of interest to others interested in Open Science.

This is the preregistration of the "Thinkaloud study on the perception of a clearinghouse for teachers". See PDF file for the preregistration.

Seit dem 01. November 2017 läuft das Forschungsprojekt "Begleitforschung Schul-Cloud", das durch das Hasso-Plattner-Institut (HPI) in Auftrag gegeben wurde. Im Forschungsprojekt werden anhand einer Delphi-Studie die Potentiale von Software as a Service für den Schulalltag und Unterricht erforscht. Hierbei liegt der Fokus auf der vom HPI entwickelten Schul Cloud und deren Dienste. Für das Forschungsprojekt besteht eine Zusammenarbeit mit dem HPI und dem MINT-EC (Excellence-Netzwerk von Schulen mit Sekundarstufe II und ausgeprägtem Profil in MINT-Fächern). An zahlreichen Schulen des MINT-EC-Netzwerks wird die Schul-Cloud als Pilotprojekt eingeführt und weiterentwickelt. In Zusammenarbeit mit diesen starken Partnern und einer Projektförderung durch das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung forschen Dr. Jürgen Schneider, Jun.Prof. Dr. Samuel Merk und Prof. Dr. Thorsten Bohl von 01.11.2017 bis 30.04.2018.

The Replication Crisis diminishes trust in empirical sciences and with it the perceived value of science (Lupia, 2018). Open Science Practices (i.a. open data, open analysis script, open materials) are an increasingly popular approach to deal with challenges in replication and to rebuilt trust (Geukes, Schönbrodt, Utesch, Geukes, & Back, 2016). First investigations could, however, deliver no evidence toward the effects of Open Science Practices (OSP) on trustworthiness (Wingen, Berkessel, & Englich, 2019). The study investigated the effect on a discipline level (psychology) with an abstract description of OSP. Within the ongoing discussion about incentives for OSP (e.g. badges), we want to shift the focus from discipline level to concrete individual journal articles and consider epistemic beliefs of readers to play a moderating role (Merk & Rosman, 2018): Will visible OSP (vs. not visible vs. visibly non-OSP) foster perceived trustworthiness when reading journal articles of empirical studies? Will multiplistic epistemic beliefs moderate the relationship between OSP and trustworthiness? The design will include three conditions: visible Open Science Practices (visOSP), Practices not visible (nonvis) and visible non-Open Science Practices (nonOSP). Two of the conditions are randomized within person. Realizing all three conditions within person would highlight the variation between conditions as too obvious and thus undermine blinding of subjects. visOSP condition: Subjects receive a title page of an empirical study (Title, Abstract, Keywords, Introduction, ...) together with three Open Science badges. The badges are explained using hints in style of speech bubbles and indicate that the authors engaged in the OSP open data, open analysis script and open materials. nonvis condition: Subjects receive a title page of an empirical study (Title, Abstract, Keywords, Introduction, ...) with no further information on Open Science, reflecting a "standard" journal article. nonOSP condition: Subjects receive a title page of an empirical study (Title, Abstract, Keywords, Introduction, ...) together with three Open Science badges. The badges are explained using hints in style of speech bubbles and indicate that the authors did not engage in the OSP open data, open analysis script and open materials. As participants are exposed to more than one condition, we create all three conditions for three different empirical studies (topics). This way we avoid participants to see one study topic twice under different conditions, which would undermine the blinding. Measured variables are perceives trustworthiness: We apply the Muenster Epistemic Trustworthiness Inventory (Hendriks, Kienhues, & Bromme, 2015) with all three subscales. However, as dependent variable we will only employ the subscale integrity. The other two subscales are used for further exploratory analyses. Topic-specific multiplism: We apply the subscale of topic specific multiplism from Merk et al. (2017) Topic-specific consistency: We apply the three item-measure from Merk et al. (2017), Treatment check: We test the perceived openness/ transparency of the empirical study. Additional small set of demographic variables will be assessed.

This is a preregistration of a systematic review on computer-based formative feedback on writing.

