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Despite numerous studies of immune sexual dimorphism, sexual differences are not rigorously mapped and dimorphic mechanisms are incompletely understood. Current immune research typically studies sex differences in specific cells, tissues, or diseases but without providing an integrated picture. To connect the dots, we suggest comprehensive research approaches to better our understanding of immune sexual dimorphism and its mechanisms.

Multilevel society is one of the most complex social systems in natural ecosystems and is a typical feature among some primates. Given the potential connection between social behavior and gut microbiome composition, the multilevel social system could affect the primate gut microbiome. Here, based on long-term observation (e.g., social unit dynamics, transfer, and behavior), we investigated this potential integrating 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and behavior data in Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti), which possess a multilevel social group based on one male units (OMUs, each unit with several breeding females and their offspring) and all-male unit (AMU, several bachelor males residing together). We found that the mean unweighted Unifrac distance between adult males from different OMUs was significantly lower than that between adult females from different OMUs (paired Wilcoxon test, p = 0.007). There was no significant difference in the mean unweighted Unifrac distance between females within the same OMU or between females from different OMUs. These findings indicated the potential connection between the defense and invasion of social units and the gut microbiome community in wild Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys. We speculated that the resident males of OMUs displayed a significantly higher similarity in the gut microbial community than that of adult females in separate OMUs might be associated with the sexual differences in their interactions and from previously having cohabitated together in the AMU. Therefore, this study suggested that multilevel societies might have an effect on the gut microbial community in this wild non-human primate species. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Does Foucault’s work on sexuality open toward the possibility of a genealogy of sex understood as binary anatomical and genetic sexual difference? I believe that it does. I argue that, if we take seriously work by Mark Jordan, Ann Laura Stoler, and Sylvia Federici, coupled with Foucault’s own statement at the end of HS1 that sex is not an anchor for sexuality but, rather, “a complex idea that was formed inside the deployment of sexuality” (152), the possibility of a time before sex or an elsewhere apart from sex becomes quite thinkable. Constructing such a genealogy would likely require careful research into ways in which Europeans imposed binary sex upon those they terrorized and colonized around the globe. Examples gestured toward here include the Yorùbá in Africa as well as a number of peoples of the Americas.

Spivak refers to “originary queerness” as a concept she cannot yet theorize. If concepts convey and uphold heterogeneous lived experience, then the paradoxical missing-ness of a corresponding “what...

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar as controvérsias envolvidas na relação entre os efeitos da publicidade comercial sobre testosterona e a produção discursiva de masculinidades. Para realizar esta pesquisa, analisamos 34 vídeos publicados pela indústria farmacêutica Bayer, disponíveis na plataforma YouTube. Tal análise foi inspirada nos estudos de Michel Foucault e orientada pelo questionamento sobre os modos como os usos da testosterona têm se articulado com o modelo hegemônico de masculinidade. Os hormônios estão envolvidos em uma série de controvérsias. Tais substâncias escapam da função para qual supostamente foram inicialmente destinadas, provocando uma série de subversões e se entrelaçando com diferentes modos de subjetivação. Concluímos que o saber e poder biomédico associa a testosterona à “natureza masculina”, produzindo, como efeito de verdade, modos de subjetivação restritos de masculinidade. O binarismo de sexo e gênero é reatualizado com a substancialização da diferença sexual. Configura-se, assim, uma essencialização do que é ser homem ao se discutir os usos da testosterona.

Unlike previous feminist critics who were seeking ways to reduce the otherness of the women to help them be the same as men, the subject, Luce Irigaray, strongly emphasizes the irreducibility of the women's place as the "other." Concerned with the concept of sexual difference and the otherness of women, Irigaray occupies a unique position among feminist critics. Irigaray aims not to be the "same," but to make a clear border between these two sexually different creatures. Based on sexual difference, both men and women should stand in their bordered place, and they cannot be substituted for the other. Accordingly, Irigaray seeks irreducible alterity for women in all aspects, which is the most crucial objective of this paper. Being a feminitst by spirit, Sandra Cisneros, the prize-winning chicana writer, in her novel, Caramelo (2002), dramatizes what Irigaray theorizes in her Ethics of Sexual Difference (1993). In this light, the current study analyzes Caramelo to illustrate how the "place" of the "other," that is women's "place," is occupied unfairly by the empowered men, and how female characters resist and/or succumb to the oppressive situations. The results of the study indicate that Lala, the main character, possesses the potentiality of being aware of "sexual difference" and "space," as key tools, to regain her place occupied by men, and reclaim her subjectivity, goals for which both Sandra Cisneros and Luce Irigary have aimed for years.

