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Studies have found that the phosphatase actin regulatory factor 1 expression can be related to stroke, but it remains unclear whether changes in phosphatase actin regulatory factor 1 expression also play a role in traumatic brain injury. In this study we found that, in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury induced by controlled cortical impact, phosphatase actin regulatory factor 1 expression is increased in endothelial cells, neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. When we overexpressed phosphatase actin regulatory factor 1 by injection an adeno-associated virus vector into the contused area in the traumatic brain injury mice, the water content of the brain tissue increased. However, when phosphatase actin regulatory factor 1 was knocked down, the water content decreased. We also found that inhibiting phosphatase actin regulatory factor 1 expression regulated the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway, decreased blood-brain barrier permeability, reduced aquaporin 4 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression, inhibited neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis, thereby improving neurological function. The findings from this study indicate that phosphatase actin regulatory factor 1 may be a potential therapeutic target for traumatic brain injury.

It is important to investigate the influence of incentives and penalties on farmers’ willingness and behavior towards domestic waste separation and the mechanism of influence. It is helpful for the government to formulate policies to guide farmers to actively participate in domestic waste separation, solve the problem of rural domestic waste pollution, and improve the effectiveness of rural waste separation management. By using the public data of 2020CLES, we analyzed the influence of incentives and penalties on farmers’ willingness and behavior towards domestic waste separation by using the Probit model, based on the technology acceptance model, using a chain of multiple mediating effects. The results are as follows. Firstly, the net effect of incentives and penalties on farmers’ willingness and behavior to separate household waste was 6.86%, and the net effect of separation behavior was 33.37%. Relatively speaking, the strengthening effect of incentives and penalties on farmers’ domestic waste sorting behavior is stronger than the promotion effect on farmers’ domestic waste sorting intention. Secondly, perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness had significant chain mediating effects, with perceived ease of use having the strongest mediating effect. Thirdly, the incentives and penalties have a stronger effect on promoting the willingness of female farmers, elderly farmers, and farmers with low education to separate domestic waste. Finally, the influence of individual and household characteristics of farmers on their willingness and behavior to separate household waste varies. Accordingly, suggestions for improving the willingness and behavior of farmers to separate domestic waste are proposed in the following aspects: improving the reward and punishment system, making good use of market instruments, and increasing farmers’ awareness level and value recognition of domestic waste separation.

To evaluate the potential anticancer effects of 1175 FDA-approved drugs, cell viability screening was performed using 25 human cancer cell lines covering 14 human cancer types. Here, we focus on the action of paroxetine, which demonstrated greater toxicity toward human gastric adenocarcinoma cell-line AGS cells compared with the other FDA-approved drugs, exhibiting an IC50 value lower than 10 μM. Evaluation of the underlying novel mechanisms revealed that paroxetine can enhance DNA damage in gastric cancer cells and involves downregulation of Rad51, HR23B and ERCC1 expression and function, as well as nucleotide shortage. Enhancement of autophagy counteracted paroxetine-induced apoptosis but did not affect paroxetine-induced DNA damage. Paroxetine also enhanced ROS generation in AGS cells, but a ROS scavenger did not improve paroxetine-mediated DNA damage, apoptosis, or autophagy, suggesting ROS might play a minor role in paroxetine-induced cell toxicity. In contrast, paroxetine did not enhance DNA damage, apoptosis, or autophagy in another insensitive gastric adenocarcinoma cell-line MKN-45 cells. Interestingly, co-administration of paroxetine with conventional anticancer agents sensitized MKN-45 cells to these agents: co-treated cells showed increased apoptosis relative to MKN-45 cells treated with the anticancer agent alone. Unequivocally, these data suggest that for the first time that paroxetine triggers cytotoxicity and DNA damage in AGS cells at least partly by reducing the gene expression of Rad51, HR23B, and ERCC1. Our findings also suggest that paroxetine is a promising candidate anticancer agent and/or chemosensitizing agent for use in combination with other anticancer drugs in cancer therapy. The molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer activity of co-treatment with paroxetine and chemotherapy appear to be complex and are worthy of further investigation.

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease showing multiple complex pathomechanism alterations, has affected the normal life of many old people. It is urgent to find an effective medicine for AD. Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) is the main component of panax notoginseng saponins, a famous Chinese herbal medicine, and is expected to be a useful drug in the treatment of AD. This study mainly explored the potential effects of Rb1 in model of AD in vivo and in vitro, and investigated the possible mechanisms. Materials and methods: We studied the neuroprotective effect of Rb1 in transgenic mouse animal model and cell AD model in vitro. The cognitive function of APP/PS1 mice was measured in Morris water maze and Novel Object Recognition. Electrophysiological patch clamp recording and electrophysiology were used to nerve excitability. Further, the expression of proteins of Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 were used by Western blot. Results: We found that Rb1 treatment significantly improved the cognitive and memory loss, and reversed the hyperexcitability by altering the expressions of Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 of APP/PS1 mice. Further, Rb1 improved the hyperexcitability induced by Aβ1-42-injured neurons, which might be associated with alteration of the expressions of Nav1.2 and Nav1.6. As we expect, Rb1 attenuated Aβ1-42-induced injury in primary neurons. Conclusion: Our data showed that Rb1 played a critical role in improvement of the cognitive deficit and abnormal excitability of AD by regulating Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 expressions. Thus, Rb1 shows protective effects on AD models and may be a potential candidate for AD treatment.

