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The scoping review will synthesise what is known about osteopathic care as described in systematic reviews. The review will inform stakeholders about the role of osteopathic care in the health system and provide recommendations for future research. The findings will be submitted for peer-review publication.

This scoping review will map extant literature that investigates physical activity among people with spinal cord injuries who ambulate. Specifically, the scoping review will identify types, correlates, and outcomes of physical activity using a behaviour change perspective

Coupled with advances to federated on-device computer vision, the convenience of use and ease of access of cameras integrated into existing computers and tablets will increase touchless computing uptake in the form of gesture recognition software in healthcare for both clinicians and patients.

Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody measurements can be used to estimate the proportion of a population exposed or infected and may be informative about the risk of future infection. Previous estimates of the duration of antibody responses vary. Methods We present 6 months of data from a longitudinal seroprevalence study of 3276 UK healthcare workers (HCWs). Serial measurements of SARS-CoV-2 anti-nucleocapsid and anti-spike IgG were obtained. Interval censored survival analysis was used to investigate the duration of detectable responses. Additionally, Bayesian mixed linear models were used to investigate anti-nucleocapsid waning. Results Anti-spike IgG levels remained stably detected after a positive result, for example, in 94% (95% credibility interval [CrI] 91–96%) of HCWs at 180 days. Anti-nucleocapsid IgG levels rose to a peak at 24 (95% CrI 19–31) days post first polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive test, before beginning to fall. Considering 452 anti-nucleocapsid seropositive HCWs over a median of 121 days from their maximum positive IgG titer, the mean estimated antibody half-life was 85 (95% CrI 81–90) days. Higher maximum observed anti-nucleocapsid titers were associated with longer estimated antibody half-lives. Increasing age, Asian ethnicity, and prior self-reported symptoms were independently associated with higher maximum anti-nucleocapsid levels and increasing age and a positive PCR test undertaken for symptoms with longer anti-nucleocapsid half-lives. Conclusions SARS-CoV-2 anti-nucleocapsid antibodies wane within months and fall faster in younger adults and those without symptoms. However, anti-spike IgG remains stably detected. Ongoing longitudinal studies are required to track the long-term duration of antibody levels and their association with immunity to SARS-CoV-2 reinfection.

Postdoctoral researcher Robert Shaw and colleagues in the Department of Chemistry have successfully engaged with open research through the development of open-source software project, libecpint.This case study describes their approach to open research, lessons learnt and hopes for the future.

BackgroundPersonal protective equipment (PPE) and social distancing are designed to mitigate risk of occupational SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitals. Why healthcare workers nevertheless remain at increased risk is uncertain.MethodsWe conducted voluntary Covid-19 testing programmes for symptomatic and asymptomatic staff at a UK teaching hospital using nasopharyngeal PCR testing and immunoassays for IgG antibodies. A positive result by either modality determined a composite outcome. Risk-factors for Covid-19 were investigated using multivariable logistic regression.Results1083/9809(11.0%) staff had evidence of Covid-19 at some time and provided data on potential risk-factors. Staff with a confirmed household contact were at greatest risk (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.63 [95%CI 3.30-6.50]). Higher rates of Covid-19 were seen in staff working in Covid-19-facing areas (21.2% vs. 8.2% elsewhere) (aOR 2.49 [2.00-3.12]). Controlling for Covid-19-facing status, risks were heterogenous across the hospital, with higher rates in acute medicine (1.50 [1.05-2.15]) and sporadic outbreaks in areas with few or no Covid-19 patients. Covid-19 intensive care unit (ICU) staff were relatively protected (0.46 [0.29-0.72]). Positive results were more likely in Black (1.61 [1.20-2.16]) and Asian (1.58 [1.34-1.86]) staff, independent of role or working location, and in porters and cleaners (1.93 [1.25-2.97]). Contact tracing around asymptomatic staff did not lead to enhanced case identification. 24% of staff/patients remained PCR-positive at ≥6 weeks post-diagnosis.ConclusionsIncreased Covid-19 risk was seen in acute medicine, among Black and Asian staff, and porters and cleaners. A bundle of PPE-related interventions protected staff in ICU.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Correlations between variables included in the model for prediction of acute post-stroke cognitive performance. Table S2. Direct associations between predictors and stroke severity, dementia and cognitive performance. Table S3. Indirect associations between predictors and cognitive performance.