L’attenzione che María Zambrano presta all’universo femminile si concretizza sia attraverso pagine di intensa riflessione socio-politica, sia grazie ad una ricerca linguistico-concettuale della quale le sue donne sono viva espressione. Toccando, in particolare, il mondo di Eloisa e Antigone, in questo breve spazio abbiamo l’opportunità di sviluppare temi quali la responsabilità, l’etica e la coscienza, grazie ad un’analisi politica, caratteristica fondamentale del suo pensiero, anche quando non si manifesta esplicitamente. E ancora una volta la filosofa spagnola fa sì che emergano i suoi tratti distintivi, spesso precursori di molti temi posteriori, come il pensiero della differenza sessuale.

This article analyzes the rate of linear growth of river perch from different ples of the Kuibyshev reservoir, and considers the possibility of identifying ecological forms of this species based on data on the growth rate. The dependence between the growth rate of fish and the hydrological characteristics of the studied areas of the reservoir is revealed. The linear growth rate of male and female river perch was compared, and sexual differences in growth were found. The rate of linear growth of perch in modern conditions of the Kuibyshev reservoir is compared with the results of other researchers.

RESUMEN En este estudio, investigamos el dimorfismo sexual en el tamaño corporal (longitud hocico cloaca) y rasgos morfológicos (cabeza, cuello, tronco y extremidades) en una población de escíncidos pertenecientes a una especie recién descubierta del género Plestiodon. Además, se determinaron las trayectorias alométricas de los rasgos corporales que mostraron dimorfismo sexual y se discute su importancia en la expresión de las diferencias sexuales encontradas. Se realizó una prueba de t de student para detectar diferencias significativas en la LHC y se siguió un enfoque multivariado para investigar el dimorfismo sexual en los otros caracteres examinados. Se utilizó regresión por ejes principales reducidos (SMA) para determinar las trayectorias alométricas correspondientes. No se detectó dimorfismo sexual en la longitud hocico cloaca y masa corporal. La longitud y ancho de la cabeza, la longitud del cuello y la longitud de las extremidades traseras fueron mayores en machos que en hembras; en contraste, se encontró el patrón opuesto en el caso de la longitud del tronco (axila-ingle). Se detectaron relaciones isométricas, así como alométricas positivas y negativas entre los rasgos analizados. Sin embargo, únicamente el dimorfismo sexual en el ancho de la cabeza fue afectado por sus trayectorias de crecimiento. ABSTRACT In this study, we investigated sexual dimorphism in body size (snout-vent length) and morphological traits (head, neck, trunk, and limbs) in a population of skinks belonging to a newly discovered species of genus Plestiodon. In addition, we determined the allometric trajectories of body traits that showed sexual dimorphism and discussed their importance in the expression of the sexual differences found. A Student's t-test was performed to detect different significant in the SVL and a multivariate approach was followed to investigate sexual dimorphism in the other characters examined. Reduced major axis regression (SMA) were used to determine the corresponding allometric trajectories. No sexual dimorphism was detected in the snout-vent length and body mass. The length and width of the head, the length of the neck and the length of the hind limbs were greater in males than in females; by contrast, the opposite pattern was found in the case of trunk length. Isometric relationships were detected, as well as positive and negative allometric relationships between the traits analyzed. However, only sexual dimorphism in the head width was affected by their growth trajectories.

Thomas Aquinas offers for his time a novel take on human sexual difference, in that he grounds human sexuality in what we might term a metaphysical biology and accords it a privileged role in the moral life. Though his biology is drawn from Aristotle, which leads Aquinas to make problematic statements on sexual difference, he nonetheless offers a perspective that remains deeply relevant and significant for today. His method or approach of tethering sexual difference first and foremost to our animal-like biological design remains perennial, particularly at a time when many seek to dismiss biology as irrelevant to sexual identity and gender difference. The latest findings of the emerging field of neurobiology, which have uncovered structural differences between the male and female brains, offer key support to Aquinas’s approach. Even more important, he holds, in an unprecedented move, that sexual design and inclination provide a veritable source of moral excellence. He goes so far as to locate the mean of virtue in our sexual design and appetites.

Dioecious plants exhibit sexual dimorphism in both sexual features (reproductive organs) and secondary sex characteristics (vegetative traits). Sexual differences in secondary traits, including morphological, physiological and ecological characters, have been commonly associated with trade-offs between the cost of reproduction and other plant functions. Such trade-offs may be modified by environmental stressors, although there is evidence that sexually dimorphic responses to stress do not always exist in all plant species. When sexual dimorphism exists, sexually different responses appear to depend on the species and stress types. Yet, further studies on dioecious plant species are needed to allow the generalization of stress effects on males and females. Additionally, sexual dimorphism may influence the frequency and distribution of the sexes along environmental gradients, likely causing niche differentiation and spatial segregation of sexes. At the present, the causes and mechanisms governing sex ratio biases are poorly understood. This review aims to discuss sex-specific responses and sex ratio biases occurring under adverse conditions, which will advance our knowledge of sexually dimorphic responses to environmental stressors.

