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In this study, we examined online conversations on Twitter about the Russia-Ukraine War and investigated differences between bots and non-bots accounts. Using ‘Russia’ and ‘Ukraine’ as keywords, we employed a Twitter API to collect data from 17 February to 18 March on Twitter. We obtained a large dataset of over 3.7 million tweets generated by about one million distinct accounts. We then analyzed one percent of the data using interval sampling for bot detection and found that about 13.4 percent of the accounts were social media bots, responsible for about 16.7 percent of the tweets. We examined the difference between bots and non-bots regarding online conversations on the Russia-Ukraine War through account analysis, textual analysis, and interaction analysis. The results show that bots exist on both sides, bots from the Ukrainian side contributed a louder voice while bots on the Russian side demonstrated more effective communication. In addition, there were differences and similarities between bots and non-bots in the behavior of online conversations, but the difference seemed to be relatively weaker than those found in previous studies.

Part feature learning is critical for fine-grained semantic understanding in vehicle re-identification. However, existing approaches directly model part features and global features, which can easily lead to serious gradient vanishing issues due to their unequal feature information and unreliable pseudo-labels for unsupervised vehicle re-identification. To address this problem, in this paper, we propose a simple Triplet Contrastive Representation Learning (TCRL) framework which leverages cluster features to bridge the part features and global features for unsupervised vehicle re-identification. Specifically, TCRL devises three memory banks to store the instance/cluster features and proposes a Proxy Contrastive Loss (PCL) to make contrastive learning between adjacent memory banks, thus presenting the associations between the part and global features as a transition of the part-cluster and cluster-global associations. Since the cluster memory bank copes with all the vehicle features, it can summarize them into a discriminative feature representation. To deeply exploit the instance/cluster information, TCRL proposes two additional loss functions. For the instance-level feature, a Hybrid Contrastive Loss (HCL) re-defines the sample correlations by approaching the positive instance features and pushing the all negative instance features away. For the cluster-level feature, a Weighted Regularization Cluster Contrastive Loss (WRCCL) refines the pseudo labels by penalizing the mislabeled images according to the instance similarity. Extensive experiments show that TCRL outperforms many state-of-the-art unsupervised vehicle re-identification approaches.

Epidemiological and interventional studies have been rarely conducted among those with positive interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) results and radiologically inactive tuberculosis (TB) lesions on chest radiograph. This study aimed to estimate the effectiveness and safety of a six-week twice-weekly regimen (rifapentine plus isoniazid) among this key population in rural China. First, chest digital radiography was conducted to screen individuals with inactive TB lesions. Then, the identified participants were further evaluated and eligible participants with IGRA-positive results were included in subsequent randomized controlled trial (RCT). Of 44,500 recruited residents, 2,988 presented with radiographically inactive TB among 43,670 with complete results of chest radiography and questionnaire, and 28.61% (855/2,988) tested IGRA positive. Subsequently, 677 eligible participants were included in this RCT (345 in the preventive treatment group and 332 in the untreated control group). The treatment completion rate was 80.00% (276/345), and 11.88% (41/345) participants reported side-effects including two cases of hepatotoxicity (0.58%, 2/345). In the intention-to-treat analysis, the cumulative incidence rate of microbiologically confirmed active TB during a two-year follow-up was 1.16 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.03–2.29) in the preventive treatment group and 1.51 (95% CI: 0.20–2.82) in the control group (p = .485). Subgroup analyses showed that the protective rates were 55.42% (95% CI: 10.33–93.07%) and 80.17% (95% CI: 25.36–97.96%) for participants with fibrosis and for those aged ≥60 years, respectively. The expected treatment effect was not observed for the six-week regimen in this study. Future studies with sufficient sample size are needed to verify our findings.

This project aims to figure out the relation between privacy risk and political engagement online. Moreover, we want to examine this relation in countries with varied level of internet freedom

