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Adhesive bond strength and polymerization shrinkage are influenced by many different factors, including etching mode and light properties of a curing source. Different etching and curing techniques have been developed in an attempt to reduce polymerization shrinkage and stress development, thereby increasing the bond strength at the composite/dentine interface. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of total-etch and self-etch mode as well as continuous and soft-start light curing mode on micro-tensile bond strength of bulkfill composite to dentine using universal adhesive. According to the etching and lightcuring mode applied, teeth were randomly divided into four different groups (n = 15): TC (total-etch, continuous mode), TS (total-etch, soft-start), SC (soft-start, continuous mode) and SS (self-etch, soft-start). Cylindric composite build-ups were made with 3M FiltekBulkfill Posterior. Specimens were subjected to micro tensile bond strength test in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The failure force was recorded in Newton (N) and calculated in MPa as a ratio of Newton to the surface of the bonded area. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Students t-test.Micro tensile bond strength was not affected by the lightcuring mode since no significant statistical difference was determined between the continuous and soft-start groups, irrespective of the etching mode used. On the other hand, micro tensile bond strength was highly influenced by the etching mode since significant statistical difference was determined between the total-etch and self-etch groups, irrespective of the lightcuring mode.

This study compared the shear bond strength (SBS) and micromorphology of composite resin to human dentin after pre-treatment with silica-modified aluminum oxide air abrasion. Forty-six molar teeth were treated with either Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SCMP) or Clearfil SE Bond (CLSE) adhesive. Buccal surfaces were pre-treated with the CoJet air abrasion system (SB), and lingual surfaces were controls. The adhesion of light-cured resin composite to the treated dentin surface was evaluated with SBS. After debonding, substrate surfaces were examined with an optical microscope for failure analysis. In addition, 15 molar teeth were sectioned and randomly assigned to one of five groups, according to the dentin surface pre-treatment and adhesive type, and examined with high-vacuum scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-rays (SEM/EDS). The type of adhesive had a significant effect on SBS (p = 0.000); CLSE had the highest values. SB did not affect SBS (p = 0.090). SEM/EDS revealed residual aluminum and/or silicon on all dentin surfaces after SB, except for the control. Treatment with 32% phosphoric acid in the SCMP adhesive decreased the amounts of aluminum and silicon compared to SB dentin only, whereas CLSE resulted in similar quantities of aluminum and silicon as air-abraded dentin. The results of this study indicate that CLSE might have a higher bond strength to dentin than SCMP. Pre-treatment with SB does not appear to affect bonding strength.

This study investigated the short- and long-term effects of dental adhesives doped with nano-sized bioactive glass 45S5 (BAG) on the resin–dentin interfacial bond strength. Two etch-and-rinse adhesives (Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (ASB) and Solobond Plus (SB)) and one self-etch adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond (CF)) were doped with different concentrations of BAG (5, 10, and 20 wt%). The unmodified (0 wt% BAG) commercial adhesives served as control groups. Dentin of 120 molars (n = 10 per group) was treated with the different adhesives, followed by buildups with a conventional composite restorative material. From each tooth, 14 sticks were prepared for micro-tensile bond strength (µTBS) testing. The sticks were stored in simulated body fluid at 37 °C and tested after 24 h or six months for µTBS and failure mode. Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis tests in combination with post-hoc Conover-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests at a level of significance of a = 0.05. After 24 h and six months, both etch-and-rinse adhesives with a low BAG content (up to 10 wt% for ASB and 5 wt% for SB) showed similar µTBSs as their respective control groups (0 wt% BAG). CF showed a significant decrease in µTBS even after addition of 5 wt% BAG. At a high concentration of added BAG (20 wt%), all three adhesives showed a significant decrease in µTBS compared to the unmodified controls. The CF control group showed significantly lower µTBS after 6 months of storage than after 24 h. In contrast, the µTBS of all CF groups modified with BAG was unaffected by aging. In conclusion, the tested etch-and-rinse adhesives can be modified with up to 5 wt% (SB), or 10 wt% (ASB) of BAG without reducing their short- and long-term dentin bond strength. Moreover, the addition of nano-sized BAG may prevent long-term bond strength deterioration of a self-etch adhesive., Nanomaterials, 11 (8), ISSN:2079-4991

Background It is still not fully understood what pretreatment is best for achieving maximum tightness for pit and fissure sealings (PFS). Aim This study investigated microleakage of PFS placed after etching with phosphoric acid or after the application of self‐etching primers/adhesives (SEPA). Design 131 third molars were assigned to ten groups. In Hel‐P, Helioseal® was applied after phosphoric acid etching. In the other groups, SEPA were used (Dyr‐AP: Adper™ Prompt™ L‐Pop™, Dyract® Seal; Bea: BeautiSealant Primer and Paste; Hel‐Exp: Experimental primer, Helioseal®; Hel‐Cl: Clearfil™ SE Bond1, Helioseal®). Specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C (28 days), followed by 3500 thermocycles and staining with 5% methylene blue (M) or 5% silver nitrate (S). After methylene blue staining and sectioning, microleakage was assessed light microscopically. During silver nitrate staining, specimens were dissolved by 32% HCl and remaining PFS were evaluated under a SEM. Results Tightness, percentage of penetrated area, and maximum dye penetration were best for Hel‐P and Hel‐Cl (p

