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Nephrotoxicity is a major adverse reaction of cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) which is located on the basement membrane of human proximal renal tubules is responsible for the renal accumulation of cisplatin and its nephrotoxicity. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of PPIs to CP-induced nephrotoxicity. Three kinds of PPIs including lansoprazole, omeprazole and rabeprazole (Rab) were co-administrated with CP to mice. In addition, OCT2-overexpressed HEK293, HK-2 and A549 cells were co-incubated with CP and PPIs. The results showed that PPIs can attenuate CP-induced increase of CRE, BUN and histological damage of kidney. Among the three PPIs, Rab was found with a superior protective effect. It significantly reduced the accumulation of CP in OCT2-overexpressed HEK293 cells and in the renal cortex tissues of mice, but not in HK-2 cells. Moreover, Rab reduced the expression levels of cleaved-caspase-3, RIPK1, RIPK3, MLKL and p-MLKL and the apoptosis rate of renal tubular cells induced by CP in vivo, but not in HK-2 cells. However, Rab increased the viability of CP-treated cells in a concentration-dependent manner and attenuated CP-induced apoptosis and necroptosis in OCT2 over-expressed HEK293 cells. Finally, we demonstrated that Rab have no influence on the antitumor effect of CP. In conclusion, Rab attenuate CP-induced nephrotoxicity mainly through inhibiting OCT2-mediated CP uptake, without interfering with its anti-tumor property of inducing apoptosis and necroptosis.

Purpose:In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pyrotinib, a pan-HER inhibitor, in patients with HER2-amplified non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Patients and Methods:In this prospective, multicenter, single-arm trial (ChiCTR1800020262), patients with advanced NSCLC with HER2 amplification, as determined by next-generation sequencing, were enrolled and administered pyrotinib orally at 400 mg per day. The primary endpoint was 6-month progression-free survival (PFS) rate. Other endpoints included objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), PFS, overall survival (OS), and safety.Results:The enrolled cohort included 27 patients with HER2 amplification. The 6-month PFS rate was 51.9% [95% confidence interval (CI), 34.0–69.3]. The median PFS (mPFS) was 6.3 months (95% CI, 3.0–9.6 months), and median OS was 12.5 months (95% CI, 8.2–16.8 months). Pyrotinib elicited a confirmed ORR of 22.2% (95% CI, 10.6%−40.8%). Patients administered pyrotinib as first-line treatment achieved an mPFS of 12.4 months. Moreover, 30.8% of the patients who had progressed on EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) responded to pyrotinib. Patients with brain metastases had an ORR of 40%. Treatment-related adverse events (TRAE) occurred in all patients (grade 3, 22.2%), but no grade 4 or higher TRAEs were documented. Diarrhea was the most frequent TRAE (all, 92.6%; grade 3, 7.4%). Loss of HER2 amplification was detected upon disease progression.Conclusions:Pyrotinib provided antitumor efficacy with a manageable safety profile in HER2-amplified patients with NSCLC.

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BACKGROUND The FGFR signaling pathway is activated in multiple tumor types through gene amplifications, single base substitutions, or gene fusions. Novel FGFR gene fusions may represent candidate targets for the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. CASE SUMMARY Herein, we report a patient with colorectal cancer (CRC) harboring a novel FGFR2 fusion gene. A 59-year-old man felt discomfort in his right upper abdomen with loss of appetite for 6 mo. An abdominal computed tomography scan revealed the existence of a space-occupying lesion in the ascending colon. The pathological diagnosis was a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Subsequent biopsy specimen was subjected to next-generation sequencing analysis, and a novel FGFR2-TSC22D1 fusion with complete kinase structure of FGFR2 protein was identified. CONCLUSION We report the first case of CRC harboring FGFR2-TSC22D1, which enriches the FGFR2 fusion spectrum. FGFR2 inhibitors might be effective in the later treatment for this patient.

