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The focus of the study was to determine the relationship between self-esteem and the level of vocabulary of students at elementary level in District Rawalpindi. The researcher used a cross sectional survey design which uses quantitative inquiry. The population consisted of students of Grade 4, male and female both from elementary levels schools of District Rawalpindi. Five hundred students were randomly selected from different federal government elementary schools at Rawalpindi and Islamabad as a sample for present study. The instruments used in this study were MCQs for identifying the level of vocabulary of the students which was developed by the researcher keeping in view the curriculum of grade 4 students of Federal Government schools of Rawalpindi and for finding out the level of self-esteem of the students, a local instrument was developed by the researcher keeping in view the Rosenberg`s self-esteem scale. The self-esteem was determined on the basis of two elements that are self-competence and self-liking. The researcher analyzed the data by using SPSS. The data was analyzed by applying statistical techniques i.e. range, standard deviation, mean and correlation coefficient. The correlation coefficient was applied to find the relationship between self-esteem and the level of vocabulary of students at elementary level. Results revealed that more than half of the students from the selected sample had an average level of self-esteem and vocabulary. The positive relationship between self-esteem and vocabulary of the students is confirmed by the value of correlational value that is 0.289. The value is not very high but still a positive correlation exists between self-esteem and level of vocabulary of students.

A socio-economic study was conducted in district Mardan of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan to get a comprehensive knowledge of the agroforestry tree species grown on the farmlands, their yield, and carbon stock. For yield and carbon stock estimation, data were collected from 59 sample plots by measuring the diameter, height, volume, and biomass of selected agroforestry tree species through D-tape and Haga altimeter. A total of 59 sample plots were inventoried using 2.5 percent sampling intensity. Each sample plot has an area of 0.5 ha, where each tree with a Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm was inventoried. The calculated amount of volume of each tree species was then converted to biomass by multiplying it by the density of wood and the Biomass Expansion Factor (BEF). Total yield and C stock for the selected agroforestry tree species were 11535.2 metric tons and 2102.2 metric tons, respectively. Populus euroamericana is classified as the main tree with 28% growing stock prior to Morus alba by 21%, while Melia azedarach, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia nilotica, Salix tetrasperma, and Bombax ceiba consist of 15%, 12%, 8%, 6%,7% and 3% growing stock respectively. Among the species found in different sampling plots the yield of Populus euroamericana was found to be 4747.5 metric tons and it was followed by the species Morus alba found at 2027.3 metric tons. Similarly, the volume for Melia azedarach, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Dalbergia sissoo, Salix spp, Boombox ceiba, and Acacia nilotica was 1532.2 tons,1503 ton,745.7,203.5ton, 555.4ton and 220.5ton, respectively. The carbon stock for Populus euroamericana was calculated as 777.8 ton/ha, while for Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Melia azedarach, Morus alba, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia nilotica, Salix species, and Bombax ceiba it was calculated as 312.3ton/ha, 272.1ton/ha, 363ton/ha, 245.1ton/ha, 51.4ton/ha, 27.3ton/ha and 53.2ton/ha, respectively. The questionnaire survey conducted for price dynamics showed that the majority of respondents purchase timber from the market for construction. But they use farm trees with low-quality city construction. They dislike using local timber in the conventional building as timber from farm trees is liable to insect attack. Rs. 50,000-100000, (33.33%) of daily sales was concluded from 50% of the trader while (16.7%) of the traders have their sales between Rs.150,000-200,000. Therefore, it is concluded by the authors that both provincial and federal government should promote agroforestry in Pakistan through different incentives because it has the potential to cope with dilemma of deforestation of natural forests and improve the livelihood of local peoples. It is strongly recommended that special projects just like the Ten Billion Tree Afforestation Project (T-BTTP) should be launched for agroforestry plantation and promotion in the country to sustain the ecological harmony and uplift the socio-economic condition of the peoples of Pakistan.

Industrial elevator systems are commonly used software systems in our daily lives, which operate in uncertain environments such as unpredictable passenger traffic, uncertain passenger attributes and behaviors, and hardware delays. Understanding and assessing the robustness of such systems under various uncertainties enable system designers to reason about uncertainties, especially those leading to low system robustness, and consequently improve their designs and implementations in terms of handling uncertainties. To this end, we present a comprehensive empirical study conducted with industrial elevator systems provided by our industrial partner Orona, which focuses on assessing the robustness of a dispatcher—that is, a software component responsible for elevators’ optimal scheduling. In total, we studied 90 industrial dispatchers in our empirical study. Based on the experience gained from the study, we derived an uncertainty-aware robustness assessment method (named UncerRobua ) comprising a set of guidelines on how to conduct the robustness assessment and a newly proposed ranking algorithm, for supporting the robustness assessment of industrial elevator systems against uncertainties.