The Little Ice Age (LIA) during the Ming and Qing dynasties was the most abnormal climate event in China for nearly 2,000 years. During this period, the climate was relatively cold and various natural disasters frequently took place. By locating and compiling related historical documents, we aimed to quantitatively and systematically analyze the spatial–temporal variations in the natural disasters in the ancient Huizhou region (hereinafter referred to as Huizhou region or Huizhou) during the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368–1911; all dates are in AD, unless otherwise mentioned). The results show that (1) flood and drought disasters, the major types of disasters in this area during the Ming and Qing dynasties, occurred 422 times, accounting for 79.6% of the natural disasters, (2) there was a significant correlation of occurrence frequency of flood plus drought disasters and the total natural disasters on a certain time scale. In addition to flood and drought disasters, other disasters (hailstorms, windstorms, frosts, and earthquakes) occurred more frequently in the Qing dynasty (1644–1911) than in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). The occurrence frequency of natural disasters had a fluctuant variation pattern over time, with peaks emerging about once a century. The peaks of natural disasters were mainly concentrated at 1471–1490, 1571–1590, 1671–1690, 1751–1770, and 1851–1870, which is supported by the wavelet analysis, (3) the most frequent natural disasters took place in Wuyuan, followed by Jixi, Shexian, Xiuning, Qimen, and Yixian. More droughts occurred in Jixi and Yixian, while more floods occurred in Wuyuan, Shexian, and Qimen, more hailstorms occurred in Wuyuan and Jixi, more frost disasters occurred in Wuyuan, Jixi, and Qimen, and more earthquakes occurred in Wuyuan and Jixi. The occurrence frequency of wind disasters was not high in any of the counties, (4) flood and drought disasters in the Huizhou region exhibited obvious stage characteristics during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and they changed gradually from droughts to floods, among which the transition from slight drought to slight flooding was the most obvious during 1811–1911, and (5) overall, slight flooding and slight drought situations accounted for the largest percentage of drought and flood disasters in this area during the Ming and Qing dynasties. Among these, slight flooding mainly occurred in Shexian and Qimen; severe flooding mainly occurred in Wuyuan; slight drought mainly occurred in Yixian; and severe drought mainly occurred in Jixi.

This paper presents a transfer learning-based approach for induction motor fault diagnosis, where the Transfer principal component analysis (TPCA) is proposed to improve diagnostic performance of the induction motors under various working conditions. TPCA is developed to minimize the distribution difference between training and testing data by mapping cross-domain data into a shared latent space in which domain difference can be reduced. The trained model can achieve a good performance in testing data by using the learned features consisting of common latent principal components. Experimental results show that the proposed approach outperforms traditional machine learning techniques and can diagnose induction motor fault under various working conditions effectively.

It is critical for fabricating flexible biosensors with both high sensitivity and good selectivity to realize real-time monitoring superoxide anion (O2•−), a specific reactive oxygen species that plays critical roles in various biological processes. This work delicately designs a Mn3(PO4)2/MXene heterostructured biomimetic enzyme by assembling two-dimensional (2-D) Mn3(PO4)2 nanosheets with biomimetic activity and 2-D MXene nanosheets with high conductivity and abundant functional groups. The 2-D nature of the two components with strong interfacial interaction synergistically enables the heterostructure an excellent flexibility with retained 100% of the response when to reach a bending angle up to 180°, and 96% of the response after 100 bending/relaxing cycles. It is found that the surface charge state of the heterostructure promotes the adsorption of O2•−, while the high-energy active site improves electrochemical oxidation of O2•−. The Mn3(PO4)2/MXene as a sensing platform towards O2•− achieves a high sensitivity of 64.93 µA·µM−1·cm−2, a wide detection range of 5.75 nM to 25.93 µM, and a low detection limit of 1.63 nM. Finally, the flexible heterostructured sensing platform realizes real-time monitoring of O2•− in live cell assays, offering a promising flexible biosensor towards exploring various biological processes.

The Poirier–Bienvenu neurodevelopmental syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by intellectual disability and epilepsy. The disease is caused by mutations in the CSNK2B gene, which encodes the beta subunit of casein kinase II, and it has important roles in neuron development and synaptic transmission. In this study, five Chinese patients were diagnosed with Poirier–Bienvenu neurodevelopmental syndrome caused by CSNK2B mutations by whole exome sequencing. We detected four different de novo variants of the CSNK2B gene in these five unrelated Chinese patients: two novel mutations, namely, c.100delT (p.Phe34fs*16) and c.158_159insA (p.Asp55fs*4), and two recurrent mutations, namely, c.1A>G (p.Met1?) and c.332 G >C (p.R111P). All five patients showed mild-to-profound intellectual disabilities/or learning disabilities and developmental delays, with or without seizures. Although intellectual disability/developmental delay and epilepsy are the most common manifestations of CSNK2B deficiency, the clinical phenotypes of probands are highly variable, and there is no significant correlation between genotype and phenotype. An abnormal stature may be another common manifestation of CSNK2B deficiency. Here, we report the effects of growth hormone (GH) therapy on the patients' linear height. In conclusion, Poirier–Bienvenu neurodevelopmental syndrome is a highly heterogeneous disease caused by mutations in the CSNK2B gene. The phenotype was highly variable, and no significant correlation of genotype and phenotype was found. Patients with short-stature and CSNK2B deficiency may benefit from GH therapy. The identification and characterization of these novel variants will expand the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of Poirier–Bienvenu neurodevelopmental syndrome.

