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Mediante el presente artículo se analiza el fenómeno de los homicidios de líderes sociales y defensores de Derechos Humanos en Colombia a partir del contraste entre el manejo de las cifras de por parte de las entidades estatales y las ONG´s, tanto nacionales como internacionales, con el fin de entender el impacto del manejo de cifras en la respuesta por parte del Estado colombiano al fenómeno objeto de estudio y la manera como las entidades comprenden los homicidios de los líderes sociales y de los defensores de derechos humanos. Para tal fin, el análisis se centra en los homicidios que hayan ocurrido desde la firma del acuerdo de paz entre el Gobierno Nacional y la guerrilla FARC – EP en octubre de 2016 hasta la fecha, así como en las causas identificadas por cada una de las entidades y de las ONG´s.

espanolEl objetivo del estudio fue examinar las propiedades psicometricas de la escala CD-RISC en poblacion adolescente chilena. La muestra fue de 520 estudiantes, en un rango etario de 13 a 19 anos, pertenecientes a establecimientos escolares de las regiones de La Araucania y Los Rios, Chile. Los resultados del analisis factorial confirmatorio determino una estructura unidimensional mediante un modelo Bifactor, compuesta por un factor general de resiliencia y dos sub dimensiones, con adecuados indicadores de ajuste (CFI=.956; RMSEA=.05). La fiabilidad mediante consistencia interna presento rangos estadisticamente esperables, con un coeficiente Omega jerarquico de .81. El nivel de invarianza de la escala para las variables sexo y edad fue escalar, no encontrandose diferencias significativas en el factor general de resiliencia. Se obtuvieron evidencias de validez convergente y discriminante. Por tanto, CD-RISC, muestra indicadores psicometricos adecuados para adolescentes chilenos evaluados y se discutieron las limitaciones del presente estudio. EnglishThis study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the CD-RISC scale in the Chilean adolescent population. The sample was 520 students within an age range of 13 to 19 years, belonging to schools in the regions of La Araucania and Los Rios, Chile. The confirmatory factor analysis results determined a onedimensional structure using a Bifactor model, composed of a general factor of resilience and two subdimensions, with suitable adjustment indicators (CFI=.956; RMSEA=.05). Reliability through internal consistency showed statistically expected ranges, with a hierarchical Omega coefficient of .81. The level of invariance of the scale for the sex and age variables was scalar, not finding significant differences in resilience's general factor. We did find evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Therefore, CDRISC showed consistent psychometric indicators for the Chilean adolescents evaluated. Finally, we discuss the limitations of this study.

Every year, on the occasion of the National Day of Spain, the Armed Forces hold a major parade in Madrid, in which thousands of soldiers march with their weapons before the King, the government authorities and a large audience. The ceremony is a performance where the military express their current identity after a process of reforms that have transformed them from being a central pillar of the Franco regime to part of the democratic order. Analysis of the parade is framed within the search for new ways to conduct ethnographic research into the military, for which new observation spaces must be developed. This article postulates that the military parade of the National Day of Spain is one such space which can be transformed into a place for fieldwork on the Spanish military world. Todos los años, con ocasión de la Fiesta Nacional de España, las Fuerzas Armadas realizan en Madrid un gran desfile. La observación etnográfica de esta ceremonia en la que miles de soldados marchan con sus armas ante el rey, las autoridades del go­bierno y un numeroso público constituye una escenificación con la que los militares expresan su actual identidad tras un proceso de reformas que los ha transformado, pasando de ser un pilar central del régimen franquista a adaptarse al orden democrático. Este análisis del desfile se enmarca en la búsqueda de nuevas vías de investigación etnográfica de los militares, para lo cual es necesario desarrollar nuevos espacios de observación. Este artículo postula que el desfile militar de la Fiesta Nacional de España constituye uno de estos espacios que pueden ser transformados en lugar de campo desde donde investigar el mundo militar español.

Microcapsules (MC) based on chitosan (CH) and including nano-magnetite and erlotinib were synthesized. The microparticles were characterized by SEM, FT-IR and TGA. The percentage of encapsulation was determined, as well as its microbiological activity. Finally, the effectiveness of the formulation was evaluated in terms of cell viability and/or toxicity when compared with the reference drug. The formulation used to prepare the microcapsules showed some bacteriostatic properties. The characterization of microcapsules exhibited amorphous spherical shape and average size of 1.29, 1.58 and 1.62 mm for chitosan, chitosan + nanomagnetite and chitosan + nanomagnetite + erlotinib, respectively. The infrared spectra showed characteristic bands of the erlotinib and magnetite, confirming its internalization. The thermogravimetric analyzes indicated that the materials do not undergo changes at optimum working temperatures. The HPLC analysis showed a 52% of encapsulation. Finally, the formulation probed had lower effectiveness and less cytotoxicity, than the drug without encapsulating “in vitro” studies. For that reason several assays are in progress.

Fatigue analysis of an offshore structure usually requires the numerical simulation of a huge number of loading cases to compute the long-term integral associated to the accumulated fatigue damage. Papadimitriou et al. [1] and Low and Cheung [2] proposed two distinct approaches to solve the long-term fatigue damage more efficiently. These methods are known as Asymptotic Approximation Method and Perturbation Method, respectively. This paper investigates the efficiency of these two methods in the fatigue analysis of the steel pipe of a riser suspended and moored by chains (RSAA). Since there is an analytical solution for the stress spectrum of this riser, both time and frequency domain fatigue assessments approaches are considered. The accuracy and computational efficiency of the aforementioned methods are compared with the “brute force” direct integration methodology.Copyright © 2015 by ASME