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a relatively prevalent disorder, and prevalence rises with age. Total knee replacement surgery (TKA) is a frequent operation that has significantly improved the quality of life for millions of people with symptomatic knee OA. TKA postoperative care has been discussed regarding the utility of CPM; it has been shown to speed up the recovery of full range of motion, shorten hospital stays, lessen discomfort, speed up wound healing, and lower the risk of DVT. The current study was conducted to compare Effectiveness of CPM protocol as an adjunct to Standard Physiotherapy protocol in Post-operative Rehabilitation of TKA cases. From July to December 2021, three affiliated hospitals hosted the randomised controlled study, which included patients who had complete knee arthroplasty surgery. After surgery, patients were randomly allocated to one of two groups: From the first surgical day till discharge, Group A got twice daily PT and continuous passive motion (CPM), while Group B only received the usual physiotherapy programme from the first postoperative day. Evaluation of the results took place the day after discharge. The participants in the 2 groups' baseline outcome measurement characteristics were comparable.

Risk aversion is adopted as a valuable and workable access to understand the capitalist financing behaviour. Other variables also have been widely examined to check the results on entrepreneurial financing behavior. Yet, how risk aversion affects entrepreneurial financing behavior with mediating effect of self-efficacy and moderating effects of living style values. The basic aim of this paper to build the integrated model, based on mediating effect of self-efficacy to examine the straight and un-straight result of risk aversion on capitalist financing behavior. In last paper first author uses demographic analysis to study and underlying the mediating force of self-efficacy and moderating effects of cultural values. Then implement correlation and regression analysis to explore the relationship of the variables. In this struggle 371 survey responses gathered from business degree students to show the analysis. The mediating effect of self-efficacy is directly and positively linked with entrepreneurial financing behavior. There is a straight relationship and un-straight relationship of risk hatred and entrepreneurial financing behavior also exists through the mediation effect of self-efficacy. Doubling the value of this sample size can be selected from various educational backgrounds to enhance the significance of this survey. Risk aversion is directly acting upon the entrepreneurial financing behavior.

We use data on the universe of COVID-19 vaccines in Sierra Leone to examine the relationship between COVID-19 vaccination take-up and support for the party in power and whether interruptions to vaccine supply reduced take-up of second doses. We find that COVID-19 vaccine take-up is higher in areas that support the ruling party, but this mirrors long-term vaccination patterns and not the politicization of COVID-19 vaccines. People whose second dose was due just before and after a vaccine stockout had similar second take-up rates (around 50 percent)–that is, delayed access to second doses did not deter eventual take-up.

Persimmon is a climacteric fruit and very perishable. Changes in several physiological attributes greatly affect its quality and market value. The current study was designed to assess the effect of chitosan solution (an edible coating material that can improve postharvest performance) on physico-chemical attributes of persimmon fruit during storage. Persimmon fruits were harvested, cleaned and then dipped in various chitosan concentrations (1%, 2% and 3%) for 5, 10 and 15 min. The treated fruits were stored at 25–29°C, 55–70% RH for 28 days. Results indicated that fruits coated with 3% chitosan solution had maximum volume, firmness, ascorbic acid, titratable acidity and minimum juice, TSS, pH, TSS/acid ratio, decay incidence and weight loss. Similarly, the performance was better in fruits dipped for 15 min. It was concluded that persimmon fruits dipped in 3% chitosan solution for 15 min could improve its postharvest performance when stored under ambient condition.

As construction activity continues to increase on a daily basis, the demand for fine and coarse aggregates is also rising. However, relying on a few sources would quickly deplete the natural sources of aggregates. In Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, costly coarse pit sand from northern areas is used for concrete, as the local river sands (Ravi and Chenab) are fine and do not meet ASTM specifications for fine aggregates. To alleviate the pressure on one source, it is necessary to improve the gradation of natural river sand by utilizing quarry dust obtained during the process of crushing rock into crushed stones. This study conducted detailed experimental work to enhance the gradation of natural river sand by adding normalized quarry dust. Concrete mixes with three strengths of 21 MPa, 28 MPa, and 35 MPa were prepared by partially replacing natural river sand with quarry sand. Workability and hardened concrete properties were evaluated for all mixes, and cost analysis was performed for 28 MPa concrete. The results were compared with control concrete made with coarse pit sand. When river sand was enhanced by combining 40% river sand and 60% normalized quarry dust, the resulting sand met ASTM requirements. Furthermore, when some fines were removed from river sand and replaced with 50% normalized quarry dust, the sand also met ASTM grading requirements. The compressive and flexural strengths of concrete made with enhanced sand gradation increased by 10–25% and 9–17%, respectively, for 28 MPa concrete compared to the control concrete. Cost analysis showed that 28 MPa concrete made with enhanced natural river sand gradation was 8.6% more economical than concrete made with coarse pit sand.