Die erfolgreiche Entwicklung der Bewegung “Offene Wissenschaft” als Community of Practice hängt auch von ihrer Innen- und Außenwirkung ab. Im aktuellen Diskurs um die Praktiken Offener Wissenschaft dominieren wenige Disziplinen (z.B. Psychologie) bzw. bestimmte Forschungsparadigmen (quantitativ-empirisch). Von Vertreter*innen weniger präsenter Disziplinen wird dies zum Teil als ein „Überstülpen“ von außen wahrgenommen und bedingt Rechtfertigungs- und Legitimationsdruck ihrer eigenen Praktiken. So titelte beispielsweise der Soziologe Engzell auf der Open Social Science Conference „One size does not fit all“ (2019, S. 1) als Reaktion auf Praktiken der Offenen Wissenschaft aus der Psychologie. Für unterschiedliche Subcommunities sind jeweils eigene Praktiken relevant – die Wahrnehmung, dass manche Praktiken der eigenen Subcommunity aufgezwängt werden, fördert Frontenbildung und bremst die Effektivität Community der Offenen Wissenschaft deutlich aus. Auch Forscher*innen außerhalb der Community, die Offene Wissenschaft als von Praktiken anderer Disziplinen bestimmt wahrnehmen, weisen die Idee der Offenen Wissenschaft möglicherweise als Ganzes zurück. Dies verzögert und gefährdet die Entwicklung der Community. Die Frage danach, welche Praktiken für welche Subcommunities der Offenen Wissenschaft relevant sind, ist somit ein Anliegen des Community Building. Aktuell sind die Differenzen, Überschneidungen und der gemeinsame Kern an Praktiken der Subcommunities noch zu diffus und unklar. Das Vorhaben bildet diese heraus und stellt sie grafisch-interaktiv in einem Dashboard dar. In der ersten Projektphase wird eine Sammlung an Praktiken Offener Wissenschaft angelegt. Diese ergibt sich aus einem Literaturreview, sowie aus schriftlicher und mündlicher Expertenbefragung (u.a. aus dem Netzwerk des Fellow-Programms). In der zweiten Projektphase werden (in der Offenen Wissenschaft erfahrene) Forscher*innen aus sieben Disziplinbereichen danach befragt, welche der Praktiken sie für ihre Subcommunity als bedeutsam einschätzen. So lassen sich Erkenntnisse über die Homo- und Heterogenität der Praktiken innerhalb und zwischen Subcommunities generieren, die anschließend an die Community selbst, aber auch darüber hinaus disseminiert werden. Hierfür sind ein Open Access zugänglicher Zeitschriftenartikel, Konferenzbeiträge und ein webbasiertes Dashboard anvisiert. Im Dashboard können anhand der Softwarepakete R Markdown und Shiny aggregierte Daten dargestellt und frei zugänglich zur interaktiven Exploration angeboten werden. Die Erkenntnisse aus dem Projekt und der Kompetenz- und Wissenserwerb im Programm sollen auch direkt in die kürzlich von mir angestoßene Open Science Initiative an der Universität Tübingen einfließen. Diese befindet sich in einer frühen Entwicklungsphase, wobei Entscheidungen oftmals unter großer Unsicherheit getroffen werden müssen. Hier kann das Netzwerk des Programms besonders gut genutzt werden.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-pss-10.1177_09567976221097499 for Do Open-Science Badges Increase Trust in Scientists Among Undergraduates, Scientists, and the Public? by Jürgen Schneider, Tom Rosman, Augustin Kelava and Samuel Merk in Psychological Science

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-pss-10.1177_09567976221097499 for Do Open-Science Badges Increase Trust in Scientists Among Undergraduates, Scientists, and the Public? by Jürgen Schneider, Tom Rosman, Augustin Kelava and Samuel Merk in Psychological Science

Background: Psychotherapeutic consultation services in the workplace (PSIW) have been developed to provide collaborative mental health care for employees. The aim of this study was to analyze participant characteristics, the role of PSIW in treatment courses, and the development of sick leave before and after PSIW start. Methods: Routine data from PSIW and health insurance of 155 participants were analyzed descriptively and by means of a multilevel negative binomial regression. Results: Eighty-four percent of users were male, and 72% were diagnosed with a mental disorder. The number of PSIW consultations varied from 1 to 13 (mean = 4). For 34% of participants, PSIW sessions were sufficient, 33% received a recommendation for outpatient psychotherapy, and 20% for inpatient mental health treatment. While recommendations for inpatient treatment displayed a high adherence rate (74%), recommendations for outpatient treatment were followed by 37%. Compared with the period of a half-year before PSIW, sick-leave days were reduced from the period of the second half-year after PSIW start and in the subsequent observed half-year periods. Trajectories of sick leave by subgroups showed differences. Conclusions: PSIW is a flexible care offer, and results indicate a possible effect of PSIW on sick leave. In future studies, control group designs and inclusion of further variables are needed., publishedVersion

Additional file 3. Apoptosis and cell proliferation are not affected in Pax9–/– and Pax9–/–;Msx1+/– mutant embryos on a congenic CD1 background.

Additional file 1. Caudal PAA defects in CD1-Pax9–/– and CD1-Pax9–/–;Msx1+/– embryos.

Additional file 4. Additional Tables S2-4.