Object re-identification method is made up of backbone network, feature aggregation, and loss function. However, most backbone networks lack a special mechanism to handle rich scale variations and mine discriminative feature representations. In this paper, we firstly design a hierarchical similarity graph module (HSGM) to reduce the conflict of backbone and re-identification networks. The designed HSGM builds a rich hierarchical graph to mine the mapping relationships between global-local and local-local. Secondly, we divide the feature map along with the spatial and channel directions in each hierarchical graph. The HSGM applies the spatial features and channel features extracted from different locations as nodes, respectively, and utilizes the similarity scores between nodes to construct spatial and channel similarity graphs. During the learning process of HSGM, we utilize a learnable parameter to re-optimize the importance of each position, as well as evaluate the correlation between different nodes. Thirdly, we develop a novel hierarchical similarity graph network (HSGNet) by embedding the HSGM in the backbone network. Furthermore, HSGM can be easily embedded into backbone networks of any depth to improve object re-identification ability. Finally, extensive experiments on three large-scale object datasets demonstrate that the proposed HSGNet is superior to state-of-the-art object re-identification approaches.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Residual sugar concentrations (g/L) at various incubation time-points. Table S2. Bioethanol production from Paper mulberry fruit juice compared to some notable sugar-based substrates using S. cerevisiae. Fig. S1. Responses of ethanol concentration (top) and productivity (bottom) to the interaction effects of (a) Temperature �� Yeast concentration (b) Temperature �� pH (c) Yeast concentration �� pH. Fig. S2. Relationship between residual sugar and ethanol concentration and productivity at 16 hours of fermentation.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-ejo-10.1177_11206721221082301 for Bandage contact lens soaked in 0.1% diclofenac to relieve early postoperative pain and foreign body sensation after transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy by Yuan Wang, Fei Shen, Weiyang Sun, Qinmei Wang and Xiangyang Zhao in European Journal of Ophthalmology

To measure the neutron spectra in a wide energy range at the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), a time of flight (TOF) neutron spectrometer based on a fast ionization chamber (FIC) containing 6Li and 235U has been developed. Verification experiments have been performed at the BL09 test beam line at the CSNS, which demonstrated that the measured neutron spectra, analyzed with a spectrum-splicing technique, ranging from sub-meV to 10 keV with a limited flight path. Comparisons demonstrated that the integral thermal neutron fluence obtained by the TOF spectrometer and the cadmium difference activation measurements used were in good agreement. Moreover, the measured neutron spectra agreed well with the Monte Carlo simulations. This shows that the developed equipment and the measurement methods are reliable.

Vision-based pattern identification (such as face, fingerprint, iris etc.) has been successfully applied in human biometrics for a long history. However, dog nose-print authentication is a challenging problem since the lack of a large amount of labeled data. For that, this paper presents our proposed methods for dog nose-print authentication (Re-ID) task in CVPR 2022 pet biometric challenge. First, considering the problem that each class only with few samples in the training set, we propose an automatic offline data augmentation strategy. Then, for the difference in sample styles between the training and test datasets, we employ joint cross-entropy, triplet and pair-wise circle losses function for network optimization. Finally, with multiple models ensembled adopted, our methods achieve 86.67\% AUC on the test set. Codes are available at https://github.com/muzishen/Pet-ReID-IMAG., Comment: 3rd place solution to 2022 Pet Biometric Challenge (CVPRW). The source code and trained models can be obtained at this https://github.com/muzishen/Pet-ReID-IMAG