This section covers foreign business corporation law and other corporate legislation. Foreign commerce may boost revenues, customer base, and product quality. Currency exchange rate fluctuations may help businesses attract more talent. International commercial law governs international interactions via conventions, treaties, national laws, and economic practices. It's also called common law. These policies allow nations to cooperate in commerce, licensing, tariffs, taxes, and other commercial areas. Foreign commerce may help a corporation increase sales, revenue, and product durability. Currency exchange rate fluctuations may help businesses attract more talent. Every Fortune 500 firm has foreign branches and global customers, thus they must comply with international rules and regulations to join international markets. Since Covid-19, globalization's importance has increased. The pandemic has made worldwide commerce more important for all enterprises. One-third of these companies want worldwide growth, and 50% of their CEOs say the epidemic has changed their view on exporting. Context: Rephrase the query and underline the investigation's importance; The second half of our review paper contains over fifty scholarly reviews on international business and trade law. These descriptions explain the rules' most unusual methods. In conclusion, the essay's main points are summarized.

Information and communication technology (ICT) and digital systems have developed to the point that they are indispensable to all industries, including Europe. The extensive use of preventative measures reflects the growing concern regarding cyber security. Concerns regarding cyber security in light of new technology are the primary focus of this review paper, which also discusses the problem of out-of-date cybercrime regulations. New technological advancements in cyber security, together with ethical considerations and external factors, are highlighted. To prevent sensitive data from falling into the wrong hands and jeopardising the security of the financial industry, the industry must continually analyse and improve its systems. In this review article, we examine more than twenty unique scholarly evaluations. The abstract and introduction comprise the first section of this review. In this review article, we discussed a variety of scholarly opinions on the topic as reviews. Typically, the final paragraph of an article includes a concise summary of the main arguments and supporting evidence presented in the body of the article. Moreover, security threats and challenges, as well as the most recent developments and emerging trends in cyber security, are discussed. People today are more inclined to conduct business on the internet than they were a decade ago. Likewise, it is more difficult than ever to retain what we have learnt. Additionally, a spike in cybercrime has been connected to the exponential expansion of social media platforms. Data security is of the utmost importance in the area of information technology. Information security is one of the most significant issues of the contemporary era. The term "cybersecurity" is always the first thing that comes to mind when discussing "cybercrimes," which are increasing at an alarming rate every day (Brands & Van Doorn, 2022). In order to combat this type of cybercrime, governments and corporations have created a variety of protective measures. The extensive use of preventative measures reflects the growing concern regarding cyber security. Concerns regarding cyber security in light of new technology are the primary focus of this review paper, which also discusses the problem of out-of-date cybercrime regulations. New technological advancements in cyber security, together with ethical considerations and external factors, are highlighted. It is well-known that the dynamic nature of the financial ecosystem will impact some aspect of the institution's infrastructure, as well as the financial sector's susceptibility to cybercrimes, particularly denial-of-service attacks (Brands & Van Doorn, 2022). To prevent sensitive data from falling into the wrong hands and jeopardising the security of the financial industry, the industry must continually analyse and improve its systems. The financial sector has been far ahead of other businesses in terms of investment and innovation in cyber security, with the banking industry at the forefront of safety system deployment and best practises. In this review article, we examine more than twenty unique scholarly evaluations. The abstract and introduction comprise the first section of this review. These introductions and abstracts elaborate on the most recent facts. Earlier, we discussed a variety of scholarly opinions on the topic as reviews. Typically, the final paragraph of an article includes a concise summary of the main arguments and supporting evidence presented in the body of the article. Moreover, security threats and challenges, as well as the most recent developments and emerging trends in cyber security, are discussed. The supplied comprehensive review study is anticipated to be beneficial for IT and cyber security specialists.

The companies typically use enterprise social media to enhance employee performance of its employees. This study's objective is to look into mediating role that workplace isolation plays on connection between use of ESM and Employee Performance. The researcher explores linkage among employee social media use and workplace isolation that is moderated by workplace integration. A cross-sectional survey template was used to guide analysis. This research's information was gathered from public and private companies in the telecom sector that are involved in offering goods and services to their consumers. The study was carried out with quantitative method approach. A total 375 respondents participated in study and convenient sampling was the sampling method used. PLS3 was used to analyses demographic data and SPSS to assess the connection between the independent and dependent variables. Thus, workplace isolation acts as a mediator between ESM and Employee Performance, having a considerable impact on both variables. This study revealed that how the deployment of ESM affects worker productivity using social exchange theory.

The value of digital evidence has expanded quickly in recent years due to increases in its dependability and complexity. Evident from national and international regulations. There is a presumption in the law that digital evidence is admissible, and authorities have been directed not to rule it out of court because it is not presented in a substantive and perceptible form. Domestic and international laws have educated domestic law, and today everyone agrees. This section examines the background of the issue, the laws at play, and how it presented the matter to the Supreme Court nationwide. The technique adopted in this review study is a literature search. "Digital evidence" refers to any evidence made, kept, or transferred via digital means. It is impossible to overstate the role that digital evidence plays in the administration of criminal justice. In Pakistan, there were no laws surrounding the acceptance of digital evidence in court until 2002. We review roughly twenty evaluations given by different scholars in their articles. Part one of this review article's subsections is split in two. These abstracts expand upon the newest parts of the supplied legislation. The last section often supplies a quick summary of the important points and supporting evidence presented throughout the essay.

