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4. Pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant Leclercia adecarboxylata

Author

Ann Marie Goode, Shay D. Leeth, Hafsa Siddiqui, and Edward H. Eiland

Subjects
Pharmacology, Multiple drug resistance, Pneumonia, Fatal outcome, business.industry, Health Policy, medicine, Drug resistance, Leclercia adecarboxylata, medicine.disease, business, Antimicrobial, Microbiology
Abstract

Leclercia adecarboxylata, a gram-negative bacillus, is commonly seen in immuno-compromised patients and patients with polymicrobial wound infections.[1][1]–[7][2] Most L. adecarboxylata strains are naturally sensitive to all antimicrobial classes tested,[8][3] and successful treatment has been

Published
2013
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8. Early estimates of seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness - United States, January 2013

Author

Jackson, L., Jackson, M. L., Phillips, C. H., Benoit, J., Belongia, E. A., Cole, D., Kopitzke, S., Kronenwetter Koepel, T. A., Mclean, H. Q., Meece, J. K., Strey, S. K., Maria Sundaram, Vandermause, M., Gaglani, M., Song, J., Clipper, L., Kjar, D., Robertson, A., Murthy, K., Dunnahoo, M., Oliver, S., Weir, M., Gonzales, H., Zayed, M., Reis, M., Rivera, C., Morgan, D., Piedra, P., Avadhanula, V., Monto, A. S., Ohmit, S. E., Petrie, J. G., Johnson, E., Cross, R. T., Martens, C., Zervos, M., Lamerato, L., Eng, H., Nowalk, M. P., Wisniewski, S. R., Zimmerman, R. K., Rinaldo Jr, C. R., Bullotta, A., Suyama, J., Reis, E., Middleton, D. B., Hess, R., Thompson, M., Fry, A. M., Thaker, S. N., Spencer, S., Cheng, P. -Y, Shay, D. K., Berman, L., Bresee, J., Burns, E., Tokars, J., and Cox, N.

Subjects
Adult, Male, Adolescent, Advisory Committees, Vaccination, Infant, Guidelines as Topic, Articles, Middle Aged, United States, Young Adult, Influenza Vaccines, Child, Preschool, Population Surveillance, Acute Disease, Influenza, Human, Humans, Female, Seasons, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S, Child, Respiratory Tract Infections, Aged
Abstract

In the United States, annual vaccination against seasonal influenza is recommended for all persons aged ≥6 months. Each season since 2004-05, CDC has estimated the effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine to prevent influenza-associated, medically attended acute respiratory infection (ARI). This season, early data from 1,155 children and adults with ARI enrolled during December 3, 2012-January 2, 2013 were used to estimate the overall effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine for preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infection associated with medically attended ARI. After adjustment for study site, but not for other factors, the estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) was 62% (95% confidence intervals [CIs] = 51%-71%). This interim estimate indicates moderate effectiveness, and is similar to a summary VE estimate from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trial data; final estimates likely will differ slightly. As of January 11, 2013, 24 states and New York City were reporting high levels of influenza-like illness, 16 states were reporting moderate levels, five states were reporting low levels, and one state was reporting minimal levels. CDC and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices routinely recommend that annual influenza vaccination efforts continue as long as influenza viruses are circulating. Persons aged ≥6 months who have not yet been vaccinated this season should be vaccinated. However, these early VE estimates underscore that some vaccinated persons will become infected with influenza; therefore, antiviral medications should be used as recommended for treatment in patients, regardless of vaccination status. In addition, these results highlight the importance of continued efforts to develop more effective vaccines.

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