Jian Fan,1,&ast; Yan Shang,1,&ast; Fei Shen,2,&ast; Qiaowen Huang,3 Ziyu Wang,1 Yiping Han,4 Jiayi Zhao1 1Department of General Practice, Changhai Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People’s Republic of China; 2Yinhang Community Healthcare Center, Shanghai, 200433, People’s Republic of China; 3Zhaoxiang Community Healthcare Center, Shanghai, 200433, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Jiayi Zhao, Department of General Practice, Changhai Hongkou Hospital, Shanghai, 200081, People’s Republic of China, Email rayzhaojiayi@163.com Yiping Han, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People’s Republic of China, Email yphan2006@163.comBackground: Venous thrombosis (VTE) is a high-incidence disease that affects different systems of the body, but no comparative studies have been conducted to explore its incidence in different systems in patients with the coexistence of multiple diseases. Primary care is a medical institution that has the first contact with patients’ conditions. The majority of outpatients suffer from multiple diseases, and they are more prone to VTE, which is of significance and requires investigation. At the same time, we observed that the primary care patients’ cognition level of VTE is insufficiency at present, and the prevention and management of VTE in China is still in its infancy. Most studies focus on whether doctors and nurses are clear about the diagnosis and manifestations of VTE, however, few studies on patients’ cognitive level and influencing factors of symptoms and prevention of VTE. Therefore, it is necessary to study the causes of cognitive deficiency of VTE from the perspective of patients, conduct targeted cognitive and behavioral interventions, and finally achieve the purpose of improving the effect of VTE prevention and management.Aim: This study aimed to explore the risk factors, cognitive level and cognitive potential influence factors of VTE in outpatients of primary care in Shanghai, as well as which diseases, are more likely to promote occurrence of VTE among patients with multiple diseases.Methods: A total of 710 patients were included in the analysis. Shanghai in China is divided into urban and suburban areas by their geographical location, and a random sample of 10 primary care areas was investigated, including 5 urban areas and 5 suburban areas. The Padua scale and the VTE cognitive level-related knowledge test scale were used for the investigation. Statistical software was used to conduct univariate Pearson correlation analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis for VTE high-risk factors among outpatients of primary care. Furthermore, the high-risk factors for VTE and the types of chronic disease in patients with multiple diseases were subjected to subgroup analyses. t-test was used to statistically analyze cognitive level of VTE and the potential influence factors related to the patients’ VTE cognitive level.Results: Univariate analysis of risk factors for VTE in 710 outpatients showed that age (χ2=83.895, P< 0.001), education (χ2=8.324, P=0.004), region (χ2=63.936, P< 0.001), chronic disease (χ2=18.198, P< 0.001) and the coexistence of multiple diseases (χ2=61.347, P< 0.001) were the main risk factors for VTE risk in patients. Logistic multivariate regression analysis showed that age, region, chronic diseases and the coexistence of multiple diseases were independent risk factors for VTE risk in patients. The correlation between high risk of VTE in patients with multiple diseases and various types of chronic diseases was further analyzed by logistic multivariate regression. The results showed that diabetes mellitus (OR=1.636 [95% CI, 1.030– 2.599], P=0.037), cerebral infarction (OR=8.484 [95% CI, 4.615– 15.597], P< 0.001), coronary heart disease (OR=2.987 [95% CI, 1.699– 5.252], P< 0.001), intracerebral hemorrhage (OR=15.130 [95% CI, 4.707– 48.630], P< 0.001), respiratory diseases (OR=3.470, [95% CI, 1.428– 8.43], P=0.006) and malignant tumors (OR=4.576, [95% CI, 1.85– 11.315], P=0.001) were independent risk factors for VTE among patients with co-existing diseases, and the risks from high to low were cerebral hemorrhage>cerebral infarction>malignant tumor>respiratory system disease>coronary heart disease> diabetes. In addition, patients’ age (t=6.869, P< 0.001), region (t=3.420, P< 0.001), education level (t=− 7.341, P< 0.001), chronic disease (t=5.875, P< 0.001), BMI (t=6.404, P=0.012), smoking (t=4.152, P=0.042) were related to the VTE cognitive level.Conclusion: General practitioners should pay close attention to independent risk factors for VTE among patients in routine outpatient care, especially patients with co-existing diseases with independent risk for VTE, placing them high risk of VTE. At the same time, health education and other measures should be strengthened to improve the patients’ awareness and cognitive level of VTE to prevent the occurrence of VTE and its related complications.Keywords: venous thrombosis, risk assessment, cognitive level

Text mining has been a dominant approach to extracting useful information from massive unstructured data online. But existing tools for Chinese word segmentation are not ideal for processing social media text data in Cantonese. This project developed CyberCan (https://github.com/shenfei1010/CyberCan), a lexicon of contemporary Cantonese based on more than 100 million pieces of internet texts. We compared the performance of CyberCan with existing Mandarin and Cantonese lexicons in terms of their word segmentation performance. Findings suggest that CyberCan outperforms all existing lexicons by a considerable margin.