This study critically analyses stylistic evaluation based on metaphorical extensions in E.E. Cummings’s poem “Humanity i love you”. It identifies lexicological and connotational associations by means of parallelism having pertinence to interpretive and evaluative stylistics. Analytically, the diction of the poem has associative meanings. The poem signifies verbal irony and emotional intensity for adherence and adoration to humanity that is the verge of extinction. The poet sarcastically applied stylistic facets for signification of structural repetition and indication of his determination towards preservation of humanitarian traits in society. Content analysis has been applied to explore to comprehend the basic themes of the poem. The analysis unfolds the manifestation of stylistics features that assist to understand the basic themes of the poem by referring to metaphorical juxtaposing thoughts in aesthetics in “Humanity i hate you”.

Obesity is distinguished by unwanted and surplus accumulation of lipids in body principally in adipocytes. Inactive lifestyle and dietary irregularities are considered as premiers among a variety of obesogenic risk factors. Obesity is associated with variations in the concentration of trophic and tropic hormones from pituitary gland affecting different body parts and other endocrine glands including adrenal gland. Current study was design to explore the anti-obesity potential of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) against high sugar and high fat induced hyper-activity of pituitary-adrenal (PA) axis and obesity. Twenty-five healthy Wistar albino female rats were selected as model animal. Body weight, oral glucose tolerance test, serum cortisol, hematology and histopathological analysis were performed. The high sugar and high fat induced increase in body eight was decline by cinnamon administration. Hematological analysis revealed a significant decreased concentration of RBCs and hemoglobin and increased WBCs and platelet count following sub-acute exposure of high sugar and high fat changes were attenuated by cinnamon. High sugar and fat associated elevated serum cortisol was normalized after cinnamon exposure. Moreover, cinnamon protected the histopathological alterations following high sugar and fat administration, showed protective effects of Cinnamon against obesity associated dysregulation of PA axis and metabolic impairment.

This research paper aims to examine gender stereotypes of feminine speech attributes in Pakistani society and to compare gender stereotyping versus self-stereotyping attitudes toward these attributes. A preliminary survey was conducted on a sample of 50 Pakistani adults, from Quaid-e-Azam University Islamabad (2022). Participants were asked to rate their agreement or disagreement with the following six feminine speech characteristics: more talkative, show agreement in speech, demand clarification, show surprise, show minimal responses and be more polite in conversation. Results showed that both males and females had a strong agreement that females are more talkative and polite in conversation, while they were less likely to agree that females demand clarification, show surprise, or show minimal responses. In conclusion, this study shows that both gender-stereotyping and self-stereotyping attitudes are present in Pakistani society when it comes to feminine speech attributes.

The primary goal of this study is to inspect the Government Expenditure consequence on the Pakistan’s economy growth. For this intention study used data of annual time series from 1980 to 2020. The research-work utilized ADF Unit-Root Test that verify stationary data. And applied (OLS) technique to estimation the connection among the GDP and Govt Expenditure, Inflation, and GDP per capita. The estimation of the OLS method shows there is a positive and significant impact of Govt expenditure and GDP per capita on GDP. While; Inflation has a significantly negative influence on GDP of the country. This study propose that Fiscal Policy Expansionary can be utilized by the Govt to motivate the economic situation during the time of downturn.

Current guidelines consider endoscopic resection appropriate treatment for malignant colon polyps with negative margins, low-grade histology, and no lymphovascular invasion. While increasing literature demonstrates a worse prognosis for advanced stage right- versus left-sided colon cancers after curative treatment, there is paucity of data regarding prognostic effect of location in patients undergoing endoscopic resection of T1 polyps. We hypothesized the more aggressive biologic behavior observed in advanced right-sided cancers would be similarly represented in malignant polyps, and this location would be associated with lower overall survival.The National Cancer Database was queried for adults with T1NxMx tumors who underwent endoscopic polypectomy (2004-2017). Patients with positive margins or without follow-up information were excluded.A total of 2,337 patients met inclusion criteria; 22% had right-sided polyps. Endoscopically excised proximal tumors were more common in elderly, and those with public insurance and more comorbidities (all P.01). Among patients with complete pathologic data, there were no statistical differences between right- and left-sided polyps with 1 cm median size,92% without lymphovascular invasion, and 100% without tumor deposits. Univariate analysis showed 73% vs 86% 5-year overall survival for right versus left polyps (P.01). After adjustment for available confounders, right-sided location remained significantly associated with worse overall survival (hazard ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval 1.21-1.83).In this national cohort of patients with endoscopically excised malignant polyps, we identified right colon location as an independent prognostic factor associated with increased risk of mortality. Our data suggest polyp location should be taken into consideration when making clinical decisions regarding treatment and/or surveillance.