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the 6-month clinical performance of Adhese Universal applied with two different application strategies (self-etch vs. etch-andrinse technique) when restoring non-carious cervical lesions. Methods: Twenty-six patients participated in this study. Restorations of 117 non-carious cervical lesions were assigned to 2 groups: 1) Adhese Universal in the etch-and-rinse mode (n=59) and 2) Adhese Universal in the self-etch mode (n=58). The same resin composite (Tetric EvoCeram) was used for all restorations. The restorations were evaluated at baseline and at 6 months, using the World Dental Federation criteria. The results were analyzed statistically by the McNemar test (α=0.05 and power of 80%) to compare the differences between baseline and 6 months and a generalized estimating equation to compare the differences between the 2 techniques. Results: No differences were found in restoration performance between the baseline and the end of the 6-month period in the self-etch mode (marginal coloring: p=0.1366; fractures/retention: p=1.000; marginal adaptation: p=1.000; hypersensitivity: p=0.4795; recurrence of caries: p=1.000). On the other hand, in the etch-and-rinse mode, for both fractures/retention (p=0.0028) and marginal adaptation (p=0.0016), significant differences were found. Significant differences were also detected between groups at 6 months for fractures/retention and marginal adaptation (p

Aim. The aim of this study is to evaluate the interface between resin and hard dental tissues obtained by using two adhesive systems. Material and method. Ten extracted human molars were bonded using a total etch adhesive (Adper Single Bond 2, 3M ESPE) and a self-etching agent (Futurabond U DC, VOCO), after artificially preparing MOD cavities on them. The composite build ups were constructed using Filltek Z550 nanohybrid composite from 3M ESPE. Teeth were embedded in epoxy resin, using special vacuum equipment, then metallographic grinded to a certain point of interest and polished. The samples were analyzed using a Carl Zeiss Optical Microscope (Axio Imager A1M) and the image acquisition was made using a dedicated microscope camera (Canon Powershot A640) and dedicated software (Axio Vision). Results. Resin-enamel bonds were uniform over the entire surface on both adhesive systems whereas resin-dentin bonds resulted using the total etch system are of inferior quality (there are micro spaces between dentin and resin that range from 6,18μm to 24,12μm) than the ones resulted using the self-etch adhesive, in which case the bonds were uniform and well adapted with no signs of micro spaces. Conclusions. Resin-dentin bonds resulted using a total etch adhesive may reduce the quality of the restoration, thus being susceptible to marginal infiltration and debonding over time.

(1) Background: This study investigated the effect of the adhesive layer thickness and the length of resin tags on dentin bond strength of five universal adhesives applied in self-etch mode. (2) Methods: One hundred and fifty extracted human third molars were used. Five different universal adhesives were applied in self-etch mode on the dentin surface. Half of the specimens were subjected to an aging procedure for six months. A shear bond strength (SBS) test was performed and the results were statistically analyzed with a t-test and one-way ANOVA test. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was executed to measure the adhesive layer thickness and tag depth. (3) Results: No statistical differences were found between the five adhesive systems after a 24 h storage period, regardless of layer thickness and tag depth (p &lt, 0.05). After 6 months of aging in water at 37 °C, Iperbond Max and Scotchbond Universal preserved the bond strength over time (p &lt, 0.05), whilst the SBS of Iperbond Ultra, FuturaBond M+, and Ibond Universal decreased significantly after the aging period. No relation was observed between the adhesive thickness or tags’ length on SBS. (4) Conclusions: Within the limitation of this study, the stability over time of the bond strength of universal adhesives depends on their compositions regardless of the adhesive layer thickness and/or tags’ length.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of silica dioxide (SiO2) nanofillers in different bonding systems on shear bond strength (SBS) and mode of failure of orthodontic brackets at two experimental times. Methods: Ninety-six intact premolars were divided into four groups: A) Conventional acid-etch and primer Transbond XT; B) Transbond Plus self-etch primer; and two self-etch bonding systems reinforced with silica dioxide nanofiller at different concentrations: C) Futurabond DC at 1%; D) Optibond All-in-One at 7%. Each group was allocated into two subgroups (n = 12) according to experimental time (12 and 24 hours). SBS test was performed using a universal testing machine. ARI scores were determined under a stereomicroscope. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to determine the size and distribution of nanofillers. One-way ANOVA was used to compare SBS followed by the post-hoc Tukey test. The chi-square test was used to evaluate ARI scores. Results: Mean SBS of Futurabond DC and Optibond All-in-One were significantly lower than conventional system, and there were no significant differences between means SBS obtained with all self-etch bonding systems used in the study. Lower ARI scores were found for Futurabond DC and Optibond All-in-One. There was no significant difference of SBS and ARI obtained at either time points for all bonding systems. Relative homogeneous distribution of the fillers was observed with the bonding systems. Conclusion: Two nanofilled systems revealed the lowest bond strengths, but still clinically acceptable and less adhesive was left on enamel. It is advisable not to load the brackets immediately to the maximum. RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o efeito das nanopartículas de dióxido de silício (SiO2), presentes em diferentes sistemas adesivos, na resistência ao cisalhamento da colagem (RAC) e no modo de fratura de braquetes ortodônticos avaliados em dois momentos. Métodos: noventa e seis pré-molares intactos foram divididos em quatro grupos: A) condicionador ácido convencional e primer Transbond XT; B) primer autocondicionador Transbond Plus; e dois sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes reforçados com nanopartículas de dióxido de silício em diferentes concentrações, C) DC Futurabond a 1%; D) Optibond All-In-One a 7%. Cada grupo foi dividido em dois subgrupos (n = 12), de acordo com o tempo para realização do teste (12 e 24 horas). O teste da RAC foi realizado em uma máquina universal de ensaios. Os resultados do índice de adesivo remanescente foram determinados com um estereomicroscópio. Para determinar o tamanho e a distribuição das nanopartículas, utilizou-se microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). O ANOVA a um critério foi usado para comparar a RAC, seguido pelo teste post-hoc de Tukey. O teste qui-quadrado foi usado para avaliar os índices de adesivo remanescente. Resultados: a RAC média do Futurabond DC e do Optibond All-In-One foi menor do que a do sistema convencional, de forma estatisticamente significativa; e não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os níveis médios de RAC obtidos nos sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes avaliados nesse estudo. Os menores índices de adesivo remanescente foram observados com o Futurabond DC e o Optibond All-In-One. Não houve, entre os sistemas adesivos, diferença significativa na RAC e nos índices de adesivo remanescente obtidos nos dois tempos de aplicação. Foi observada uma distribuição relativamente homogênea das partículas nos sistemas adesivos. Conclusão: os dois sistemas com nanopartículas demonstraram menor RAC, mas ainda aceitável e com o menor índice de adesivo remanescente no esmalte. É, assim, aconselhável não submeter os braquetes à carga máxima logo após a colagem.