Worldwide application of phosphine fumigation has caused the development of resistance especially in Tribolium castaneum during the past 30 years. The understanding of how phosphine is metabolized by insects will benefit the management of phosphine resistance in stored-grain pests. In this study, ten field populations of T. castaneum were collected from different cities in China. Bioassays showed that XD, CD, ZB and GD populations were strongly resistant to phosphine with resistant ratios (RRs) higher than 160, followed by resistant populations QH and HK and four susceptible populations FX, CD, NX and TL. Enzyme activity assays showed that cytochrome P450 activities in resistant populations were higher than susceptible populations and P450 activities were up-regulated in phosphine-resistant T. castaneum after exposure to phosphine. Moreover, CYP345A subfamily members, CYP345A1 and CYP345A2, were significantly overexpressed in resistant populations. After phosphine treatment, the expression levels of CYP345A1 and CYP345A2 were up-regulated. Moreover, RNAi via dsRNA injection was effective to knock down the expression levels of CYP345A1 and CYP345A2 and resulted in an increase of the susceptibility to phosphine in T. castaneum, respectively. Overall, higher P450 enzyme activity and overexpression of CYP345A subfamily genes likely contribute to phosphine resistance in T. castaneum. The results will provide a foundation for developing better strategies to control stored-grain pests.

Weak fault signals are always embedded in mass vibration noise in many gear systems, thus making difficulty in gear fault diagnosis. In order to extract weak fault signals, a new multi-scale-based multi-fractal analysis (MMA) method is introduced in this paper, which is based on classical multi-fractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MFDFA) framework. Firstly, the Hurst surface features are utilized to describe the characteristics with multifractal of the vibration signal, which have been proved to be sensitive to the dynamical responses of the various gear faults. Secondly, a moving fitting window is added to the MFDFA framework to sweep through all the range of the scales, and then obtain final multi-scale features, whose purpose is to magnify those features in some important scales and weaken the rest scales. In addition, other techniques, such as the distance-based feature selection and the random forest (RF) classifier, are also introduced into the gearbox fault diagnosis procedure to verify the effectiveness of extracted features for differentiating various gear states. Experiments using the Qianpeng testbed (QT) prove that the MMA method can effectively extract weak signals, and has higher diagnostic accuracy than other algorithms, such as empirical mode decomposition (EMD), wavelet transform (WT), and classical MFDFA.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-hpq-10.1177_1359105321995964 for Exploring the impacts of media use and media trust on health behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic in China by Yi Wu and Fei Shen1,2 in Journal of Health Psychology

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-hpq-10.1177_1359105321995964 for Exploring the impacts of media use and media trust on health behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic in China by Yi Wu and Fei Shen1,2 in Journal of Health Psychology

Additional file 1: Table S1. The main components of the pretreated-biomass deconstruction product (via GC���MS). Figure S1. Determination of the gas products of wheat straw after PHP pretreatment through GC���MS. Figure S2. Determination of the products of xylan after PHP pretreatment through HPLC-RI. Figure S3. The enlarged identified peak of acetic acid at the retention time of 16.00 min. Figure S4. The determination of the main compounds in liquid fraction after PHP pretreatment of xylan, alkali, dealkali and cellulolytic enzyme lignin through HPLC-RI. Table S2. Determination of the main degradation products of lignin model after PHP pretreatment through GC���MS. Figure S5. Device for collecting gas generated by PHP pretreatment. Figure S6. Isolation procedure for cellulolytic enzyme lignin.

Introduction: This protocol is for a meta analysis that aims to systematically review the diagnostic value of anti-hepatitis B virus in serum tested by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in patients with hepatitis B. Methods and analysis: The following electronic databases will be searched from inception to Mar 2021: PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Springer, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, and Wanfang Database. All study about enzyme linked immunosorbent assay reagents have been published at home and abroad to diagnose hepatitis B virus will be included. MetaDisc 1.4 soft will used to calculate pooled effect size in sensitivity, specifi city, likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio and summary receiver operating characteristic curve, and area under the curve as well. Ethics and dissemination: Formal ethical approval is not required, as the data are not individualized. The findings of this systematic review will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed publication and/or presented at relevant conferences. Registration number: INPLASY2020100051.