Introduction: Decision making in surgical oncology of the breast has increased its complexity over the last twenty years. This Delphi survey investigates the opinion of an expert panel about the decision making process in surgical procedures on the breast for oncological purposes. Methods: Twenty-seven experts were invited to partake into a Delphi Survey. At the first round they have been asked to provide a list of features involved in the decision making process (patient's characteristics; disease characteristics; surgical techniques, outcomes) and comment on it. Using text-mining techniques we extracted a list of mono-bi-trigrams potentially representative of decision drivers. A technique of “natural language processing” called Word2vec was used to validate changes to texts using synonyms and plesionyms. Word2Vec was also used to test the semantic relevance of n-grams within a corpus of knowledge made up of books edited by panel members. The final list of variables extracted was submitted to the judgement of the panel for final validation at the second round of the Delphi using closed ended questions. Results: 52 features out of 59 have been approved by the panel. The overall consensus was 87.1% Conclusions: Text mining and natural language processing allowed the extraction of a number of decision drivers and outcomes as part of the decision making process in surgical oncology on the breast. This result was obtained transforming narrative texts into structured data. The high level of consensus among experts provided validation to this process.

Purpose: To compare the effects of proprioceptive exercises and topical glucosamine sulfate on knee osteoarthritis in terms of reducing pain and functional disability. Methods: A single-blinded randomized clinical trial (IRCT20220115053712N1) was conducted at Muhammad Physical Therapy Clinic and Rehabilitation Center, Multan, Pakistan, from November 2021 to April 2022. Eighty-four patients enrolled and were randomized into two groups; patients in Group A were treated with proprioceptive exercises while those in Group B were treated with topical glucosamine sulfate. The Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scale were used to measure pain and functional activities at baseline, 9th and 18th sessions. Results: The results showed that both interventions were effective, but more in Group A (p < 0.05). Group A also showed highly significant improvement in relieving the pains associated with osteoarthritis when compared to Group B (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: Proprioceptive exercises are more efficient than topical glucosamine sulfate for managing knee osteoarthritis, improving functional outcomes and lowering pain intensity.

Emergency contraceptives (ECs) are indicated for preventing the chance of unintended pregnancy that follows unprotected sexual intercourse in cases of incorrectly used regular contraceptives and in sexual assault. It is considered a safe choice to prevent pregnancy than abortion which is considered life threating. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of community pharmacists towards emergency contraceptives and their association with sociodemographic variables. This study was a cross sectional study conducted between August and September 2021 on a convenient sample of community pharmacists from Iraq. The survey tool was an online, self-administered questionnaire, in English language and a paper-based copy of the questionnaire was delivered face-to-face to some of the study participants. The questionnaire consisted of four parts, sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude and practices of community pharmacists toward emergency contraceptives. A total of 212 community pharmacists participated in the study. Of the study participants, 67.9% were in the age range of (24-29) years, 61.8% were females,60% had less than 5 years of experience, the majority (73.1%) were from Baghdad. This study showed that the majority of community pharmacists (74%) had good knowledge and 95% of them had a very positive attitude. However, 51% of the participants had poor practice where 62.5% of the pharmacists did not make counselling during dispending on mechanism of action. This study results have shown no significant relationship between demographic characteristics and KAP of participants towards emergency contraceptives. The majority of the study participants had good knowledge and very positive attitude too, whereas poor practice was observed in more than half of the participants. Educational programs and training sessions are required to raise knowledge about the importance of emergency contraceptives and also to improve the dispensing practice of these products.

Functional traits determine the fitness of organisms and mirror their ecological functions. Although trait-based approaches provide ecological insights, it is underexploited for marine zooplankton, particularly with respect to seasonal variation. Here, based on four major functional traits, including body length, feeding type, trophic group, and reproduction mode, we quantified the seasonal variations of mesozooplankton functional groups in the South Yellow Sea (SYS) in the spring, summer, and autumn of 2018. Strong seasonal dynamics were identified for all traits but patterns varied among traits. Small zooplankton (47.7–88.6%), omnivores–herbivores (81.3–97.6%), and free spawners (54.8–92.5%) dominated in three seasons, while ambush feeders and current feeders dominated in spring (45.7%), and autumn (73.4%), respectively. Cluster analysis of the functional traits showed that the mesozooplankton in the SYS can be classified into eight functional groups. The biogeographic and seasonal variations of functional groups can be partially explained by environmental drivers. Group 1, represented by omnivores–herbivores, was the most dominant functional group, the abundance of which peaked in spring and was positively correlated with chlorophyll a concentration, indicating its close association with phytoplankton dynamics. The contribution of giant, active ambush carnivores, passive ambush carnivore jellyfish, current omnivores–detritivores, and parthenogenetic cladocerans increased with sea surface temperature. The proportion of giant, active ambush carnivores and active ambush omnivore–carnivore copepods decreased with salinity in autumn. This study presents a new perspective for understanding the dynamics of zooplankton and paves the way for further research on the functional diversity of zooplankton in the SYS.