SUMMARY Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate marginal sealing ability of newly introduced Dyad Flow flowable composite and compare to total-etch and self-etch adhesive system at the coronal and apical margins of class V resin composite restorations. Material and Methods A standard class V cavity (3 mm mesiodistal width, 3 mm occlusogingival height and 1.5 mm axial depth) was prepared on the buccal surface of freshly extracted sound human teeth. Occlusal and gingival margins of the cavities were located in enamel and cementum/dentin, respectively. Teeth were randomly assigned into the three groups (n=10) and restored with different composite materials following the manufacturer’s instructions: group I was restored with nanohybrid resin composite using total-etch bonding agent; group II was restored with nanohybrid resin composite using self-etch technique; group III was restored with flowable composite (Dyad Flow), respectively. After finishing and polishing, the teeth were coated with nail varnish and immersed in rhodamine B dye and sectioned longitudinally. Dye penetration was examined under stereomicroscope and scored separately for occlusal and gingival margins on a 0–3 ordinal scale. Data were analyzed with Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney and Wilcoxon tests (a=0.05). Result Statistical analysis showed that specimens restored with the total-etch and self-etch adhesive systems revealed reduced leakage at the coronal margin. At the apical margin, Dyad Flow showed greater leakage than other groups. Conclusion Newly introduced flowable composite Dyad Flow showed inferior adhesive bond with enamel and dentin compared to total-etch and self-etch techniques.

The study showed an application of the 3 D Digital Image Correlation Method (3 D-DIC) for detection of von Mises strain in samples of the self-etch, self-adhesive resin based cement (RBC). The aim was to determine and compare strain in the self-cured and light-cured Maxcem Elite, furthermore to investigate the hardness of these two cement-types. The experiment was carried out using two groups of Maxcem Elite (Kerr, Orange, CA, USA) samples; each tested group includes five (o5 x 2 mm sized) samples, for both self-curing and light-curing mode. All samples were prepared by filling teflon ring-type molds. In addition, Vickers micro-hardness was measured for all samples. Maxcem Elite showed similar maximum strain values from 10% to 12% for both groups. Besides the maximum strain value, the 3 D-DIC method also enabled monitoring the change of strain field even after the recommended polymerization time. This method has shown that the polymerization shrinkage continues even after 10 min which disagreed with manufacturer's suggestion. Group II showed maximum strain values of 12% in the peripheral zone after 10 min, in the last Stage (Stage 60). Statistically significant difference was not found in the overall strain between self- and light-cured Maxcem Elite neither peripherally (p = 0.118) nor centrally (p = 0.879). However, statistical significance was found in strain regarding central and peripheral zone in both, self-cured (p = 0.020) and light-cured (p = 0.002) Maxcem Elite. The mean von Mises strain values in the periphery of the samples (Section 0) were significantly higher compared to strain values in the center of the samples (for Section 1 and 2). The last stage (Stage 60) of the light-cured Maxcem Elite polymerization showed significantly higher values of von Mises strain compared to initial stage (Stage 0). Higher values of micro-hardness were noticed on the surfaces directly exposed to LED lamp after performing measurements of micro-hardness on light-cured samples.

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of 2% lignocaine containing 1:80,000 adrenaline on the microleakage and ultrastructure of resin tooth interface using an acetone based total etch adhesive (Prime and Bond NT) and an ethanol water based self etch adhesive system (Xeno III). Materials and method: Class V cavities were prepared on buccal surfaces of 72 maxillary first premolars scheduled for orthodontic extraction. In 36 premolars procedure was performed under local anaesthesia (LA) and in other 36 teeth without LA. Restorations were done with hybrid composite Spectrum TPH using either Prime and Bond NT or Xeno III bonding agents. Results: Administration of 2% lignocaine with 1:80,000 adrenaline significantly reduced microleakage and improved quality of hybrid layer and tubular penetration in Prime and Bond NT specimens; but no significant effect was observed in Xeno III specimens. Conclusion: Under clinical conditions, administration of LA reduced microleakage and improved quality of hybrid layer and tubular penetration in total etch adhesive systems.