The hardware and software foundations laid in the first half of the 20th Century enabled the computing technologies that have transformed the world, but these foundations are now under siege. The current computing paradigm, which is the foundation of much of the current standards of living that we now enjoy, faces fundamental limitations that are evident from several perspectives. In terms of hardware, devices have become so small that we are struggling to eliminate the effects of thermodynamic fluctuations, which are unavoidable at the nanometer scale. In terms of software, our ability to imagine and program effective computational abstractions and implementations are clearly challenged in complex domains. In terms of systems, currently five percent of the power generated in the US is used to run computing systems - this astonishing figure is neither ecologically sustainable nor economically scalable. Economically, the cost of building next-generation semiconductor fabrication plants has soared past $10 billion. All of these difficulties - device scaling, software complexity, adaptability, energy consumption, and fabrication economics - indicate that the current computing paradigm has matured and that continued improvements along this path will be limited. If technological progress is to continue and corresponding social and economic benefits are to continue to accrue, computing must become much more capable, energy efficient, and affordable. We propose that progress in computing can continue under a united, physically grounded, computational paradigm centered on thermodynamics. Herein we propose a research agenda to extend these thermodynamic foundations into complex, non-equilibrium, self-organizing systems and apply them holistically to future computing systems that will harness nature's innate computational capacity. We call this type of computing "Thermodynamic Computing" or TC., Comment: A Computing Community Consortium (CCC) workshop report, 36 pages

Comprehensive results for Effectiveness. (DOCX 15 kb)

This paper discusses experiments with single-particle systems, some of whose states appear to be entangled. It shows that the interpretation of the experiments in terms of entanglement is ill-defined. Three forms of ambiguity are discussed. The choice of state-space and its dimensions is a matter of taste. There is not an a-priori natural partitioning of the state-space. The observables are not necessarily experimentally accessible and only determined by theory-laden extrapolation from experimental results. These ambiguities need to be addressed in the formulation of any general theory of entanglement.

Comprehensive results for Implementation. (DOCX 16 kb)

Comprehensive results for Maintenance. (DOCX 15 kb)

Comprehensive results for Reach. (DOCX 18 kb)

Supplemental material, Clinical_rehab_frailty_prevalence_supplementary_material for The prevalence of frailty among acute stroke patients, and evaluation of method of assessment by Martin Taylor-Rowan, Gillian Cuthbertson, Ruth Keir, Robert Shaw, Bogna Drozdowska, Emma Elliott, David Stott and Terence J Quinn in Clinical Rehabilitation

Telephone Interview Questions. (DOCX 15 kb)

RE-AIM Peer Mentoring Survey. (DOCX 26 kb)

This document presents a table (Table S2) that provides additional detail on the instructions and scoring methods of the neuropsychological tests used in the reference standard assessment. (PDF 129 kb)

This document presents instructions and scoring procedures for the DelApp arousal and attention assessments. Table S1. DelApp assessment and scoring procedure (i.e. arousal and attention assessment). Figure S1. Schematic display of DelApp arousal assessment and scoring. (PDF 124 kb)

The streets of Britain’s city centres are busy at night: taxi drivers, ‘revellers’, fast food sellers, bouncers, policemen, street pastors, leafleteers and more take to the streets to promote, produce or consume the night-time economy. ‘Night-time economy studies’ has catalogued this vast range of activities associated with consumption in city centres at night, particularly within a British context. Roberts and Eldridge’s comprehensive overview of research across social science on the night-time economy provides examples of research into many of these groups, and more. In revealing such a wide and mature academic field, however, research relating to infrastructural maintenance at night is conspicuous in its absence, despite an awareness of the importance of the night as a time for maintenance (Roberts and Eldridge, 2009:26). Separately from this research into the night-time economy, a growing literature has begun to emphasise the need for social scientists to look at repair and maintenance of cities (Graham and Marvin, 2001, Herod and Aguiar, 2006, Graham and Thrift, 2007). In urban geography, as this edited collection shows, this increase in attention paid to repair and maintenance has begun to reveal that, far from a ‘back stage’ of the city (Goffman, 1959), infrastructure takes on a central role in everyday, and everynight, urban experience. Furthermore, rather than just a tool, resource, opportunity or hindrance, infrastructure presents itself as constitutive of urban life (Pieteerse, 2008) and, by extension, the urban subjectivities which emerge from this. Once again, however, the night as a specific site of repair and maintenance is often overlooked as unproblematically a time of ‘out-of-the-way’ repair, which has little direct impact on the urban other than in hiding some of the dirtiest jobs which constitute a city (Herod and Aguiar, 2006).