Microfinance is considered to be one of the best tools to deliver the financial services to the poor people in Pakistan to eradicate the poverty from the roots. This research is aimed to explore the factors that impact causes of employee turnover in microfinance industry in developing countries like Pakistan. Discourse of literature coupled with experts opinion is used for identification of factors. Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) is used of structural mapping of factors interconnections. Cross impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC analysis) is used for classifying the factors on the basis of driving-dependence power. ISM and MICMAC methodologies are used in order to simplify the complex and conundrum phenomena by representing it into graphical form. These are qualitative methodologies of modelling and analysis for which primary data is collected through matrix type instrument of measurement coupled with semi-structured interview. Results of review of literature show that there are 18 factors causing employees turnover in microfinance industry. ISM results reveal that job insecurity, absence of complementary financial and non-financial services, unrealistic recovery targets and temptation for money laundering are the most critical factors. MICMAC shows that there is no autonomous factor, 4 are in independent, 4 are in dependent and remaining 10 are in linking. This is a valuable study having implications for microfinance investors to use their existing resources, policy makers to design their policies according to the designed framework to gain advantage and decision makers to use their existing resources & means to manage these factors optimistically. The current study was conducted in a developed country such as Pakistan, but it can be effectively extended to neighbouring developing countries with minor changes to the hierarchy structural model.

There has been a drastic change in the ways of doing business after COVID-19. Business world has been shifted from traditional to contactless ways and digitalization has been increased during and after COVID-19 all over the world including Pakistan. So, there has been a need to study the factors that affect the success of contactless businesses, specifically in the context of Pakistan. The aim of the study is to generate the comprehensive list of critical success factors of contactless businesses in Pakistan and to analyze their interpersonal relationships and to classify them. This study is exploratory by its nature and the methodology used for this study is Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) along with Multiple Cross Impact Matrix (MICMAC) analysis that corroborate the results of ISM. Data has been collected primarily from the panel of experts on the topic. Results of the study show that the most important factor that contributes towards the success of contactless businesses in Pakistan is creativity and innovation which lies at the bottom of the model. This research is useful for all the stakeholders of contactless businesses since it contributes generates the list of critical factors, their hierarchical model, their classification model and lot of new information on interaction of these critical success factors.

ZusammenfassungDie pulmonalarterielle Hypertonie (PAH) ist eine seltene und schwere Erkrankung, die durch einen erhöhten pulmonalarteriellen Mitteldruck und einen erhöhten pulmonalvaskulären Widerstand charakterisiert ist. Sie hat in vielen Fällen eine genetische Ursache, so findet man bei 85% der hereditären und bei ca. 15% der idiopathischen Fälle pathogene Varianten in PAH-spezifischen Genen. Am häufigsten ist das Gen des Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor Type 2 (BMPR2) betroffen. Es wurden jedoch in den letzten Jahren 17 weitere Gene größtenteils aus dem Signalweg des BMPR2-Gens entdeckt, die bei der diagnostischen Abklärung mit untersucht werden sollten. Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich mit den molekulargenetischen Grundlagen der Erkrankung, dem Stellenwert der genetischen Beratung und Testung in den neuen Leitlinien sowie mit den wichtigsten Genen und den Verfahren, mit welchen man diese auf pathogene Varianten untersuchen kann. Die genetische Untersuchung kann einen Beitrag zur korrekten Diagnosestellung und zur Prognoseverbesserung der Patienten leisten und sollte auch gesunden Familienmitgliedern angeboten werden.

Aim: To look at anti-cancer effects of a variety of novel drugs on a variety of cancerous cell lines in the quest for a more inexpensive and effective anti-cancer treatment. Methodology: The research was carried out in conjunction with PCMD at JPMC's BMSI Department of Pharmacology. The experiment lasted about eight months (from April to November 2016). Noninvasive estrogen-dependent tumours, invasive estrogen-independent breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and cervical cancer were all depicted using MCF-7, HT-29, MDA-MB-231and HeLa cell lines, in that order. The MTT assay was used to improve the drugs' anticancer or antiproliferative efficacy in vitro. Using the MTT test, we determined the vitality of all treated tumour cell lines as well as the IC50 values of each chemical against all malignant cell lines. Results: This study demonstrated thatMetformin significantly decreased the survivability of MCF7, HT-29, MDA-MB-231, and Hela cell lines when compared to Apricoxib and Mebendazole. As a result, comparing the IC50 values of the studied agents for each of the evaluated treated cells backed up this claim. Hence, for Hela(p=0.386), MCF-7 (p=0.083), and MDA-MB-231 (p=0.083) cell lines but pochoc analysis revealed no significant differences in IC50 values of Metformin and Methotrexate. Conclusion: When compared to Apricoxib and Mebendazole, Metformin has a significant effect on the survivability of the cell lines studied. Metformin, as a result, would have been a wonderful chemotherapeutic addition Keywords: Cell lines, In vitro, MCF-7, Hela, MDA-MB-231