Sexual dimorphism is the condition where individuals of different sex in the same species exhibit different characteristics beyond the differences in their sexual organs. In this study, individuals of a viviparid species Filopaludina martensi from the Kwai Yai River in Kanchanaburi Province (Thailand) were examined for eight shell and operculum characteristics. Sexual differences were observed in size of shell and operculum, with females being larger than males. The results indicated that morphometric analyses are useful to detect subtle differences between sexes in this species.

People's beliefs about how to maintain sexual satisfaction have been associated with how they navigate sexual differences, but research has yet to explore the consequences of these beliefs for couples facing a distressing sexual issue. The current research extends past work on sexual growth beliefs (i.e., the view that sexual satisfaction requires continuous effort to maintain) and sexual destiny beliefs (i.e., the view that sexual satisfaction is the result of natural sexual compatibility with a partner) to couples for whom these beliefs might be especially consequential - those coping with sexual dysfunction. In a dyadic longitudinal study of 97 couples coping with women's clinically significant low desire and arousal, we tested how sexual growth and destiny beliefs are associated with sexual, relationship, and personal well-being. We found that endorsing greater sexual growth beliefs was associated with higher sexual desire for both partners, whereas, with some exceptions, endorsing greater sexual destiny beliefs was linked to lower sexual desire and relationship satisfaction, more conflict, and more depressive and anxious symptoms. However, these effects did not persist one year later. Our findings highlight the implications of sexual growth and destiny beliefs for both couple members when navigating a chronic sexual difficulty.

This article examines Jacques Derrida’s work of self-reflection on his own teaching practice by using as a guiding thread the problematics of reproduction in the seminars of the 1970s. The first part of the article examines the sequence of seminars taught by Derrida at École normale supérieure from 1971 to 1977 to show how the concept of reproduction is deconstructed by Derrida across several seminars. Derrida systematically demonstrates, across several themes and fields (sociology and economy, biology and sexuality, art, technique, ontology, and so on), that the critical recourse to the concept of reproduction (for instance, in its Marxist form) risks being complicit in the reproductive system it criticizes. The deconstructive motif of débordement is introduced to problematize this onto-logic of re-production. The second part of the article analyzes more specifically the unpublished seminar GREPH, le concept de l’idéologie chez les idéologues français (1974–75), in which Derrida examines the seminar function, his role as a teacher, and his own situation within the French educational system. In particular, Derrida offers a deconstructive critique of the reproductive effects of teaching, and of the institution of philosophy inasmuch as it functions as a reproductive machine. This work of deconstruction is done in the seminar notably through readings of Marx, Engels, and Althusser, with special attention to the concepts of ideology, reproduction, and sexual difference.

La revue trimestrielle Lapis. Parcours de la réflexion féminine naît le 1er janvier 1987 à Milan et poursuit ses activités jusqu’en 1996, pour un total de 32 fascicules. Sa directrice a été Lea Melandri, philosophe, essayiste et activiste du Mouvement des femmes en Italie. Loin d’être un projet éditorial mené par un groupe défini et fixe de rédactrices, Lapis se veut, depuis sa fondation, un espace ouvert destiné à recueillir réflexions, témoignages et histoires du monde des femmes, à partir des expériences individuelles, au-delà de toute tentation symbolique et métaphysique. Dans notre contribution, nous nous pencherons sur la manière dont Lapis a poursuivi les pratiques les plus innovantes et potentiellement révolutionnaires du féminisme des années 1970, tout particulièrement l’analyse de sujets refoulés – tels le lien entre amour et violence, les dynamiques de la vie affective et sexuelle et les problèmes issus de la vision dualiste propre au patriarcat – qui infléchissent silencieusement le réseau des relations humaines tant dans le privé que dans le domaine public. La rivista trimestrale «Lapis. Percorsi della riflessione femminile», nasce il 1o gennaio 1987 a Milano e continua la sua attività fino al 1996, per un totale di 32 fascicoli. La sua direttrice è stata Lea Melandri, filosofa, saggista e attività del movimento femminista in Italia. «Lapis» non fu un progetto editoriale portato avanti da un gruppo definito e fisso di redattrici. Al contrario, la rivista si proponeva come uno spazio aperto, destinato ad accogliere riflessioni, testimonianze e storie del mondo delle donne, a partire dalle esperienze individuali, prescindendo da ogni tentazione simbolica e metafisica. Nel nostro contributo, cercheremo di mettere in luce il modo in cui «Lapis» ha continuato le pratiche più innovatrici e potenzialmente rivoluzionarie del femminismo degli anni Settanta, in particolare l’analisi dei temi rimossi – come i legami tra amore e violenza, le dinamiche della vita affettiva e sessuale e i problemi derivanti dalla visione dualista e oppositiva propria del patriarcato – che intaccano silenziosamente la rete delle relazioni umane tanto nel campo della vita privata quanto nel pubblico. The quarterly journal Lapis. Percorsi della riflessione femminile began life in Milan on 1 January 1987, and remained active until 1996, publishing a total of 32 issues. The editor-in-chief was Lea Melandri, a philosopher, essayist, and activist in the feminist movement in Italy. The publishing project was not driven by a clearly defined and permanent group of female writers. On the contrary, Lapis sought to create an open space for reflections, testimonies, and stories from the world of women, starting with individual experiences, beyond any temptation to symbolism and metaphysics. Our paper aims to highlight how Lapis engaged in the most innovative and potentially revolutionary feminist practices of the 1970s, particularly the analysis of suppressed themes—such as the connection between love and violence, the dynamics of emotional and sexual life, and the problems created by the dualist vision specific to the patriarchy—which silently influence the network of human relations in both private and public life.