Aim and Objective: This survey investigated bonding system type and composite application rationale by senior dental students at a dental school in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: Eighty-three questionnaires with 15 open and closed questions were randomly distributed to final year dental students about the use of etch and rinse versus self-etch adhesives and application techniques for posterior resin composite. Data were collected, and statistical analysis was done using Chi-square test (0.05) with two factors “question answer” and “gender.” Results: For all questions, the impact of gender was statistically nonsignificant (P > 0.05). Etch and rinse adhesive was significantly (P > 0.05) favored by students with majority do not perform selective etching, use intermittent air for drying tooth structure, apply a single layer bonding agent and thin it by air, cure it for 20 s with the curing tip at close proximity to the cavity, use incremental application technique for composite restorations, cure it for 40 s, and neglect to do extra curing. Conclusion: Students showed good knowledge regarding the bonding and composite application steps but with some clear mispractices such as low frequency of selective etching, less etchant washing, and the preference of vertical layering. Moreover, results from the current investigation should direct curricular updates in the future.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:12:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-07-01 National Natural Science Foundation of China Objective A recently-launched universal adhesive, G-Premio Bond, provides clinicians with the alternative to use the self-etch technique for bonding to dentine without waiting for the adhesive to interact with the bonding substrate (no-waiting self-etch; Japanese brochure), or after leaving the adhesive undisturbed for 10 s (10-s self-etch; international brochure). The present study was performed to examine in vitro performance of this new universal adhesive bonded to human coronal dentine using the two alternative self-etch modes. Methods One hundred and ten specimens were bonded using two self-etch application modes and examined with or without thermomechanical cycling (10,000 thermal cycles and 240,000 mechanical cycles) to simulate one year of intraoral functioning. The bonded specimens were sectioned for microtensile bond testing, ultrastructural and nanoleakage examination using transmission electron microscopy. Changes in the composition of mineralised dentine after adhesive application were examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results Both reduced application time and thermomechanical cycling resulted in significantly lower bond strengths, thinner hybrid layers, and significantly more extensive nanoleakage after thermomechanical cycling. Using the conventional 10-s application time improved bonding performance when compared with the no-waiting self-etch technique. Nevertheless, nanoleakage was generally extensive under all testing parameters employed for examining the adhesive. Conclusion Although sufficient bond strength to dentine may be achieved using the present universal adhesive in the no-waiting self-etch mode that does not require clinicians to wait prior to polymerisation of the adhesive, this self-etch concept requires further technological refinement before it can be recommended as a clinical technique. Clinical significance Although the surge for cutting application time to increase user friendliness remains the most frequently sought conduit for advancement of dentine bonding technology, the use of the present universal adhesive in the no-waiting self-etch mode may not represent the best use of the adhesive. Department of Prosthodontics Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology Sun Yat-sen University Department of Restorative Dentistry Institute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University UNESP São Jose dos Campos Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences DIBINEM University of Bologna – Alma Mater Studiorum College of Graduate Studies Augusta University State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Department of Restorative Dentistry Institute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University UNESP São Jose dos Campos National Natural Science Foundation of China: 2015A030401035 National Natural Science Foundation of China: 81400555 National Natural Science Foundation of China: 81500883

Summary Adhesive technology has evolved rapidly since it was introduced more than fifty years ago. Today, decayed or fractured teeth can be reconstructed minimally invasively and nearly invisibly using adhesive technology. However, the clinical longevity is sometimes still too short. Although water sorption is thought to be the main destabilizer of the biomaterial–tooth bond, the actual interfacial degradation mechanisms are far from understood. The fundamental mechanism of bonding to enamel and dentin is essentially based on an exchange process, in which minerals removed from the dental hard tissues are replaced by resin monomers that upon polymerization become micro-mechanically interlocked in the created porosities. In addition to micro-mechanical interlocking through hybridization, the potential benefit of additional chemical interaction between functional monomers/polymers and tooth substrate components has recently regained attention. In this review paper, we focus on how chemical interaction at the biomaterial–hard tissue interface can improve bond durability.

Background: A Class V restoration with composite resin poses a number of challenges, which can result in microleakage. Methods for minimizing microleakage include the use of adhesive materials and adhesive systems. Adhesive systems include total etch, self-etch, and selective etch. Each adhesive system has various advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, in a Class V cavity with little enamel attachment, research is needed to compare microleakage in total etch, self-etch, and selective etch systems to determine the best adhesion system to achieve treatment success. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare total etch, self-etch, and selective etch adhesive systems in Class V composite resin restorations. Method: Class V cavities on premolar teeth (n = 24) were prepared on buccal and lingual surfaces. The teeth were divided into three groups: total etch, self-etch, and selective etch. All the samples of 3 mm mesiodistal, 2 mm occlusal–gingival, and 2 mm deep were prepared using a high-speed round bur. After the preparation of the samples, all the teeth were restored using a flowable composite resin. All the restored samples were immersed in 2% methylene blue for 24 h. They were then sectioned in a buccolingual direction and observed under a stereomicroscope at ×10 magnification. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test and post hoc Mann–Whitney U-test (P < 0.05). Result: There were significant differences in microleakage among the groups. The total etch group had the least microleakage, followed by the selective etch and self-etch groups. Conclusion: The use of phosphoric acid (37%) in total etch and selective etch technique reduced microleakage in composite restorations.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength of a total etch (XP-Bond) and a self-etch (Clearfil SE Bond) adhesive system to dentine surfaces treated using endodontic irrigants. Methods Twenty-four freshly extracted third molars were used. After creating a smear layer on the coronal midthird portion of the crowns, the teeth were divided into three groups and surfaces were irrigated with distilled water, 5.25% NaOCl + 17% EDTA, and 1.3% NaOCl + BioPure MTAD, respectively. Each group was divided into two subgroups, and a self-etching adhesive and an etch-and-rinse adhesive were applied respectively. The teeth were restored with a composite material and sectioned to produce sticks for microtensile bond testing. Results The microtensile bond strength of the MTAD + Clearfil SE group was found to be significantly lower than the microtensile bond strength of the distilled water + Clearfil SE Bond group and the NaOCl, EDTA, + Clearfil SE Bond group (p = 0.0001, p = 0.009). Conclusions Because of the significant reduction of Clearfil SE Bond to coronal dentine after MTAD application, an etch-and rinse adhesive such as XP-Bond may be preferred if this irrigant has been chosen during endodontic treatment.