Seventeen different phospholyl ligands were incorporated in a total of 22 zirconium complexes, (Phos) 2 ZrCl 2 , (Phos)(C 5 H 5 )ZrCl 2 , investigated in propylene polymerization catalysis using methylaluminoxane as cocatalyst. Atactic polypropylene with M n varying from 450 to >20 000 and vinylidene end groups (CH 2 C(Me)R) was obtained with activities up to 170 kg/g Zr·h. For the 11 diphospholyls of structure (2,5-R 2 C 4 H 2 P) 2 ZrCl 2 , catalytic activity was highest with substituents of moderate bulk adjacent to phosphorus (e.g., c -Pr, Ph), whereas complexes with two small (H) or two large (CMe 3 , SiMe 3 ) ligand substituents were inactive. It is hypothesized that optimum activity with MAO requires selective blocking of phosphorus lone pair coordination to aluminum, whilst allowing free propylene approach to the active site. The degree of polymerization increased steadily in the series of 2,5-disubstituted phospholyl complexes, dialkyl M n .

The books reviewed in this article are: Barton, S., Gonzalez, R., & Tomlinson, P. (2012). Therapeutic residential child care for children and young people: An attachment and trauma-informed model for practice. London: Jessica Kingsley, 287 pp., ISBN 978 1 84905 255 9 (pb), £22.99. Curran, S., Harrison, R., Mackinnon, D. eds. (2013). Working with Young People (2nd ed). Milton Keynes: The Open University. 223pp., ISBN 978-1-4462-7328-9, £24.99. Bettelheim, B. (1950). Love is not enough: the treatment of emotionally disturbed children. Glencoe IL: Free Press 0 02 903280 6 Reissued with the kind permission of Children Webmag - This piece was originally written by Robert Shaw for the August 2009 issue of Children Webmag, which can be accessed on URL: http://www.childrenwebmag.com/2009/08

This article provides a review of the academic literature on the night-time economy (NTE) of British cities. The first half of the article concentrates on the development of the contemporary NTE by academics in the 1990s, showing how such ideas were translated to policy makers through their concomitance with other policies such as urban entrepreneurialism and market liberalization which fitted into neoliberal policy trends. The second half of the article discusses the subsequent academic critique of NTE. Although this has focused on the regulatory practices of neoliberalism, showing how these have lead to large concentrations of bars which promote unhealthy drinking practices, there has been a move in recent work to also consider the subjectivities which have developed in the neoliberal NTE. I suggest that an understanding of subjectivities informed by theoretical work of Deleuze and Guattari and non-representational theories, which see subjectivities as trans-personal assemblages which emerge through dispersed interactions between bodies and affects, can develop these insights. This moves research into neoliberal subjectivities in the NTE towards a research agenda in which the processes of the emergence of subjectivities are investigated and which thus responds to some of the recent critiques made of regulatory-focused approaches.

The term archetype is used here to refer to a facial structure defined by certain geometric relationships that occur as a result of normal growth and that guarantee efficient mastication. Two experiments are reported that test whether or not facial attractiveness is related to this functional ideal. Attractiveness of female profiles was found to be related strongly to distance from archetype, and this relationship held at different age levels (but it was not mediated by apparent age level). In contrast, attractiveness was not related to the degree to which a given face conformed either to the golden section or to a cephalometric norm. Arguments are presented for defining attractiveness for a given individual rather than in terms of an absolute standard for all faces.

Those persons involved with the curriculum in the Business Education Department at Utah State University need to be kept informed of the current location and employment status of graduates from the distributive education program at that institution. This will enable them to keep abreast of the needs of the program for training teacher-coordinators and others to be employed in the field of distribution. If the graduates are employed in distributive education positions, a knowledge of their attitudes toward the curriculum they followed at the university will help in evaluating and upgrading to meet the needs of a changing world. Only through repetitive studies of the current status of recent graduates can such information be obtained.