L’articolo si propone di analizzare la rivista «Reti. Pratiche e saperi di donne», rivista femminista nata a Roma nel 1987 e pubblicata sino al 1992, con scadenza bimestrale. «Reti» è una rivista di riflessione sull’attualità politica e culturale, creata da alcune militanti femministe del Partito comunista italiano (PCI). Sotto la direzione di Maria Luisa Boccia, la redazione è composta da numerose donne, tra cui: Ida Dominijanni, Paola Gaiotti de Biase, Rossana Rossanda, Chiara Saraceno, Giglia Tedesco, Livia Turco, Silvia Vegetti Finzi. La rivista ha rappresentato l’incontro tra la cultura politica del femminismo della differenza sessuale e la cultura politica del PCI. Oltretutto, la nascita di «Reti» si situa in un contesto nazionale e internazionale caratterizzato da molti cambiamenti, il più importante dei quali è la caduta del muro di Berlino. Principalmente, «Reti» si occupa di femminismo italiano, ma con un’attenzione sempre vigile al femminismo europeo e internazionale. Cet essai a pour objectif d’analyser la revue Reti. Pratiche e saperi di donne. Il s’agit d’une revue bimestrielle féministe, née à Rome en 1987 et publiée jusqu’en 1992, fondée par des militantes féministes membres du Parti communiste italien (PCI). Sous la direction de Maria Luisa Boccia, la revue propose une réflexion sur l’actualité politique et culturelle. La rédaction est composée de nombreuses femmes, entre autres Ida Dominijanni, Paola Gaiotti de Biase, Rossana Rossanda, Chiara Saraceno, Giglia Tedesco, Livia Turco, Silvia Vegetti Finzi. Principalement, la revue s’occupe du féminisme italien, mais avec une attention très aigüe au féminisme européen et international. Reti a représenté la rencontre entre la pensée de la différence sexuelle et la culture politique du PCI. La naissance de la revue se situe dans un contexte national et international marqué par beaucoup de changements, au premier rang desquels la chute du mur de Berlin. This essay seeks to analyse Reti. Pratiche e saperi di donne, a feminist journal launched in Rome in 1987 and published on a bi-monthly basis until 1992. Reti published articles on current political and cultural topics and was founded by feminist members of the Italian Communist Party. The editorial staff was made up of a large number of women including Ida Dominijanni, Paola Gaiotti de Biase, Rossana Rossanda, Chiara Saraceno, Giglia Tedesco, Livia Turco and Silvia Vegetti Finzi, under the leadership of Maria Luisa Boccia. The journal covered the confrontation between thinking on sexual difference and the communist culture. It was launched amid a national and international context characterised by many important changes; the most important of all being the fall of the Berlin Wall. Reti dealt mainly with Italian feminism, but kept a keen eye on European and international feminism.

In ‘What is Enlightenment?’, Kant claims that no women are currently enlightened. Here I argue that this exclusion is due to certain legal restrictions guiding Kant’s conception of enlightenment. As enlightenment is intended to take place in society, it appears that Kant has a specific legal context in mind that affects its enactment. His twofold conception of citizenship and the dimension of subordination he puts forward by restricting the private use of reason will prove useful in clarifying those legal restrictions. It thus seems unlikely that Kant intended women to take an active part in enlightenment.