Accumulating evidence indicates that the alternative splicing program undergoes extensive changes during cancer development and progression. The RNA-binding protein QKI-5 is frequently downregulated and exhibits anti-tumor activity in lung cancer. Howeve-r, little is known about the functional targets and regulatory mechanism of QKI-5. Here, we report that upregulation of exon 14 inclusion of cytoskeletal gene Adducin 3 (ADD3) significantly correlates with a poor prognosis in lung cancer. QKI-5 inhibits cell proliferation and migration in part through suppressing the splicing of ADD3 exon 14. Through genome-wide mapping of QKI-5 binding sites in vivo at nucleotide resolution by iCLIP-seq analysis, we found that QKI-5 regulates alternative splicing of its target mRNAs in a binding position-dependent manner. By binding to multiple sites in an upstream intron region, QKI-5 represses the splicing of ADD3 exon 14. We also identified several QKI mutations in tumors, which cause dysregulation of the splicing of QKI targets ADD3 and NUMB. Taken together, our results reveal that QKI-mediated alternative splicing of ADD3 is a key lung cancer-associated splicing event, which underlies in part the tumor suppressor function of QKI.

Background: ‘M9’ is a widely used apple dwarfing rootstock due to the outstanding effects on both precocity and vigorous control. Two quantitative trait loci (QTLs), Dw1 and Dw2, for the dwarfing effect were previously mapped on ‘M9’, but the genetic variations that underpin the dwarfing ability have not been elucidated to date. Result: By using ‘Red Fuji’ trees grafted on 1123 hybrids from ‘Malus baccata’ × ‘M9’, the intervals of Dw1 and Dw2 were narrowed down. MdLBD3 (Md Lateral organ boundaries domain 3)and MdARF6 (Md Auxin response factor 6) were predicted as potential candidate genes from Dw1, while MdG3OX3 (Md Gibberellin 3-beta-dioxygenase 3) was a possible candidate gene from Dw2. An 11 bp deletion at -339 bp upstream of the transcription start site (TSS) of MdLBD3 generated a new cis-element binding site with MdWRKY2 (Md WRKY transcription factor 2)and caused increased expression of MdLBD3. Coincidently, a ten bp deletion at -278 bp upstream of the TSS of MdG3OX3 created an additional binding site of MdABI5 (Md Abscisic acid insensitive 5), leading to higher expression of MdG3OX3. At -954 bp of the MdARF6 promoter, a 14 bp insertion destroyed the binding ability by MdGAMYB (Md transcription factor GAMYB)and reduced MdARF6 expression. The genotype effects of these insertion and deletions as diagnostic markers on dwarfing traits (tree height, trunk diameter, and canopy width) were estimated in 108 F1 hybrids. The genomic predicted genetic values (GEGV) were calculated by adding up the genotype effects of the three markers and the population mean phenotype. The GEGV of the dwarfing traits exhibited high correlation coefficients of 0.93, 0.94, and 0.93 in terms of tree height, trunk diameter, and canopy width for the observed phenotype values, respectively. The predictability of GEGV was validated in 64 Malus accessions. Conclusion: The development of the three functional markers, Ld/Li, Ad/Ai, and Gd/Gi, ensures the accurate genomic assisted prediction of dwarfing ability in apple rootstock breeding. The data also suggested that ABA, auxin, GA, and zeatin signals may be involved in the regulation of apple rootstock dwarfing mechanism.

Chinese medicine formula (CMF) usually contains multiple herbs and its components are very complicated, which therapeutic effects are derived from the integrative activity of multiple components. Therefore, the screening of bioactive compounds in the formula is necessary, though it is very difficult, not only for elucidating the therapeutic components but also for developing the quality control method. In this work, three cell lines fishing combined with LC-MS analysis was developed for screening the potential bioactive compounds in Fuzhengzhiyanghefuzhiyang decoction (FZHFZY), a CMF for the treatment of psoriasis in clinic. Nineteen potential active compounds were discovered and thirteen of them were identified as rehmannioside D, melittoside or rehmannioside A, tufulingoside, neoastilbin, astilbin, neoisoastilbin, isoastilbin, engeletin, isoengeletin, spinosin, cnidimoside A, rutaevin and limonin, respectively. The effects of identified components were also analyzed in vitro. The results showed that IL-1β expression of RAW 264.7 cells treated with spinosin and melittoside as well as the TNF-α level of RAW 264.7 cells treated with rehmannioside D and melittoside were not significantly different compared with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated cells. Though all identified potential active components had no apoptosis effect to HaCaT cells, rehmannioside D, rehmannioside A, astilbin and neoisoastilbin could significantly suppress HUVEC cells migration compared with control. These results indicated that the target cell fishing combined with LC-MS analysis is a useful tool for screening bioactive compounds from complicated CMF, and the identified active components may mainly contribute to the therapeutic effects of FZHFZY.