The Community of Open Scholarship Grassroots Networks (COSGN), includes 120 grassroots networks, representing virtually every region of the world and every research discipline. These networks communicate and coordinate on topics of common interest. We propose, using an NSF 19-501 Full-Scale implementation grant, to formalize governance and coordination of the networks to maximize impact and establish standard practices for sustainability. In the project period, we will increase the capacity of COSGN to advance the research and community goals of the participating networks individually and collectively, and establish governance, succession planning, shared resources, andcommunication pathways to ensure an active, community-sustained network of networks. By the end of the project period, we will have established a self-sustaining network of networks that leverages disciplinary and regional diversity, actively collaborates across networks for grassroots organizing, and shares resources for maximum impact on culture change for open scholarship.

Developmental defects affecting the heart and aortic arch arteries are a significant phenotype observed in individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome and are caused by a microdeletion on chromosome 22q11. TBX1, one of the deleted genes, is expressed throughout the pharyngeal arches and is considered a key gene, when mutated, for the arch artery defects. Pax9 is expressed in the pharyngeal endoderm and is downregulated in Tbx1 mutant mice. We show here that Pax9-deficient mice are born with complex cardiovascular malformations that affect the outflow tract and aortic arch arteries with failure of the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arch arteries to form correctly. Transcriptome analysis indicated that Pax9 and Tbx1 may function together, and mice double heterozygous for Tbx1/Pax9 presented with a significantly increased incidence of interrupted aortic arch when compared with Tbx1 heterozygous mice. Using a novel Pax9Cre allele, we demonstrated that the site of this Tbx1-Pax9 genetic interaction is the pharyngeal endoderm, therefore revealing that a Tbx1-Pax9-controlled signalling mechanism emanating from the pharyngeal endoderm is required for crucial tissue interactions during normal morphogenesis of the pharyngeal arch artery system., Summary: A strong genetic interaction between Tbx1 and Pax9 that leads to 4th PAA-derived defects in double heterozygous mice is cell-autonomous within the pharyngeal endoderm.

Novel low-energy defibrillation therapies are thought to be driven by virtual-electrodes (VEs), due to the interaction of applied monophasic electric shocks with fine-scale anatomical structures within the heart. Significant inter-species differences in the cardiac (micro)-anatomy exist, however, particularly with respect to the degree of endocardial trabeculations, which may underlie important differences in response to low-energy defibrillation protocols. Understanding the interaction of monophasic electric fields with the specific human micro-anatomy is therefore imperative in facilitating the translation and optimisation of these promising experimental therapies to the clinic. In this study, we sought to investigate how electric fields from implanted devices interact with the highly trabeculated human endocardial surface to better understand shock success in order to help optimise future clinical protocols. A bi-ventricular human computational model was constructed from high resolution (350 μm) ex-vivo MR data, including anatomically accurate endocardial structures. Monophasic shocks were applied between a basal right ventricular catheter and an exterior ground. Shocks of varying strengths were applied with both anodal [positive right ventricle (RV) electrode] and cathodal (negative RV electrode) polarities at different states of tissue refractoriness and during induced arrhythmias. Anodal shocks induced isolated positive VEs at the distal side of "detached" trabeculations, which rapidly spread into hyperpolarised tissue on the surrounding endocardial surfaces following the shock. Anodal shocks thus depolarised more tissue 10 ms after the shock than cathodal shocks where the propagation of activation from VEs induced on the proximal side of "detached" trabeculations was prevented due to refractory endocardium. Anodal shocks increased arrhythmia complexity more than cathodal shocks during failed anti-arrhythmia shocks. In conclusion, multiple detached trabeculations in the human ventricle interact with anodal stimuli to induce multiple secondary sources from VEs, facilitating more rapid shock-induced ventricular excitation compared to cathodal shocks. Such a mechanism may help explain inter-species differences in response to shocks and help to develop novel defibrillation strategies.

Traditional histology is the gold standard for tissue studies, but it is intrinsically reliant on two-dimensional (2D) images. Study of volumetric tissue samples such as whole hearts produces a stack of misaligned and distorted 2D images that need to be reconstructed to recover a congruent volume with the original sample's shape. In this paper, we develop a mathematical framework called Transformation Diffusion (TD) for stack alignment refinement as a solution to the heat diffusion equation. This general framework does not require contour segmentation, is independent of the registration method used, and is trivially parallelizable. After the first stack sweep, we also replace registration operations by operations in the space of transformations, several orders of magnitude faster and less memory-consuming. Implementing TD with operations in the space of transformations produces our Transformation Diffusion Reconstruction (TDR) algorithm, applicable to general transformations that are closed under inversion and composition. In particular, we provide formulas for translation and affine transformations. We also propose an Approximated TDR (ATDR) algorithm that extends the same principles to tensor-product B-spline transformations. Using TDR and ATDR, we reconstruct a full mouse heart at pixel size 0.92 µm x 0.92 µm, cut 10 µm thick, spaced 20 µm (84G). Our algorithms employ only local information from transformations between neighboring slices, but the TD framework allows theoretical analysis of the refinement as applying a global Gaussian low-pass filter to the unknown stack misalignments. We also show that reconstruction without an external reference produces large shape artifacts in a cardiac specimen while still optimizing slice-to-slice alignment. To overcome this problem, we use a pre-cutting blockface imaging process previously developed by our group that takes advantage of Brewster's angle and a polarizer to capture the outline of only the topmost layer of wax in the block containing embedded tissue for histological sectioning.