Ovenbirds represent a clade of exclusively Neotropical birds that are exceptionally diverse, despite their rather dull, melanin-based plumage. In general, sexes are considered monomorphic in size and colour, but several authors have reported females of some species within this family as being slightly paler than their conspecific counterparts. Our aim was to assess levels of sexual dichromatism in a set of ovenbird species representing a diversity of genera and plumage patterns; Furnarius rufus, Phleocryptes melanops, Synallaxis spixi and Schoeniophylax phryganophilus. For each species, we quantified sexual differences in brightness and colouration among 8–10 different plumage regions through modelling avian perceptual colour-space distances. To best inform our visual modelling parameters, we successfully sequenced the SWS1 gene fragment (associated with short-wavelength, including ultraviolet, visual sensitivity in birds) for one species, P. melanops, and found it possessed an amino acid sequence consistent with the VS-type SWS1 visual system. This provides further evidence supporting the presence of VS-sensitive opsin in ovenbirds. Among all four species, females were consistently brighter than males in at least one plumage patch, but chromatic colour differences between sexes were significant only for the throat patches of Schoeniophylax phryganophilus. Overall, we interpret ovenbirds to exhibit very low levels of sexual dichromatism, manifest mainly by achromatic colour differences.

The recent document of the Congregation for Catholic Education on the question of gender ‘Male and Female He Created Them’ emphasises the importance of the sexual difference for the masculine and feminine identity. On the other hand, in his essay ‘Faisons-lui une aide semblable à lui’ written in 1967, Jacques Maritain insists that this difference is more a difference of the soul than a difference of the body and that it will last also when the bodies are resurrected after death. His concept of the masculine and feminine specificity is based both on biblical and philosophical arguments. Without inclining to feminism, Maritain underlines especially the way in which a woman is different from a man. This study tries to show, how Maritain’s ideas about the sub-specificity of man’s and woman’s soul can be complementary to the anthropology of the above-mentioned document of the Congregation for Catholic Education. Furthermore, it shows also a critical point of view of Maritain’s idea of manhood and womanhood with the emphasis on the philosophical terms which are used for the difference between man and woman.

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) and Zaprionus indianus (Gupta) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) are invasive pests of economic importance worldwide. This study was undertaken as a first step to investigate the interaction between visual and chemical cues on the captures of D. suzukii and Z. indianus under field conditions. Specifically, we evaluated the effect of color cardboards and their combinations on the capture of these drosophilids by attractant-baited multihole traps in blackberry and blueberry crops. Color had a significant effect on the captures of D. suzukii and Z. indianus by attractant-baited traps in both crops. Overall, attractant-baited traps with yellow and yellow + green cards captured the highest number of flies compared to attractant-baited traps using cards of other colors or without cards. Multihole traps without attractant and color cardboards caught very few flies of both species. In general, more females than male D. suzukii were captured, but no sexual differences were found in the captures of Z. indianus. The results obtained will be useful for the development of a monitoring or mass trapping system for the management of D. suzukii and Z. indianuspopulations in Mexico.

Maximus the Confessor’s Ambiguum 41 contains some rather atypical observations concerning the distinction of sexes in the human person. There is a certain ambiguity as to whether the distinction of the sexes was intended by God and is ‘by nature’ (as found in Genesis and asserted by most Church Fathers) or a product of the Fall. Namely, Christ is described three times as “shaking out of nature the distinctive characteristics of male and female”, “driving out of nature the difference and division of male and female” and “removing the difference between male and female”. Different readings of those passages engender important implications that can be drawn out from the Confessor’s thought, both eschatological implications and otherwise. The subject has been picked up by Cameron Partridge, Doru Costache and Karolina Kochanczyk–Boninska, among others, but is by no means settled, as they draw quite different conclusions. The noteworthy and far-reaching implications of Maximus’ theological stance and problems are not the object of this paper. In a 2017 paper I attempted to demonstrate what Maximus exactly says in these peculiar and oft-commented passages through a close reading, in order to avoid a two-edged Maximian misunderstanding: to either draw overly radical implications from those passages, projecting decidedly non-Maximian visions on the historical Maximus, or none at all, as if those passages represented standard Patristic positions. Here, I am revisiting this argument, given that the interest in what the Confessor has to say on the subject seems to be increasing. Neodoumica (Ambiguum) 41 Maksima Ispovednika sadrži neka prilično netipična zapažanja u vezi sa razlikom među polovima u ljudskoj ličnosti: postoji određena dvosmislenost u po-gledu toga da li je razlika među polovima Božija namera, to jest da li je ona „po prirodi“ (kao što je to starozavetna knjiga Postanja i većina crkvenih otaca tvrdi) ili je ona proizvod pada, pošto je Hristos tri puta opisan kako „izbacuju iz prirode osobenosti muškog i ženskog pola“, „istiskuje iz prirode razliku i podelu na muško i žensko“ i „uklanja razlike između muškog i ženskog“. Različita čitanja tih odlomaka rađaju važne implikacije koje se mogu izvući iz Ispo-vednikove misli, kako eshatološke tako i druge. Bavljenje ovom temom su, između ostalih, odabrali Kameron Partridž, Doru Kostake i Karolina Kočanžik – Boninska, ali ni na koji način ona nije rešena, jer su formulisani sasvim drugačiji zaključci. Značajne i dalekosežne implika-cije Maksimovog teološkog stava, kao i njegovi problemi, nisu predmet ovog rada. U radu iz 2017. godine pokušao sam detaljno da demonstriram šta Maksim tačno kaže u ovim neo-bičnim i često komentarisanim odlomcima, kako bi se izbegao dvosmerni maksimovski nes-porazum – koji bi iz tih odlomaka povukao previše radikalne implikacije, projektujući defini-tivno ne-maksimovske vizije na istorijskog Maksima ili pak projektući gotovo nikakve vizije, uzimajući te odlomke kao standardna patristička stanovišta. Ovde, ponovo preispitujem ovaj argument, s obzirom na to da se čini da interes za ono što Ispovednik kaže na tu temu ne splašnjava, već raste.