The chemistry of methoxyl has been reviewed with emphasis placed on quantitative experiments. The following reactions have been discussed: radical production, combination, disproportionation and hydrogen abstraction. There is very little quantitative information available on the metathetical reactions of methoxyl radicals, and in particular no previous studies of hydrogen abstraction from C2 to C5 alkanes has been reported for methoxyl or any other alkoxyl radical. Three approaches to the study of the metathetical reactions of methoxyl have been described. The first two methods, which depended on measuring the rate of formation of products, had to be abandoned because analysis showed that the systems were more complex than previous work had indicated. The third and apparently successful approach depended on measuring consumption of reactants when methoxyls were generated in mixtures of alkanes between 200 °C and 400°C: CH3O + R1H = CH3OH + R1 CH3O + R2H = CH30H + R2 The alkyl radicals were removed by nitric oxide. The experiments were oerformed in a cyclic flow system and the residual alkanes were estimated by the Janak technique of gas chromatography.

(1) An air-bubbling method has been devised for the determination of the partial pressures of water and alcohol in mixtures, in which the volume of air required is less than a litre. (2) The partial vapour pressures of water and alcohol have been measured at 25°C, in mixtures containing no solute and in mixtures containing lithium chloride at concentrations of o. 5 m, 1.0 and 4.0 m. Similar measurements have been made at 35°0. with a concentration of 1.0 m and also with no solute. (3) It has been shown that, in water.alcohol mixtures, lithium chloride lowers the activity of water, while it may either lower or raise that of alcohol, depending on the composition of the solvent and the concentration of lithium chloride. The fractional lowering, in the case of water, is always greater than that in the case of alcohol. (4) An approximately linear relation has been established between the relative activities of both water and alcohol, and the molar fraction of alcohol in the solvent. (5) The latent heats of evaporation of water and alcohol in mixtures containing no electrolyte, and in mixtures with lithium chloride at a concentration of 1.0 m as solute,have been calculated, but these results do not appear to be very significant.

BACKGROUND: Delirium is a common and serious acute neuropsychiatric syndrome which is often missed in routine clinical care. Inattention is the core cognitive feature. Diagnostic test accuracy (including cut-points) of a smartphone Delirium App (DelApp) for assessing attention deficits was assessed in older hospital inpatients. METHODS: This was a case-control study of hospitalised patients aged ≥65 years with delirium (with or without pre-existing cognitive impairment), who were compared to patients with dementia without delirium, and patients without cognitive impairment. Reference standard delirium assessment, which included a neuropsychological test battery, was based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 criteria. A separate blinded assessor administered the DelApp arousal assessment (score 0-4) and attention task (0-6) yielding an overall score of 0 to 10 (lower scores indicate poorer performance). Analyses included receiver operating characteristic curves and sensitivity and specificity. Optimal cut-points for delirium detection were determined using Youden's index. RESULTS: A total of 187 patients were recruited, mean age 83.8 (range 67-98) years, 152 (81%) women; n = 61 with delirium; n = 61 with dementia without delirium; and n = 65 without cognitive impairment. Patients with delirium performed poorly on the DelApp (median score = 4/10; inter-quartile range 3.0, 5.5) compared to patients with dementia (9.0; 5.5, 10.0) and those without cognitive impairment (10.0; 10.0, 10.0). Area under the curve for detecting delirium was 0.89 (95% Confidence Interval 0.84, 0.94). At an optimal cut-point of ≤8, sensitivity was 91.7% (84.7%, 98.7%) and specificity 74.2% (66.5%, 81.9%) for discriminating delirium from the other groups. Specificity was 68.3% (56.6%, 80.1%) for discriminating delirium from dementia (cut-point ≤6). CONCLUSION: Patients with delirium (with or without pre-existing cognitive impairment) perform poorly on the DelApp compared to patients with dementia and those without cognitive impairment. A cut-point of ≤8/10 is suggested as having optimal sensitivity and specificity. The DelApp is a promising tool for assessment of attention deficits associated with delirium in older hospitalised adults, many of whom have prior cognitive impairment, and should be further validated in representative patient cohorts.