Background: To evaluate the microleakage of silorane-based composite material (Filtek P90) with that of two homologous methacrylate-based composites materials (Filtek Z250 and Filtek Z250 XT), by using two different bonding techniques. Materials and Methods: Sixty extracted human maxillary first premolars prepared for standardized Class I cavities (4 mm × 2 mm × 2 mm) were randomly divided into three groups. Group A (n = 20) was filled with Filtek Z250 (Methacrylate) using single bond universal total etching technique, Group B (n = 20) was filled with Filtek Z250 XT (Methacrylate) using single bond universal self-etching technique and Group C (n = 20) restored with Filtek P90 (Silorane) with dedicated two-step self-etching prime and bond adhesive system (P90 system adhesive). Teeth were subjected to thermocycling regime (500×, 5-55°C), and dye penetration by immersing in 2% methylene blue for 24 h. Tooth sectioning was performed, and extent of the dye penetration was scored based on dye penetration scale to evaluate the microleakage. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and inferential statistics of Kruskal–Wallis test to compare the mean ranks between groups. Results: There was no significant difference observed for microleakage among the three composite materials tested in the present study. However, the cavities restored with silorane (Filtek P90) based composite displayed higher microleakage than the Filtek Z250, Z250 XT. Conclusion: All the restorative systems tested in this study exhibited microleakage, but the silorane technology showed more microleakage when compared to the methacrylate-based composite systems.

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strength of nanocomposite resin to superficial dentin and deep dentin using two different dentin bonding systems. Materials and Methods: All teeth were sectioned at various levels (superficial dentin: Dentin within 0.5-1 mm of dentinoenamel junction; deep dentin: Dentin within 0.5 mm of the highest pulp horn) using a Carborundum Disc and embedded in acrylic block of specific size. Selected specimens (60 premolar teeth) were grouped randomly into three groups, the groups were differentiated into superficial dentin, deep dentin, and control group which were further divided into sub Group A and Subgroup B containing 10 teeth each, depending on the bonding agents used. In Subgroup A, Tetric N Bond, and in Subgroup B Single Bond Universal were used. In the control group no bonding agent was used. The specimens were thermocycled for 500 cycles between 5°C and 55°C water bath for 40 s. Finally, the specimens were subjected to shear bond strength study under INSTRON machine (Universal Testing Machine). The maximum shear bond strengths were noted at the time of fracture (de-bonding) of the restorative material. Results were analyzed using ANOVA test, Bonferroni test, and paired t-test. Results: Bond strength values of fifth generation bonding system (Tetric N Bond) showed higher mean shear bond strength compared to seventh generation bonding system (Single Bond Universal). There was a significant fall in bond strength values as one reaches deeper levels of dentin from superficial to deep dentin. Conclusion: There was a significant difference between the bond strength of fifth generation bonding system (Tetric N Bond) and seventh generation bonding system (Single Bond Universal). Decrease in the bond strength values is seen for the deeper level of dentin as compared to superficial dentin.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Zinc-carbonated hydroxyapatite in the reduction of postoperative sensitivity during composite placement. Context: Postoperative sensitivity after composite restoration still remains a major clinical challenge. Materials and Methods: Sixty class I cavities were prepared in 60 patients by the same operator with the following inclusion and exclusion criteria: The patients selected for the study were between 20–45 years with vital pulp and having remaining dentin thickness of 1mm. Previously restored, nonvital and tooth with periodical changes were excluded. Patients were randomly divided into two groups of 30 each—Group I self-etch and Group II selective-etch with Subgroup A- zinc-carbonated hydroxyapatite applied and Subgroup B- zinc-carbonated hydroxyapatite not applied. After the surface treatment, the teeth were restored with composite resin. The patients were evaluated with visual analogue scale (VAS) at the end of one week and one month. Statistical Analysis: Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis. Results: Comparing within groups, Group I self-etch mean values showed statistically significant lower values compared with Group II selective-etch (P < 0.01). Zinc-carbonated hydroxyapatite Subgroup A showed statistically significant lower values compared with Subgroup B where zinc-carbonated hydroxyapatite was not applied (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Application of zinc-carbonated hydroxyapatite showed significant reduction in postoperative sensitivity after composite placement.

Aim: To evaluate the bonding of composite to glass ionomer cement (GIC) using two different bonding systems. Materials and Methods: The occlusal surface of 30 teeth was flattened and they were divided into three groups. In Group A, composite (Filtek” Z350 XT, 3M ESPE, USA) was bonded to GIC (Fuji II, GC Corporation, Japan) after initial setting of the GIC being employed as a total-etch adhesive(AdperSinglebond 2, 3M ESPE, USA). In Group B and C, self-etch primer(Adper” Easy One, 3M ESPE, USA) was employed to bond composite to GIC before and after initial setting of GIC respectively. Shear bond strength and nature of fracture of specimens was determined. Statistical analysis: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. Results: Group B showed higher bond strength than Group A & Group C (p

ObjectivesTo evaluate the dentine microtensile bond strength (μTBS), nanoleakage (NL), degree of conversion (DC) within the hybrid layer for etch-and-rinse and self-etch strategies of universal simplified adhesive systems.Methodsforty caries free extracted third molars were divided into 8 groups for μTBS (n=5), according to the adhesive and etching strategy: Clearfil SE Bond [CSE] and Adper Single Bond 2 [SB], as controls; Peak Universal Adhesive System, self-etch [PkSe] and etch-and-rinse [PkEr]; Scotchbond Universal Adhesive, self-etch [ScSe] and etch-and-rinse [ScEr]; All Bond Universal, self-etch [AlSe] and etch-and-rinse [AlEr]. After restorations were constructed, specimens were stored in water (37°C/24h) and then resin–dentine sticks were prepared (0.8mm2). The sticks were tested under tension at 0.5mm/min. Some sticks from each tooth group were used for DC determination by micro-Raman spectroscopy or nanoleakage evaluation (NL). The pH for each solution was evaluated using a pH metre. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05).ResultsFor μTBS, only PkSe and PkEr were similar to the respective control groups (p>0.05). AlSe showed the lowest μTBS mean (p