espanolEl articulo examina como las teorias de «igualdad de genero» han pasado, de basarse en la libertad, a apoyarse en el ser. Aborda primero la obra de Martha C. Nussbaum que, partiendo de las capacidades humanas basicas, intenta una fundamentacion universal de los derechos homosexuales. Se fija despues en Judith Butler, quien juzga necesario desmontar la estructura de heterosexualidad hegemonica opresora de libertades. Finalmente se propone una alternativa desde la experiencia del cuerpo relacional, como cuerpo generado o filial. El papel estructurante de la diferencia hombre-mujer, al permitir que el camino de la persona hacia su origen se despliegue mas alla de quienes la generaron, aparece como necesaria para defender la igual dignidad de todos. EnglishThe article examines how «gender equality» theories have shifted from being based on freedom to being based on being itself. It first addresses the work of Martha C. Nussbaum who, starting from the basic human capabilities approach, attempts a universal foundation for homosexual rights. It then turns to Judith Butler, who deems it necessary to dismantle the structure of hegemonic heterosexuality that oppresses freedom. Finally, the article proposes an alternative that draws from the relational experience of the body, considered as a generated (or filial) body. The structuring role of the sexual difference, by allowing our path towards our origin to unfold beyond those who generated us, appears as necessary to defend the equal dignity of all.

In the essay ‘Sexual Differing’ from their book New Materialism: Interviews and Cartographies, Rick Dolphijn and Iris van der Tuin develop their new materialist take on sexual difference through their rereading of Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex. I propose to read this essay as deploying the ‘analytical tool’ of ‘jumping generations’ articulated in the homonymous paper by van der Tuin as signature of the ‘new materialist’ ‘third wave’ of feminist theory. By pointing to the immediate textual context of the passages from The Second Sex quoted in ‘Sexual Differing’, to the philosophical underpinning of Beauvoir's work, and to the historical context of its reception, I argue that while the tool of ‘jumping generations’, as put to use in ‘Sexual Differing’, might produce unexpected outcomes, it also risks confining to dusty feminist archives segments of feminist philosophy that might still be relevant for thinking gendered oppression and liberation today: Beauvoir's understanding of the social ontogenesis of freedom, the collective and egalitarian nature of political transformation and the genealogy of materialist feminist thought theoretically and historically linked to Beauvoir and The Second Sex. The issue is not merely one of historical and theoretical accuracy, but of enabling a capacious materialist analysis of gendered oppression and liberation. I conclude by pointing at how Dolphijn and van der Tuin's approach expressly discards understandings of history and scholarship that it nevertheless necessarily performs, and propose that this can be taken as a starting point to rethink sexual differing in terms of a political and ethical commitment beyond its originary metaphysical new materialist articulation. This is where, I propose, the above-mentioned conceptual resources linked to The Second Sex and muted by ‘Sexual Differing’ could prove fruitful, and timely.

Reason for Retraction (March 26th, 2021): This paper is retracted by the editors due to publication ethics misconducted by authors (simultaneous publication in another journal). According to the author's statement, the manuscript was published in another journal under the title “ Relasi Perempuan dan Laki-laki menurut Luce Irigaray .” DOI: 10.15408/harkat.v16i2.16887

[spa] El presente trabajo se propone analizar el debate entre Žižek y Butler a propósito de la cuestión de la diferencia sexual. Para ello, en primer lugar, trataremos de definir, a través de una reconstrucción del marco teórico, las tradiciones de pensamiento feminista de las que son herederos. En segundo lugar, se tratará de señalar los puntos de divergencia y convergencia entre ambas posiciones, la una ontológica y la otra constructivista, para finalmente mostrar el campo problemático común a ambos que permite articular una perspectiva feminista, alejada de los clásicos enfrentamientos entre ontología y biopolítica., [eng] This paper aims to analyze the debate between Žižek and Butler on the issue of sexual difference. To this end, first of all, we will try to define, through a reconstruction of the theoretical framework, the traditions of feminist thought of which they are heirs. Secondly, we will try to point out the points of divergence and convergence between the two positions, the one ontological and the other constructivist, to finally show the problematic field common to both that allows articulating a feminist perspective, away from the classic confrontations between ontology and biopolitics.