Additional file 1. Comparison in genomic DNA sequences of the upstream prior to the ATG codon of MdRGLG3 in apple rootstocks Malus robusta Rehd. ‘Baleng Crab (BC)’ × M. pumila Mill. ‘M9’.

Additional file 11: Supplementary File 3 Sequence alignment of MdNPR5 cloned from apple rootstocks ‘BC’ and ‘M9’. (A) CDS. (B) Amino acid. (C) Upstream.

Additional file 10: Supplementary File 2 Sequence alignment of MdIAA1, MdDREB2A, and MdHSFB3 cloned from apple rootstocks ‘BC’ and ‘M9’. (A), (C), and (E) CDS alignment of MdIAA1 (A), MdDREB2A (C), and MdHSFB3 (E), respectively. (B), (D), and (F) Amino acid sequences of MdIAA1 (B), MdDREB2A (D), and MdHSFB3 (F), respectively.

Additional file 13: Supplementary File 5 Sequence alignment of MdbHLH48 cloned from apple rootstocks ‘BC’ and ‘M9’. (A) CDS. (B) Amino acid. (C) Upstream.

Additional file 12: Supplementary File 4 Sequence alignment of MdLBD41 cloned from apple rootstocks ‘BC’ and ‘M9’. (A) CDS. (B) Amino acid. (C) Upstream.

Additional file 1: Fig. S1 Segregation and segregant bulk construction of the adventitious root growth angle (RGA) in leafy cuttings of a hybrid population derived from ‘Baleng Crab (BC)’ (Malus robusta) × ‘M9’ (M. pumila) in 2016 and 2017. (A) and (B) Frequency distribution diagrams of RGA in 2016 (A) and 2017 (B). (C) Photographs of adventitious roots in 30-day-old leafy cuttings, showing small and large RGAs. Scale bar = 10 mm. (D) Box plots showing the RGA phenotype in the small (left) and large (right) segregant bulks. Numbers of hybrids are presented in parentheses following the genotypes below the x-axis. Error bars indicate the standard deviation, and asterisks represent P

Additional file 7: Fig. S7 Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay showing protein-protein interactions. (A) MdLAZY1 and MdIAA1. (B) MdDREB2A and MdHSFB3. BD-DREB2A-BC (p) indicates a point mutation of C (SNP592) to T in MdDREB2A-BC. (C) MdLBD41 and MdbHLH48. Scale bars = 50 mm.

Additional file 3: Fig. S3 Differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) in the extreme small and large RGA bulks in a hybrid from ‘BC’ × ‘M9’. (A) Statistical data of DEGs. (B-E) Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway results for including plant hormone signalling (B), starch and sucrose metabolism (C), terpenoid backbone biosynthesis (D), and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism (E).

Additional file 5: Fig. S5 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of RNA-seq results. (A) KEGG classification. (B) KEGG statistics. (C) KEGG enrichment. (D) KEGG screening.

Additional file 4: Fig. S4 Gene ontology (GO) analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. (A) GO classification. (B) GO enrichment. (C) GO statistics.

Additional file 11: Supplementary Figure S1. Cross-validation plot for the InDel dataset.

Additional file 1: Supplementary File S1. The QR code giving the molecular ID of 1018 Malus accessions.

Additional file 9: Supplementary File 1 Sequence alignment of MdLAZY1 cloned from apple rootstocks ‘Baleng Crab (BC)’ (Malus robusta) and ‘M9’ (M. pumila). (A) Coding sequence (CDS). (B) Amino acid. C: Upstream.

Additional file 6: Fig. S6 Validation of 35S:MdLAZY1 (A) and 35S:MdNPR5 (B) transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana lines at the DNA (left) and cDNA (right) levels.

Additional file 2. Comparison in genomic DNA sequences of the upstream prior to the ATG codon of MdKCAB in apple rootstocks Malus robusta Rehd. ‘Baleng Crab (BC)’ × M. pumila Mill. ‘M9’.