Objective: To determine whether harmonic scalpel has any advantage over Ligasure tonsillectomy or not in terms of blood loss, duration of surgery, pain scores and slough separation time. Study Design: Double Blind Cross Sectional study. Setting: Faisalabad Medical University and Affiliated Institutions. Period: January to June 2022. Material & Methods: Seventy patients in total were selected and divided by Random sampling into two groups to be operated either with Ligasure or Harmonic Scalpel. The difference between the two groups was assessed in terms of pain scores, slough separation time, duration of surgery and blood loss between the two groups. Results: Patients results showed statistical significant difference in the two groups in terms of slough separation time and pain scores but there was no significant difference in terms of blood loss and duration of surgery. Conclusion: Harmonic scalpel does have an advantage over Ligasure tonsillectomy as far as early healing is concerned and thus certainly helps in reducing the morbidity of the patients.

This study starts by looking at the laws that support different approaches to edification. It then talks about how various studies, as well as surveys, have made it clear that edification is correct under the law, as well as, a fundamental fact in Pakistan. Since the `Right to Education` is of the utmost importance, I have researched various important aspects of RTE by examining previous laws as well as theories to comprehend them. Discussion of Pakistan's educational system, including the various stages of edification as well as the policymaking process for governing the system. Explains the idea of a humanoid as well as a legal `Right to Education`. The theoretical agenda for this edification is based on the findings of the edification status in the territories of Pakistan. It focuses on edification as a fundamental right enhanced by the Pakistani Constitution and begins by providing an overview and demonstrating the validity of Article 25-A. Establish the State's available Constitutional, Provincial, Regional, and International Laws to promote edification. Additionally, this chapter explains how those laws are put into practice. Summarizes the findings of this study and concludes it by identifying problems that arose from studying Pakistani law and the `Right to Education`. In light of the study's findings, I have also offered suggestions for improving our nation's elementary edification system promotion.

An earthquake of moderate magnitude 5.9 occurred northeast of Harnai (Baluchistan), Pakistan, on 07 October 2021. This event caused several deaths and injuries due to the collapse of many mud houses in the epicentral area according to the Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA). The event occurred along the Quetta syntaxis, which is one of the most seismically active zones of the country. The source mechanism of the mainshock based on the moment tensor inversion technique was determined using seismic data from the local network. Stress patterns and active tectonics within the Harnai area were investigated on the basis of recent event and previously available focal mechanism solutions. The 2021 earthquake source mechanism was oblique slip with 12 km focal depth and appears to be associated with the Harnai–Karahi fault zone. Interestingly, the nodal plane oriented in the east–west direction having a high dip corresponds to reverse faulting, whereas the low dip nodal plane trending northwest–southeast-depicts a strike-slip mechanism. The upper crustal stress field and current tectonic deformation in this region are governed by the oblique convergence between the Indian and Eurasian plates along the Chaman fault zone marking the transform plate boundary. The local tectonic stress pattern anomalously supports the low dip nodal plane of the determined fault plane solution representing transpressional environment in which originally produced reverse fault is being reactivated with a dominantly strike-slip sense of movement. In this area, two stress regimes, strike-slip and thrust mechanism, were identified based on homogenous stress patterns. The recent Harnai earthquake occurred in a region where thrust-faulting environment due to horizontal principal compression (SHmax) directed in north-northwest–south-southeast act as first order stress owing to the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. The SHmax direction of other subset areas has a similar orientation but different stress ratio (R′), which depicts strike-slip faulting. The presence of a rigid (Katawaz) block along the plate boundary, which impedes the Indian plate motion, causes the second-order stresses that result in strike-slip sense of movement in the pre-existing reverse faults. The same stress seems to be responsible for bending of the existing faults to produce en echelon structures within the Sulaiman range and generates connecting faults in the form of a bookshelf model.

PurposeThe study aims to compare India's public health expenditure at the international and state levels. The paper also empirically examines the regional disparities in NRHM spending across the 21 selected states of India.Design/methodology/approachThe tools of absolute β-and σ-convergence are used in the analysis to test the regional convergence. The average annual growth rate across the states is the dependent variable for β-convergence, and time is the second dependent variable but is used for s-convergence. In contrast, the initial value of NRHM expenditure and the coefficient of variation of NRHM expenditure are used as independent variables, respectively. Descriptive statistics are also used for the study. The data are annual and cover the panel from 2007 to 2020.FindingsThe study attests to the hypothesis of β-and σ-convergence for the selected states in the period mentioned. The observed convergence in NRHM expenditure is due to the shift in the government's attention from the non-high focus high focus states to high states through the national rural health mission policy. The coefficient of variation across the states also shows a declining trend and provides the robustness of the σ-convergence.Originality/valueAs far as the literature is concerned, none of the existing studies examines the convergence of a public health expenditure scheme like the National Rural Health Mission across the Indian states by applying the techniques of β-and σ-convergence. The novelty of the study is using the newly updated dataset and validating the convergence hypotheses in the National Rural Health Mission expenditure case.