Necroptosis is defined as a novel programmed cell necrosis that is mediated by receptor interacting serine-threonine protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and other related signals. Necrosis, apoptosis and inflammation are commonly considered as the leading mechanism in acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by gentamicin (GEN), which is a useful antibiotic for treating the infection of Gram-negative bacterial. However, the necroptosis in the pathogenesis of GEN-induced AKI is unknown. In this study, to investigate the process and function of necroptosis in GEN-induced AKI, NRK-52E and HK-2 cells and SD rats were used as the models. The necroptosis-related proteins, including RIPK1, RIPK3, mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) and phosphorylated MLKL (p-MLKL), were all increasing time-dependently when GEN was continuously given. By using the RIPK1 inhibitor necrostatin-1 (NEC-1) and RIPK3 inhibitor (CPD42), the GEN-induced toxicity of tubular cells was alleviated. Moreover, it was validated that GEN-induced cell apoptosis and inflammation were attenuated after treating with NEC-1 or CPD42, both in vivo and in vitro. When MLKL was knocked down by siRNA, NEC-1 and CPD42 can not further protect the damage of tubular cells by GEN. Although the using of pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD significantly decreased GEN-induced apoptosis, it enhanced necroptosis and slightly promoted the decreased cell viability in GEN-treated cells, with the protective effects weaker than NEC-1 or CPD42. Finally, in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests and bacteriostatic ring studies showed that NEC-1 did not interfere with the antibiotic effects of GEN. Thus, suppressing necroptosis can serve as a promising strategy for the prevention of GEN-induced nephrotoxicity.

Somatic mutations of STK11 or KEAP1 are associated with poor clinical outcomes for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (aNSCLC) patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), chemotherapy, or targeted therapy. Which treatment regimens work better for STK11 or KEAP1 mutated (SKmut) aNSCLC patients is unknown. In this study, the efficacy of atezolizumab versus docetaxel in SKmut aNSCLC was compared. A total of 157 SKmut aNSCLC patients were identified from POPLAR and OAK trials, who were tested by blood-based FoundationOne next-generation sequencing assay. Detailed clinical data and genetic alterations were collected. Two independent cohorts were used for biomarker validation (n = 30 and 20, respectively). Median overall survival was 7.3 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.8 to 9.9) in the atezolizumab group versus 5.8 months (95% CI, 4.4 to 7.2) in the docetaxel group (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] for death, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.49 to 0.99; P = .042). Among atezolizumab-treated patients, objective response rate, disease control rate, and durable clinical benefit were higher when blood tumor mutation burden (bTMB) and PD-L1 being higher (biomarker 1, n = 61) or with FAT3 mutation-positive tumors (biomarker 2, n = 83) than otherwise. The interactions for survival between these two biomarkers and treatments were significant, which were further validated in two independent cohorts. In SKmut patients with aNSCLC, atezolizumab was associated with significantly longer overall survival in comparison to docetaxel. Having FAT3 mutation or high TMB and PD-L1 expression potentially predict favorable response in SKmut patients receiving atezolizumab.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) cause fewer toxicities than conventional chemotherapy. Although most of the immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are mild, reversible, and manageable, potentially severe and rare irAEs remain relevant. We present a 24-year-old man with advanced hereditary renal cancer who developed bilateral posterior uveitis and retinal detachment after systematic treatment of ICI and an anti-angiogenic drug. Axitinib and pembrolizumab were administered with a partial response and following the severe ocular irAE and systemic corticosteroid treatment was initiated. Our case indicates that ocular irAEs may occur rapidly. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of posterior uveitis and retinal detachment in hereditary renal cancer patients treated with ICI and anti-angiogenic drugs.

