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The DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys (http://legacysurvey.org/) are a combination of three public projects (the Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey, the Beijing-Arizona Sky Survey, and the Mayall z-band Legacy Survey) that will jointly image ≈14,000 deg2 of the extragalactic sky visible from the northern hemisphere in three optical bands (g, r, and z) using telescopes at the Kitt Peak National Observatory and the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory. The combined survey footprint is split into two contiguous areas by the Galactic plane. The optical imaging is conducted using a unique strategy of dynamically adjusting the exposure times and pointing selection during observing that results in a survey of nearly uniform depth. In addition to calibrated images, the project is delivering a catalog, constructed by using a probabilistic inference-based approach to estimate source shapes and brightnesses. The catalog includes photometry from the grz optical bands and from four mid-infrared bands (at 3.4, 4.6, 12, and 22 μm) observed by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer satellite during its full operational lifetime. The project plans two public data releases each year. All the software used to generate the catalogs is also released with the data. This paper provides an overview of the Legacy Surveys project.

© 2017 American Chemical Society. The dielectric relaxation of hydrated collagen powders was studied over a wide temperature and frequency range. We revealed two mechanisms of dielectric relaxation in hydration water that are driven by the migration of ionic and orientation defects. At high water fractions in powders (h > 0.2), the hydration shell around the collagen triple helixes presents a spatial H-bonded network consisting of structural water bridges and cleft water channels. These two water phases provide the long-range paths for proton hopping and orientation defect migration. At low water fractions (h < 0.2) and in the hydrated collagen samples after the dehydrothermal treatment, the hydration shell presents localized individual water compartments not connected to one another. In these cases, the relaxation mechanism due to proton hopping either disappears or becomes inhibited by the orientation defect migration.

© This journal is the Owner Societies. Water is of fundamental importance for life. It plays a critical role in all biological systems. In p hycocyanin, a pigment-protein complex, the hydration level influences its absorption spectrum. However, there is currently a gap in the understanding of how protein interfaces affect water's structure and properties. This work presents combined dielectric and calorimetric measurements of hydrated phycocyanin with different levels of hydration in a broad temperature interval. Based on the dielectric and calorimetric tests, it was shown that two types of water exist in the phycocyanin hydration shell. One is confined water localized inside the phycocyanin ring and the second is the water that is embedded in the protein structure and participates in the protein solvation. The water confined in the phycocyanin ring melts at the temperature 195 ± 3 K and plays a role in the solvation at higher temperatures. Moreover, the dynamics of all types of water was found to be effected by the presence of the ionic buffer.

IceTop the surface component of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole is an air shower array with an area of 1km2. The detector allows a detailed exploration of the mass composition of primary cosmic rays in the energy range from about 100TeV to 1EeV by exploiting the correlation between the shower energy measured in IceTop and the energy deposited by muons in the deep ice. In this paper we report on the technical design construction and installation the trigger and data acquisition systems as well as the software framework for calibration reconstruction and simulation. Finally the first experience from commissioning and operating the detector and the performance as an air shower detector will be discussed.

Whenever water interacts with another dipolar or charged entity, there exists a broadening of its dielectric relaxation peak. Often this broadening can be described by the phenomenological Cole-Cole (CC) spectral function. A new approach has been recently presented (A. Puzenko, P. Ben Ishai, and Y. Feldman, Phys. Rev. Letters 105, 037601-4 (2010)), which is based on the fractal nature of the time set of the interaction of the relaxing water dipoles with their encompassing matrix. It demonstrates a fundamental connection between the relaxation time, τ, the broadening parameter, α, and the Kirkwood-Froehlich correlation function B. The parameters B, τ and α were chosen as the coordinates of the new 3D space, wherein the evolution of the relaxation process, as a result of the variation of external macroscopic parameters (temperature, pressure etc.), will depict a trajectory. This trajectory is a result of the connection between the kinetic and the structural properties of water in the complex system. © 2013 American Institute of Physics.

We prove Timmesfeld's conjecture that special abstract rank one groups are quasisimple. We show that in a special Moufang set the root groups are characterized on the one hand by being regular and normal in the point stabilizer, and on the other hand a normal transitive nilpotent subgroup of the point stabilizer is a root group. We prove that if a root group of a special Moufang set contains an involution, then it is of exponent $2$. We also show that the root groups are abelian if and only if the so-called $\mu$-maps are involutions.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Midsagittal morphologic changes often aid in the diagnosis of hydrocephalus. Stretching and upward displacement of the corpus callosum, widening of third ventricular recesses, and decreased mammillopontine distance have been described as indicating the possibility of hydrocephalus. Quantitative studies are scarce. We performed retrospective, quantitative analysis to verify and quantify changes in midline morphology that might differentiate hydrocephalus and ventriculomegaly due to atrophy. METHODS: Sagittal MR imaging studies of 22 patients with hydrocephalus and 32 patients with atrophy were analyzed, as were 42 studies with normal findings. The studied parameters included mammillopontine and mammillocommissural distances, callosal height at two points, and the distances between the lines passing through the chiasm (chiasmal line) and the edge of the callosal splenium. Various angles between the chiasmal line and surrounding structures were measured. Similar measurements were done with the line passing through the third ventricular floor segment anterior to the mammillary bodies (third ventricular line). RESULTS: In hydrocephalus, mammillopontine distance decreased, mammillocommissural distance increased, the third ventricular floor segment was concave in most cases, and the chiasmal line rotated clockwise. These changes were not seen in atrophy. Callosal height was increased in hydrocephalus significantly more than in atrophy. CONCLUSION: Specific changes of the midsagittal plane in hydrocephalus, some of which have not been described previously, can be observed and quantified, which might aid in differentiating this condition from atrophy.

Clear cell endometrial carcinoma represents an uncommon and poorly understood entity. Data from molecular/genomic profiling highlighted the importance of various signatures in assessing the prognosis of endometrial cancer according to four classes of risk (POLE mutated, MMRd, NSMP, and p53 abnormal). Unfortunately, data specific to clear cell histological subtype endometrial cancer are lacking. More recently, data has emerged to suggest that most of the patients (more than 80%) with clear cell endometrial carcinoma are characterized by p53 abnormality or NSMP type. This classification has important therapeutic implications. Although it is an uncommon entity, clear cell endometrial cancer patients with POLE mutation seem characterized by a good prognosis. Chemotherapy is effective in patients with NSMP (especially in stage III and IV) and patients with p53 abnormal disease (all stages). While, preliminary data suggested that patients with MMRd are less likely to benefit from chemotherapy. The latter group appears to benefit much more from immune checkpoint inhibitors: recent data from clinical trials on pembrolizumab plus lenvatinib and nivolumab plus cabozantinib supported that immunotherapy plus tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) would be the most appropriate treatment for recurrent non-endometrioid endometrial cancer (including clear cell carcinoma) after the failure of platinum-based chemotherapy. Moreover, ongoing clinical trials testing the anti-tumor activity of innovative products will clarify the better strategies for advanced/recurrent clear cell endometrial carcinoma. Further prospective evidence is urgently needed to better characterize clear cell endometrial carcinoma.