Dy3+-doped, Ag and Dy3+-co-doped, and Tm3+ and Dy3+-co-doped oxyfluoride glasses have been prepared by a conventional melt-quenching method. White and yellowish light emissions were generated in the glasses under excitation in the range from 350 to 390 nm. Changes in the excitation wavelength in the ultraviolet (UV) range do not significantly alter the emission tint of the Dy and Ag and Dy-co-doped glasses. On the contrary, the tint of the Tm and Dy co-doped glasses considerably varies under excitation in the same range.

Evaluating the impact of foliar treatment of (SA) salicylic acid and iron (Fe) on plants with the treatment of artificial magnetism is very essential to understand its effects on germination and growth of Pisum sativum. The current research was designed to document the primary role of SA and Fe on matore variety of garden pea. Selected specie was given various geo and artificial magnetic treatments. Hence, a pot experimentation was designed using Completely Randomized Design under factorial with three replicates. Seeds were sown in pots having different geo and artificial magnetism treatments. Later, fifteen days of germination, pea plants were foliarly sprayed with 250 μM salicylic acid and 250 ppm iron. Furthermore, later twenty days of foliar supplementation seedlings were uprooted/harvested and taken to lab to analyze different bio-chemical attributes. Data annotate diverse variations in Matore variety among various magnetism treatments. Artificial magnetic treatments combined with foliarly supplementation of salicylic acid and iron significantly improved tannin content, ascorbic acid as well as phytic acid in pea plants. Thus, foliar supplementation based on this current research findings may be proposed for improved development and growth of plants in combination with magnetism.

Heparin is a widely applied anticoagulant agent. However, in clinical practice, it is of vital importance to reverse its anticoagulant effect to restore the blood-clotting cascade and circumvent side effects. Inspired by protein cages that can encapsulate and protect their cargo from surroundings, we utilize three designed protein copolymers to sequester heparin into inert nanoparticles. In our design, a silk-like sequence provides cooperativity between proteins, generating a multivalency effect that enhances the heparin-binding ability. Protein copolymers complex heparin into well-defined nanoparticles with diameters below 200 nm. We also develop a competitive fluorescent switch-on assay for heparin detection, with a detection limit of 0.01 IU mL–1 in plasma that is significantly below the therapeutic range (0.2–8 IU mL–1). Moreover, moderate cytocompatibility is demonstrated by in vitro cell studies. Therefore, such engineered protein copolymers present a promising alternative for neutralizing and sensing heparin, but further optimization is required for in vivo applications.

This study aimed to investigate how digital social media campaign methods affected the performance of small and medium-sized businesses while controlling for the impacts of SMM efficacy elements, namely brand reputation and image and customer engagement. 176 respondents who were both directly and indirectly involved in the deployment of social media campaign methods in the marketing departments of SMEs made up the study's target audience and submitted data. 166 correct answers were subjected to a PLS-SEM analysis. Data were gathered using the probability sampling approach from several cities in Pakistan. The analytical findings about customer loyalty, brand recognition, and online entertainment have an impact on SMEs. Additionally, in light of the investigation, brand reputation and image play a significant role in client commitment to SMEs in Pakistan. Additional findings speculate on the impact of social media campaigns on SMEs, and client brand loyalty. The discovery that social media usage enhanced customer contact while also significantly enhancing brand reputation and image in SMEs is a significant contribution to this study. Second, this study contributes to the body of literature by employing the SMCS as a link between SMEs and brand reputation and image. This report offers significant, practical advice to senior management and policymakers about how to convince consumers to support the use of social media marketing strategies by SMEs to draw customers' attention to the brand

Objective: To study the effectiveness of periodontal dressing on different clinical periodontal parameters after scaling and root planning. Study Design: Randomized Controlled Trial. Setting: Department of Periodontology, Multan Medical & Dental College, Multan. Period: May to July 2020. Material & Methods: Thirty three patients of both genders between ages 30-60 were included. Five clinical parameters were measured at baseline. These variables were recorded by University Of Michigan “O’’ Probe with William’s Markings. The measurements were executed by a single, trained and calibrated examiner. Right and left quadrants of Maxilla and Mandible of the same patient were selected as the test and control sites respectively through random selection by lottery method. The maxillary and mandibular test sides were covered with periodontal dressing for 07 days, later the dressing was detached. After 12 weeks, all clinical parameters were recorded again by the same examiner. Results: Mean age was found to be 45.28 years in males and 41.27 years in females. The mean Kappa value of intra-examiner reliability was identified as 0.95. In comparison to control group, test group showed a highly significant improvement in all five tested periodontal variables when the values were compared at base line and then after 12 weeks. Conclusion: Periodontal dressing has significantly improved the clinical outcomes and the periodontal parameters after Scaling and Root Planning procedures.

New N-heterocyclic compounds with a 1,3,5 triazine core were synthesized by a nucleophilic substitution reaction.