This conversation aims to highlight the concepts of the female body and sexuality and experiences of sexual difference. The conversation focuses on notions of corporeality, incorporeality, ‘art of ...

Feminism, both as theory and praxis, has long grappled with the dilemma of sex difference—whether to celebrate women’s “difference” from men as offering a more emancipatory potential or to challenge those differences as man-made in the process of delineating modern sexed subjects. While this debate may be familiar within contemporary feminist discourses, communist feminisms that stretched across the Cold War divide were no less conflicted about what to do with sex difference, most explicitly represented by sexual violence and biological motherhood. Even as communist states implemented top-down, often paternalistic measures, such policies were carried out ostensibly to elevate women’s status as a form of state feminism professing equality for the sexes. Comparing North Korea with China, this article explores how communist feminisms attempted to tackle the dilemma of sexual difference. Through an intertextual reading of two of the most popular revolutionary operas in 1970s communist East Asia—The Flower Girl from North Korea and The White-Haired Girl from China—it attends to the diverse strategies in addressing the “woman question” and the possibilities as well as limits opened up by communist feminisms.

We present preliminary results on the sexual differences in Little Bittern Ixobrychus m. minutus parental activities during the pre-hatching and post-hatching phases. Both sexes were engaged in all...

The physiological differences between men and women have resulted in discrepancies of pesticides' toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic mechanism. It is speculated that women are more prone to exposure to pesticides than men, which increases the risks to their metabolic health. This study aims to establish a link between long-term, low-level exposure to pesticides and its potential adverse metabolic health risks in farming villages by using the parameters of body composition and acetylcholinesterase activity as indicators. The result indicates that the blood cholinesterase levels in males are proportionally lower than in females. The distinction of farmer and non-farmer as an occupation often shows a different degree of metabolic health symptoms unique to the sex. In addition, the sexual differences in the correlation of the level of blood cholinesterase with the body mass index, visceral muscle, body fat and visceral fat among the farming communities in the same farming village are of considerable interest. These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for women's vulnerability to pesticide exposure and indicate potential opportunities for early prevention and surveillance for these working women in the farming community.

En el presente ensayo desarrollamos la idea de que existe una disparidad esencial en el modo en que los Estudios de Género y el psicoanálisis comprenden el sexo. Dicha disparidad requiere ser aclarada como tarea preliminar a la respuesta a las imputaciones críticas que recibe el psicoanálisis por parte de los mencionados estudios (fundamentalmente la supuesta promoción de la heteronormatividad y la reducción de la diferencia sexual a un binarismo identitario).Nuestro escrito recorre en primer lugar la propuesta sostenida por J. Butler (1993) acerca del sexo como materialización efecto de la performatividad, en la cual asume un importante papel explicativo el funcionamiento del poder. A continuación acercamos otros aportes filosóficos que señalan un aspecto invariante e irreductible de la sexualidad humana y los vinculamos con el que entendemos es un modo propiamente psicoanalítico de concebir el sexo. Finalmente, señalamos los impasses en la teoría de Butler que se visibilizan al considerar el goce, la pulsión y la muerte.

espanolEste trabajo de investigacion versara sobre la posibilidad de pensar un dialogo entre la teoria de genero y la diferencia sexual, atravesando la necesaria delimitacion teorica y conceptual de las categorias en juego, ya sea la de genero como la de diferencia sexual, con todas las necesarias conceptualizaciones vinculantes. Se trabajara sobre la tension que existe entre una postura culturalista como la de genero y aquella que es denominada como diferencia sexual, la cual no responde al esquema de la diferencia anatomica, aspecto que necesita de la introduccion de una perspectiva psicoanalista lacaniana para abordar tal problematica. La lectura de la posibilidad de dialogo provendra de la ubicacion del cuerpo como un elemento central para el desarrollo de la investigacion, ya sea en su vertiente psicoanalitica de cuerpo sexuado orientado a lo real lacaniano, como tambien en la perspectiva de una somateca como espacio de apertura en oposicion a la nocion de corpus. Es en esta discusion acerca de la comprension de lo corporal donde podremos identificar la posibilidad de dialogo, en tanto el cuerpo esta atravesado por una inconsistencia: su incompletitud ontologica EnglishThis research work focuses on the possibility of thinking of a dialogue between gender theory and sexual difference, going through the necessary theoretical and conceptual delimitation of the categories at stake, be it gender or sexual difference, and all the necessary binding conceptualizations. We work on the tension between a culturalist position like gender and one denominated sexual difference, but not in the sense of anatomical difference. To address this issue, it is necessary to introduce a Lacanian psychoanalytic perspective. The possibility of dialogue will come from the location of the body as a central element for the development of the research, either in its psychoanalytic approach as sexed body oriented to the Lacanian real, or in the perspective of a Somateca as a space of opening, opposed to the notion of corpus. It is in this discussion about the understanding of the body that we can identify the possibility of dialogue, for the body is crossed by an inconsistency: its ontological incompleteness