Made available in DSpace on 2019-09-12T16:57:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) This study evaluated the effect of five methods of solvent volatilization on the degree of conversion (DC) of nine one-bottle adhesive systems using Fourier transform infrared/attenuated total reflectance (FTIR/ATR) analysis. Nine adhesives were tested: Adper Single Bond 2 (SB), Adper Easy One (EO), One Up Bond F Plus (OUP), One Coat Bond SL (OC), XP Bond (RP), Ambar (AM), Natural Bond (NB), GO, and Stae. The adhesive systems were applied to a zinc-selenide pellet and 1) cured without solvent volatilization, 2) left undisturbed for 10 seconds before curing, 3) left undisturbed for 60 seconds before curing, 4) air-dried with an air stream for 10 seconds before curing, and 5) air-dried with an air stream for 60 seconds before curing. FTIR/ATR spectra were obtained, and the DC was calculated by comparing the aliphatic bonds/reference peaks before and after light activation for 10 seconds (FlashLite 1401). The DC means of each material were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey test (p

Aim: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the resin-dentin interface, quality of the hybrid layer of total-etching and self-etching adhesive systems under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: Class V cavities were prepared in 40 extracted human molars. In Group I XP bond (Dentsply), in Group II Adper Single Bond II (3M ESPE), in Group III Adper Easy One (3M ESPE), and in Group IV Xeno V (Dentsply) were applied. Teeth were restored with resin composite, subjected to thermocycling, and sectioned in Buccolingual plane. The samples were demineralized using 6N HCl, for 30 sec, and deproteinized with 2.5% NaOCl for 10 min, gold sputtered, and viewed using a scanning electron microscope. Results: Among the total-etch systems used, the XP Bond showed a clear, thick hybrid layer, with long resin tags and few voids. Among the self-etch adhesive systems, the Xeno V did not show a clearly recognizable hybrid layer, but there were no voids and continuous adaptation was seen with the dentin. Conclusion: The adaptation of self-etch adhesives to the resin-dentin interface was good without voids or separation of phases; showing a thin, continuous hybrid layer.

Introducción: en el presente estudio se pretende averiguar si podemos aumentar la fuerza de unión a esmalte y a dentina de los adhesivos autograbantes, introduciendo variaciones en la técnica de uso habitual encaminadas a mejorar sus puntos débiles. Es decir, la permanencia de barrillo dentinario, detritus y gérmenes en la cavidad y la teórica debilidad de su unión al esmalte. Material y método: utilizamos el método de los duelos adhesivos con el fin de saber si un grabado total de la cavidad, o bien un grabado seguido de un lavado con hipoclorito, previos a la aplicación del adhesivo autograbante, aumentarían su eficacia. En la primera parte, dividimos el 1/3 coronario de 120 molares humanos para confrontar las distintas técnicas entre si sobre esmalte en grupos de 10. En la segunda parte dividimos 120 dientes unirradiculares transversalmente unos 2,5 mm por debajo del nivel del esmalte para confrontar los diferentes métodos ensayados sobre la dentina. En la tercera parte tomamos 36 dientes unirradiculares humanos y les tallamos cavidades cervicales por vestibular y por lingual. Los sometimos a tinción con violeta de genciana para valorar la capacidad de filtración marginal. Resultados: las dos modificaciones propuestas mejoran el resultado obtenido tanto en el esmalte como en la dentina, pero sólo significativamente para Prompt-L-Pop y One Step Plus. Las pruebas de filtración acusan permeabilidad del colorante en el esmalte cuando no se graba antes de utilizar el adhesivo, lo que parece recomendar su grabado rutinario. Abstract: Introduction: In the present study we try to analyse if we can improve the bond strength and seal of self-etching adhesives to enamel and dentin, by etching with phosphoric acid for 15 seconds or etching followed by deproteinization with sodium hypochlorite 5% for 30 seconds. Material and method: The duel technique is used to compare the different techniques one by one against the others. In the first part the coronal 1/3 of 120 human molars is cut to test bond strength to enamel. A different technique is used on each side and both parts are bonded with composite resin. By pulling with an Instron machine, we were able to compare which system is stronger in groups of 10. In the second part, 120 human teeth are horizontally cut 2,5mm apical to the enamel margin to test bond strength to dentin. Again a different technique is applied to each side and both sides are bonded with composite resin. In the third part we take 36 human teeth and cervical cavities are prepared in buccal and lingual sides and the teeth are submerged in dye to evaluate leakage. The bonding systems tested were Clearfil SE Bond, Xeno III, One Step Plus + Tyrian SPE and Prompt-L-Pop. Results: Etching with phosphoric acid or etching followed by sodium hypochlorite rinse improve bond strength in enamel and dentin but only significatively for Prompt-L-Pop and One Step Plus. Leakage tests reveal permeability in enamel margins for all self-etching adhesives tested that was not present when cavity was etched, wich seems to indicate that etching of enamel margins when using self-etching bonding systems might be useful. There were no differences between etching or etching followed by sodium hypochlorite rinse before applying the adhesive.