Glucocorticoids are widely used as therapeutic agents to treat immune-mediated diseases in humans because of their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. However, glucocorticoids have various adverse effects, in particular rapid and pronounced bone loss associated with fractures in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, a common form of secondary osteoporosis. In zebrafish, which are increasingly used to study processes of bone regeneration and disease, glucocorticoids show detrimental effects on bone tissue; however, the underlying cellular mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here, we show that treatment with the glucocorticoid prednisolone impacts on the number, activity and differentiation of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and immune cells during ontogenetic growth, homeostasis, and regeneration of zebrafish bone. Macrophage numbers are reduced in both larval and adult tissues, correlating with decreased generation of myelomonocytes and enhanced apoptosis of these cells. In contrast, osteoblasts fail to proliferate, show decreased activity, and undergo incomplete differentiation. In addition, prednisolone treatment mitigates the number and recruitment of osteoclasts to sites of bone regeneration in adult fish. In combination, these effects delay bone growth and impair bone regeneration. Our study demonstrates the many-faceted effects of glucocorticoids in non-mammalian vertebrates and helps to further establish the zebrafish as a model to study glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Pre-service teachers tend to devalue general pedagogical knowledge (GPK) as a valid source for deriving successful teaching practices. The present study investigated beliefs about knowledge sources and epistemic beliefs as predictors for students' perceived value of GPK. Three pre-registered hypotheses were tested. We expected beliefs that GPK originates from scientific sources to entail a devaluation of GPK (Hypothesis 1). Concerning epistemic beliefs, we expected absolute beliefs to positively, and multiplistic beliefs to negatively predict pre-service teachers' perceived practical value of GPK (Hypothesis 2). Finally, we expected relationships between epistemic beliefs and pre-service teachers' perceived practical value of GPK to be confounded by epistemic trustworthiness, perceived topic-specific consistency and topic-specific familiarity (Hypothesis 3). In a study using a split plot design, 365 pre-service teachers were presented with four texts on different educational research topics. For each topic, three text versions were constructed. Even though they were invariant in content, these versions varied in a way that the results were allegedly generated by a practitioner, an expert or by means of a scientific study. Unexpectedly, results showed that research findings allegedly generated by means of a scientific study were associated with a higher perceived value of (topic-specific) GPK for practice (Hypothesis 1). As expected, the perceived value of GPK for practice was predicted by topic-specific multiplism and domain-specific absolutism (Hypothesis 2). These predictive effects were confounded by expertise evaluations of the source and the consistency of prior beliefs with the presented research results (Hypothesis 3). In summary, our results suggest that source beliefs might not be responsible for the devaluation of GPK, but that beliefs on the nature and structure of GPK (i.e., epistemic beliefs) might play an even more important role in this respect. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Purpose The diffusion tensor model assumes Gaussian diffusion and is widely applied in cardiac diffusion MRI. However, diffusion in biological tissue deviates from a Gaussian profile as a result of hindrance and restriction from cell and tissue microstructure, and may be quantified better by non-Gaussian modeling. The aim of this study was to investigate non-Gaussian diffusion in healthy and hypertrophic hearts. Methods Thirteen rat hearts (five healthy, four sham, four hypertrophic) were imaged ex vivo. Diffusion-weighted images were acquired at b-values up to 10,000 s/mm2. Models of diffusion were fit to the data and ranked based on the Akaike information criterion. Results The diffusion tensor was ranked best at b-values up to 2000 s/mm2 but reflected the signal poorly in the high b-value regime, in which the best model was a non-Gaussian “beta distribution” model. Although there was considerable overlap in apparent diffusivities between the healthy, sham, and hypertrophic hearts, diffusion kurtosis and skewness in the hypertrophic hearts were more than 20% higher in the sheetlet and sheetlet-normal directions. Conclusion Non-Gaussian diffusion models have a higher sensitivity for the detection of hypertrophy compared with the Gaussian model. In particular, diffusion kurtosis may serve as a useful biomarker for characterization of disease and remodeling in the heart. Magn Reson Med, 2016. © 2016 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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