Apresenta-se, neste artigo, uma cartografia da diferença sexual, no intuito de refletir sobre as marcas sócio históricas ocidentais que repercutiram na elaboração da teoria freudiana sobre a sexualidade moderna. Em decorrência dessa reflexão, percebe-se que o discurso referente à diferença natural entre os sexos é recente, motivo pelo qual não devemos tratá-lo com naturalidade. Entende-se que os pressupostos que possibilitaram o nascimento da psicanálise não escapam às tentativas cientificistas de estabelecer a natureza das sexualidades masculina e feminina. Entretanto, ao deslocar o foco da sexualidade do biológico para o psíquico, Freud opera uma leitura que evidencia as marcas de um discurso moral que se mostrava na construção dos laços sociais entre os gêneros, que perpetua, em grande medida, no contemporâneo.

For Nietzsche, a phenomenon, a belief, a mode of knowledge, or of subjectivity, confronts us with the possibility of creating, rather than presupposing, the criteria for its evaluation. In his Untimely Meditations, he widened the parameters of criticizability in just this way, proposing that history might be evaluated from the criterion of whether it is good or bad for life. Nietzsche provokes us to ask what the right question is to bring to history. Stepping back to formulate a response might allow us to appreciate the difference between interrogating the accuracy of historical accounts and assessing their effects. Per a Nietzsche, un fenomen, una creença o una manera de coneixement o de subjectivitat ens enfronta a la possibilitat de crear, en lloc de pressuposar, els criteris per avaluar-lo. En les seves Consideracions intempestives va ampliar els paràmetres de la criticabilitat precisament en aquest sentit, proposant que la història pugui ser avaluada des del criteri de si és bona o dolenta per a la vida. Nietzsche ens impel·leix a preguntar-nos quina és la pregunta correcta que hem de fer a la història. Prendre distància per formular una resposta podria permetre'ns d'apreciar la diferència entre interrogar l'exactitud dels relats històrics i avaluar-ne els efectes. Para Nietzsche, un fenómeno, una creencia o un modo de conocimiento o de subjetividad nos enfrenta a la posibilidad de crear, en lugar de presuponer, los criterios para su evaluación. En sus Consideraciones intempestivas amplió los parámetros de la criticabilidad precisamente en este sentido, proponiendo que la historia pueda ser evaluada desde el criterio de si es buena o mala para la vida. Nietzsche nos impele a preguntarnos cuál es la pregunta correcta que debemos hacer a la historia. Tomar distancia para formular una respuesta podría permitirnos apreciar la diferencia entre interrogar la exactitud de los relatos históricos y evaluar sus efectos.

We studied the autumn (September–November) food habits of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) by sampling the stomach contents of 64 individuals (male, n = 31; female, n = 33) killed on national roads in Ibaraki Prefecture. Our aim was to examine sex differences in the autumn food habits of raccoon dogs in suburban area where human related disturbances can occur on the raccoon dogs. The frequency of occurrence (FO) and the percent volume (PV) of fruits and insects were high for both males and females and FO and PV of garbage were low for both males and females. There were no significant differences between the sexes for food items. FO and PV were not significantly different between sexes for adults and yearlings. This is likely because males and females may use the same area even in suburban area, and they likely both forage on the most abundant food resources that are easily accessible within their habitats.

This article examines Pentecostal embodiment through a study of how prayer is spoken of, and performed in a prominent Nigerian Deliverance church. It argues that the Deliverance churches’ exaggerated emphasis on the demonic serves to repurpose prayer as an embodied violent performance that is often as\ud much directed to the devil than it is to God. As such, this article reveals the ways in which the entanglement of divine and demonic beings in the Pentecostal body results in the production of a subject that does not just act upon itself, but in fact seeks to defeat and hence deliver itself. Moreover, in offering a detailed account of how the movement’s theology of the body is made manifest in performances of prayer, the article argues for scholarly attention to the role that theological doctrines play in the constitution of embodied experience in the study of religions more generally