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of additional acid etching and curing mechanism (light-curing or self-curing) of a composite resin on the dentin bond strength and compatibility of one-step selfetching adhesives. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Sixteen human permanent molars were randomly divided into eight groups according to the adhesives used (All-Bond Universal: ABU, Clearfil S3 Bond: CS3), additional acid etching (additional acid etching performed: EO, no additional acid etching performed: EX), and composite resins (Filtek Z-250: Z250, Clearfil FII New Bond: CFNB). Group 1: ABU-EO-Z250, Group 2: ABU-EO-CFNB, Group 3: ABU-EX-Z250, Group 4: ABU-EX-CFNB, Group 5: CS3-EO-Z250, Group 6: CS3-EO-CFNB, Group 7: CS3EX-Z250, Group 8: CS3-EX-CFNB. After bonding procedures, composite resins were built up on dentin surfaces. After 24-hour water storage, the teeth were sectioned to make 10 specimens for each group. The microtensile bond strength test was performed using a microtensile testing machine. The failure mode of the fractured specimens was examined by means of an optical microscope at ×20 magnification. The data was analyzed using a one-way ANOVA and Scheffe’s post-hoc test (α=.05). RESULTS. Additional etching groups showed significantly higher values than the no additional etching group when using All-Bond Universal. The light-cured composite resin groups showed significantly higher values than the self-cured composite resin groups in the Clearfil S3 Bond. CONCLUSION. The additional acid etching is beneficial for the dentin bond strength when using low acidic one-step self-etch adhesives, and low acidic one-step self-etch adhesives are compatible with self-cured composite resin. The acidity of the one-step self-etch adhesives is an influencing factor in terms of the dentin bonding strength and incompatibility with a self-cured composite resin. [J Adv Prosthodont 2013;5:479-84]

Aim: To evaluate shear bond strength of silorane and bis-GMA based composite resins using self-etch and total-etch adhesive systems, and compare the effect of Quartz-tungten-halogen (QTH) and Light emitting diode (LED) on the shear bond strength of the experimental materials. Materials and Methods: Flat dentin surfaces were exposed on intact extracted molars and composite resin was built 2 mm in diameter. Teeth were divided randomly into four groups. Groups 1 and 2 were restored with P90 system adhesive and Filtek P90 and cured with QTH and LED units respectively. Groups 3 and 4 were restored with total etch adhesive and Filtek Z100 and cured with QTH and LED units respectively. Specimens were subjected to shear bond strength testing using Instrom Universal testing machine. Results: Data was subjected to one-way analysis of variance. Total-etch groups gave significantly higher shear bond strength values than the self-etch groups. No significant difference in shear bond strength was found between Groups 3 and 4, while Group 1 showed significantly higher values than Group 2. Conclusion: Type of light curing unit is not a significant factor affecting shear bond strength for bis-GMA RBCs using total-etch technique; while for curing silorane resin based composite (RBCs), conventional halogen curing units showed better results.

Background: Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) is applied for remineralization of early caries lesions or tooth sensitivity conditions and may affect subsequent resin bonding. This in vitro study investigated the effect of CPP-ACP on the shear bond strength of dental adhesives to enamel. Materials and Methods: Sixty extracted human molar teeth were selected and randomly divided into three groups and six subgroups. Buccal or lingual surfaces of teeth were prepared to create a flat enamel surface. Adhesives used were Tetric N-Bond, AdheSE and AdheSE One F. In three subgroups, before applying adhesives, enamel surfaces were treated with Tooth Mousse CPP-ACP for one hour, rinsed and stored in 37°C temperature with 100% humidity. This procedure was repeated for 5 days and then adhesives were applied and Tetric N-Ceram composite was adhered to the enamel. This procedure was also fulfilled for the other three subgroups without CPP-ACP treatment. After 24 hour water storage, samples were tested for shear bond strength test in a universal testing machine. Failure modes were determined by stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed by t-test and one-way analysis of variance with P < 0.05 as the level of significance. Results: In comparison between applied and non-applied CPP-ACP subgroups, there was no significant decrease in the shear bond strength to enamel only in Tetric N-Bond (P > 0.05). In non-applied CPP-ACP subgroups, there were statistically significant differences among all subgroups. Tetric N-Bond had the highest and AdheSE One F had the lowest shear bond strength. Conclusion: CPP-ACP application reduces the shear bond strength of AdheSE and AdheSE One F to enamel but not Tetric N-Bond.

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz Objetivos: Avaliar a nanoinfiltração na dentina de dois sistemas adesivos universais experimentais, e de dois adesivos universais comerciais, nas vertentes Etch-and-Rinse e Self-Etch. Materiais e Métodos: Foram utilizados 24 dentes molares hígidos divididos aleatoriamente em 8 grupos (n=3): Em 4 grupos foram utilizados dois sistemas adesivos comerciais – FUT (Futurabond M+TM) e SBU (ScotchbondTM) e os restantes 4 grupos em dois sistemas adesivos experimentais – EM1 (com Bis-GMA) e EM2 (sem Bis-GMA), nas vertentes Etch-and-Rinse e Self-etch. A superfície da dentina foi exposta, os sistemas adesivos foram aplicados segundo as instruções do fabricante e foram construídos blocos de resina composta de 6-8mm de altura. As amostras foram cortadas em fatias de 0,7mm de espessura num micrótomo de tecido duros sendo para cada grupo selecionadas as 3 fatias centrais. Todos os espécimes foram incubados numa estufa a 37ºC durante três meses em água destilada. Findo este período, as amostras foram preparadas para a observação da nanoinfiltração por SEM-EDS sendo desidratadas e fixadas com nitrato de prata. A análise estatística da nanoinfiltração foi efetuada em SPSS através de modelos lineares mistos. Resultados: Existem diferenças significativas na nanoinfiltração entre os adesivos estudados e em função do protocolo aplicado (Etch-and-Rinse e Self- Etch). O EM1 apresenta menor nanoinfiltração quando comparado com FUT (p

WOS: 000257977000020, PubMed: 18717178, The two-fold aims of this study were: (1) to evaluate the microtensile bond strengths of different adhesive systems to sclerotic and sound palatal dentin; and (2) to observe the respective resin-dentin interfaces. Thirty extracted human incisor teeth were divided into two groups. Group I comprised sclerotic defects in the palatal zone. Group II comprised Sound palatal dentin surfaces as control. Each group (n=15) was divided into three subgroups according to dentin adhesive systems: self-etch (Clearfil SE Bond), total-etch (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus), and glass ionomer (Reactmer Bond) adhesive systems. The specimens were subjected to tensile forces. Obtained data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and post hoe Duncan's test. Fracture sites and resin-dentin interfaces were observed using a light microscope and SEM. With Sound dentin, Clearfil SE Bond showed a significantly higher bond strength than the other adhesives (p0.05), the bond strength values of Clearfil SE Bond and Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus were significantly decreased. Oil resin-dentin interface observation, different images were presented by different bonding systems.