A new bending technique was presented for forming very thin metal tubes, which is characterized by ball filler in the tube as force-transferring media during bending process. Due to the good flow capacity and non-uniform pressure, ball filler is considered as an alternative filler to bend very thin tubes. The experiments of ball filler push bending were carried out for very thin copper tubes. The results indicate that the back pressure and lubrication condition have great effects on the forming quality of the tubes. As the back pressure increases and/or lubrication condition improves, the tube surface quality is improved. The ovality of the bent tube is small, and the intrados and extrados wall thickness are both thickened and changed uniformly, which indicates that the new process applied to form the very thin tubes is feasible.Copyright © 2010 by ASME

This paper mainly discusses DC electroplating process parameter, especially the current density, affects the electroplating result (such as copper grain, surface smooth, resistivity). A positive relationship has been found between the current density and the electrodepositing speed, copper grain diameter, core cluster as well as square resistivity. Furthermore, testing structures are designed to monitor the process on line. And an observation of fluctuation along the transection has been found which is also increased with the current density.Copyright © 2008 by ASME

To investigate the effects of metformin on fatty livers in insulin-resistant rats.Thirty-one male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a normal (n=8) and an experimental group (n=23). The normal group rats were fed a standard diet, and those of the experimental group with a high-fat diet. After 8 weeks, 7 rats from the experimental group were sacrificed to verify whether the model was established successfully. Then the experimental group was randomly subdivided into two groups: one with metformin treatment (n=8) and one without (n=8). After 6 weeks, insulin sensitivity was measured with glucose infusion rate (GIR) by euglycermic hyperinsulinemia clamp technique. Aminotransferase, triglyceride (TG) and free fatty acids (FFA) were measured by biochemical methods, insulin by radioimmunoassay and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) by ELISA. The steatosis changes and inflammation activity of all rat livers were scored histologically.Compared with the model group, the insulin resistance, liver index, visceral adiposity and weight loss of the metformin group were dramatically ameliorated. The steatosis and the inflammatory activity in the livers and the level of serum aminotransferase of the metformin group were also significantly decreased. Furthermore, metformin treatment lowered serum TG, liver lipid accumulation and the production of FFA and TNF alpha.Metformin can significantly improved insulin resistance and fatty liver development in rats fed a high-fat diet. It may become a new choice for fatty liver treatment in the future.

2-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-tetraphenylporphrin 1',2-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-tetraphenylporphyrinato Cu (II)2', Ni(II)3' and Zn(II)4' were synthesized by direct reaction of 2-nitro-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphrin 1 or its metallic complexes 2, 3, 4 with hydroquinone under heating without solvent. The yields were about 81%, 71%, 61% and 40% respectively for 1', 2', 3' and 4'. Their structures were determined by 1H NMR, 2D NMR, IR, MS and UV-Vis spectra. It is shown that the hydroquinone connects with pyrrole ring through carbon-carbon bond, and is located in the same plane of porphyrin. One of the hydroxy group of hydroquinone is located in the deshield area of porphyrin and its proton shift occurs downfield at delta = 7.52. Another one is located in the shield area of meso benzene, and the proton shift occurs upfield at delta = 4.18. Also the 6 proton shift of hydroquinone occurs upfield at delta = 4.93.

To create a rat insulin resistant fatty liver model.14 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a model and a control group. The model rats were fed a high-fat diet (45% of energy from fat) for 8 weeks, and the control group a standard diet (19% of energy from fat). Insulin sensitivity was measured with glucose infusion rate (GIR) by the euglycermic hyperinsulinemia clamp technique. The aminotransferase, triglyceride (TG), free fatty acid (FFA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured by biochemical methods, and insulin was measured by radioimmunoassay. The histological and ultrastructural changes of all rat livers were scored using light and electron microscopy.Rats fed the high-fat diet developed panlobular macrovesicular steatosis, lobular inflammatory cell infiltration and abnormal mitochondria, whereas those fed the standard diet had normal livers. All model group rats had elevated levels of aminotransferase, TG, FFA, insulin and liver index, and low GIR. In addition, the high-fat diet increased MDA and decreased SOD.A fatty liver and insulin resistance model was successfully developed in rats fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks, which provided a useful experimental tool for elucidating pathogenesis and treatment of fatty liver.