Additional file 2: Fig. S2 Profiles of the significant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for adventitious RGA in a hybrid from BC’ × ‘M9′. The y-axis represents the G’ value, and the x-axis represents the physical position on the chromosome. Red lines represent ‘M9’, blue lines represent ‘BC’, and black lines represent ‘M9’ & ‘BC’.

Additional file 2. Comparison in genomic DNA sequences of the upstream prior to the ATG codon of MdKCAB in apple rootstocks Malus robusta Rehd. ‘Baleng Crab (BC)’ × M. pumila Mill. ‘M9’.

Based on 3GR model, the relationships between energy consumption, economic effect and technical effect of countries at different stage of development (developed, developing and the least developed countries) was figured out. Comparing the equivalent value of GREC, GREO and GREI during the period from 1996 to 2013, the diverse development laws in different kinds of countries was found. The following conclusions were obtained: (1) based on 3GR model, there is a liner relationship between GREC and GREO or GREI and an inverse relationship between GREI and GREO when the equivalent value of (1+GREOi) or (1+GREIi) or (1+GRECi) is a constant. (2) The equivalent value of GREO are in the following orders, developed countries < developing countries < the least developed countries, while that of GREI have the opposite orders. The orders of the equivalent value of GREC are developed countries, the least developed countries and developing countries from small to large. The least developed countries own the largest potential to realize further development whether in economic expansion, technical innovation or in optimize industrial structure while these potential in developed countries are the smallest and in developing countries are at the middle level; the development in developing countries shows the most growth going forward. (3) The change in energy consumption is codetermined by EO effect, EI effect and their interactive effect. EO effect shows the leading position among the three effects, especially in developing countries and the least developed countries. In developed countries, EC change, EO effect and EI effect are both change in a tight range. While in developing countries and the least developed countries, these ranges are rather large.

The China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) will accommodate 20 neutron beamlines at its first target station. These beamlines serve different purposes, and beamline 11 is designed to analyze the degraded models and damage mechanisms, such as Single Event Effects in electronic components and devices for aerospace electronic systems. This paper gives a preliminary discussion on the scheme of a high energy neutron irradiation experiment at the beamline 11 shutter based on the Monte Carlo simulation method. The neutron source term is generated by calculating the neutrons scattering into beamline 11 with a model that includes the target-moderator-reflector area. Then, the neutron spectrum at the sample position is obtained. The intensity of neutrons with energy of hundreds of MeV is approximately 1E8 neutron/cm 2 /s, which is useful for experiments. The displacement production rate and gas productions are calculated for common materials such as tungsten , tantalum and SS316. The results indicate that the experiment can provide irradiation dose rate ranges from 1E-5 to 1E-4 dpa per operating year. The residual radioactivity is also calculated for regular maintenance work. These results give the basic reference for the experimental design.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to play indispensable roles in regulating various developmental processes via the posttranscriptional repression of target genes in insect species. In the present paper, we studied the miRNAs in Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella (Hübener)), one of the most economically important stored grains pests around the world. In total, 12 small RNA libraries from four developmental stages of P. interpunctella were constructed, and 178 known and 23 novel miRNAs were identified. In addition, the expression profiles of these miRNAs were assessed across different developmental stages and miRNAs that were highly expressed in eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults were identified. Specifically, 100, 61, and 52 miRNAs were differentially expressed between eggs and larvae, larvae and pupae, and pupae and adults, respectively. The KEGG and GO analysis of the predicted target genes suggested the essential roles of miRNAs in the regulation of complex development of P. interpunctella. Importantly, we also found a set of miRNAs might be involved in the larval metamorphic molting process, with their expressions increasing and then decreasing during the larva-pupa-adult stages of P. interpunctella. In conclusion, the current paper has discovered numerous miRNAs, and some key miRNAs that might be responsible for regulating development in P. interpunctella. To our knowledge, this is the first study to document miRNAs and their expression patterns in interpunctella, and those findings would lay an important molecular foundation for future functional analysis of these miRNAs in P. interpunctella.

How governments and Internet companies regulate user data on social media attracts public attention. This study tried to answer two questions: What kind of countries send more requests for Facebook user data? What kind of countries get more requests replies from Facebook? We aim to figure out how a country's economic, political and social factors affect its government requests for user data and Facebook's responses rate to those requests. Results show that countries with higher GDP per capita, a higher level of human freedom and a lower level of rule of law send more requests for user data; while Facebook tends to reply to government requests from countries with a higher level of human freedom and a lower level of political stability. In conclusion, governments and Facebook show different focuses on governance on social media data.