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz Objetivos: Avaliar a resistência adesiva por microtração de três sistemas adesivos, aplicados na sua vertente self-etch, em dentina lateral coronária e radicular. Materiais e métodos: Foram recolhidos 15 dentes molares hígidos, extraídos há menos de 6 meses. Os dentes foram seccionados pelo colo anatómico separando-os em duas metades coronárias e radiculares. Os fragmentos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 6 grupos experimentais (n=5). A produção de smear layer foi standardizada pelo polimento das superfícies com discos de polimento SiC (400 grit). Nos grupos OCC e OCR o sistema adesivo utilizado foi o OneCoat7 Universal, nos grupos FutC e FutR o sistema aplicado foi o Futurabond®U e nos grupos NorC e NorR o sistema aplicado foi o Normobond SE. Os três sistemas adesivos foram aplicados de acordo com a técnica self-etch. Nas faces mesiais e distais de cada fragmento foram construídos blocos de resina composta FiltekTM Z250 em incrementos de 2 mm até se obter um bloco de resina de cerca de 8 mm. As amostras foram seccionadas em espécimes de 1 mm2 e armazenadas durante 24h em água desionizada numa estufa a 37ºC. Após esse período, os palitos foram submetidos a um teste de microtração à velocidade constante de 0.5 mm/min até ao momento da fratura e o valor da força aplicada nesse momento foi registada. As fraturas foram classificadas como adesivas, coesivas de resina, coesivas de dentina ou mistas. Os resultados foram analisados com recurso a um modelo linear misto (p≤0,05). Resultados: Os resultados obtidos demonstram diferenças significativas entre as forças de resistência adesiva nas duas regiões dentinárias. Também foram verificadas diferenças significativas entre os três adesivos, sendo que o sistema Normobond SE apresenta forças mais elevadas que os sistemas Futurabond®U e OneCoat7 Universal. O desempenho dos adesivos mostrou ser independente da região dentinária. Conclusões: As forças adesivas e a resistência à microtração são mais elevadas na dentina coronária. O sistema adesivo utilizado influencia o resultado final sendo que o seu desempenho é independente da região dentinária em que é utilizado. Objectives: To evaluate the microtensile bond strength of three adhesive systems, applied according to the self-etch technique, to lateral, coronal and radicular dentin. Materials and Methods: Fifteen healthy molar teeth, extracted less than 6 months ago, were collected. The teeth were sectioned by the anatomical neck separating them into two coronary and radicular halves. The fragments were randomly assigned to 6 experimental groups (n = 5). The production of smear layer was standardized by polishing the surfaces with SiC polishing discs (400 grit). In the OCC and OCR groups the adhesive system used was the OneCoat7 Universal, in the FutC and FutR groups the applied system was Futurabond®U and in the NorC and NorR groups the system applied was the Normobond SE. The three adhesive systems were applied according to the self-etch technique. In the mesial and distal faces of each fragment, FiltekTM Z250 composite resin blocks were constructed in 2 mm increments until a resin block of about 8 mm was obtained. The samples were sectioned into 1 mm2 specimens and stored for 24 h in deionized water in an oven at 37 ° C. After this period, the sticks were subjected to a microtensile test at a constant speed of 0.5 mm / min until the moment of fracture and the force value applied at that moment was recorded. The fractures were classified as adhesive, resin cohesive, dentin cohesive or mixed. The results were analyzed using a mixed linear model (p≤0.05). Results: The results obtained demonstrate significant differences between the adhesive strength forces in the two dentin regions. Significant differences were also observed between the three adhesives, and the Normobond SE system has higher forces than the Futurabond®U and OneCoat7 Universal systems. The performance of the adhesives showed to be independent of the dentin region. Conclusions: Microtensile bond strength are higher in coronary dentin. The adhesive system used influences the final result and its performance is independent of the dentin region in which it is used.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of preliminary phosphoric acid etching on the microleakage of a self-adhering flowable composite and a self-etch adhesive used in combination with the proprietary flowable composite. Methods: Standard Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal side of 20 extracted sound human molars. Specimens were randomly divided into five groups: (1) Gel Etchant/Optibond FL/Premise Flowable; (2) Vertise Flow; (3) Optibond XTR/Premise Flowable; (4) Gel Etchant/Vertise Flow; and (5) Gel Etchant/Optibond XTR/Premise Flowable (Kerr). The interfacial sealing ability of the materials was evaluated by scoring the depth of silver nitrate penetration and through scanning electron microscopy observations. Differences in leakage at either the enamel or the dentine interface were evaluated for statistical significance (KruskalWallis ANOVA, MannWhitney U test, p lt 0.05). Results: At the enamel interface, no significant differences were found among the materials. On dentine, Gel Etchant/Vertise Flow had the highest leakage scores and the difference was statistically significant (p lt 0.05). Conclusions: The early sealing ability of the self-adhering flowable composite and the self-etch adhesive in Class V restorations did not significantly benefit from selective enamel etching. Preliminary phosphoric acid etching of dentine negatively affected the quality of the seal when using the adhesive-free flowable composite.