Background Organosilanes have been massively implemented as building blocks in the fields of sol–gel material synthesis, surface functionalization, and nanotechnology. However, organosilane has been humbled by limitations, such as poor reproducibility, fast hydrolysis and heterogeneous molecular orientation. An emerging silatrane is gaining tremendous interest due to the unique tricyclic caged structure and transannular N→Si dative bond to provide chemical stability in aqueous solution and controllable deposition on surfaces. Methods Aminopropyl silatrane (APS), Mercaptopropyl silatrane (MPS) and 3-Mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) were applied to modification of silicon oxide substrates to in-situ graft hydrophilic polymers and immobilize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Thin and uniform silatrane coatings have been proved by atomic force spectroscopy, ellipsometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Significant Findings Antifouling poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) was grafted separately on MPS and MPTMS via surface-initiated thiol-ene photopolymerization. We found that MPS-PEGMA films were 30% superior to MPTMS-PEGMA films in protein repellency. Moreover, APS and MPS were co-deposited to attract and conjugate gold nanoparticles. AuNPs cluster size on APS films was found to increase 3.43 times along with broader AuNPs absorbance peaks after acid treatment, whereas cluster size increased only 4% on mixed silatrane-modified films. These discoveries are pertinent to robust and versatile properties that silatrane offers.

Urolithin A (UA) is a natural metabolite produced from polyphenolics in foods such as pomegranates, berries, and nuts. UA is neuroprotective against Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and cerebral hemorrhage. However, its effect against traumatic brain injury remains unknown. In this study, we established adult C57BL/6J mouse models of traumatic brain injury by controlled cortical impact and then intraperitoneally administered UA. We found that UA greatly reduced brain edema; increased the expression of tight junction proteins in injured cortex; increased the immunopositivity of two neuronal autophagy markers, microtubule-associated protein 1A/B light chain 3A/B (LC3) and p62; downregulated protein kinase B (Akt) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), two regulators of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway; decreased the phosphorylation levels of inhibitor of NFκB (IκB) kinase alpha (IKKα) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), two regulators of the neuroinflammation-related Akt/IKK/NFκB signaling pathway; reduced blood-brain barrier permeability and neuronal apoptosis in injured cortex; and improved mouse neurological function. These findings suggest that UA may be a candidate drug for the treatment of traumatic brain injury, and its neuroprotective effects may be mediated by inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Akt/IKK/NFκB signaling pathways, thus reducing neuroinflammation and enhancing autophagy.

// Huei-Yu Chen 1 , Hsiao-Ling Cheng 1 , Yi-Hui Lee 1 , Tien-Ming Yuan 1, 2 , Shi-Wen Chen 2 , You-Yu Lin 1 , Pin Ju Chueh 1, 3, 4, 5 1 Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan 2 Department of Surgery, Feng-Yuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung 42055, Taiwan 3 Graduate Institute of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan 4 Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan 5 Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan Correspondence to: Pin Ju Chueh, email: pjchueh@dragon.nchu.edu.tw Keywords: apoptosis, deacetylase, oxaliplatin, tumor-associated NADH oxidase (tNOX or ENOX2), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) Received: October 20, 2016 Accepted: January 09, 2017 Published: January 21, 2017 ABSTRACT Oxaliplatin belongs to the platinum-based drug family and has shown promise in cancer treatment. The major mechanism of action of platinum compounds is to form platinum–DNA adducts, leading to DNA damage and apoptosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that they might also target non-DNA molecules for their apoptotic activity. We explored the effects of oxaliplatin on a tumor-associated NADH oxidase (tNOX) in gastric cancer lines. In AGS cells, we found that the oxaliplatin-inhibited tNOX effectively attenuated the NAD + /NADH ratio and reduced the deacetylase activity of an NAD + -dependent sirtuin 1, thereby enhancing p53 acetylation and apoptosis. Similar results were also observed in tNOX-knockdown AGS cells. In the more aggressive MKN45 and TMK-1 lines, oxaliplatin did not inhibit tNOX, and induced only minimal apoptosis and cytotoxicity. However, the downregulation of either sirtuin 1 or tNOX sensitized TMK-1 cells to oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis. Moreover, tNOX-depletion in these resistant cells enhanced spontaneous apoptosis, reduced cyclin D expression and prolonged the cell cycle, resulting in diminished cancer cell growth. Together, our results demonstrate that oxaliplatin targets tNOX and SIRT1, and that the tNOX-NAD + -sirtuin 1 axis is essential for oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis.

Background Oxaliplatin belongs to the platinum-based drug family and has shown promise in treating cancer by binding to DNA to induce cytotoxicity. However, individual patients show diverse therapeutic responses toward oxaliplatin due to yet-unknown underlying mechanisms. We recently established that oxaliplatin also exert its anti-cancer activity in gastric cancer cell lines by targeting tumor-associated NADH oxidase (tNOX), attenuate NAD+ generation and reduce NAD+-dependent sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) deacetylase activity, which in turn enhances p53 acetylation and apoptosis. Methods In this study, differential cellular outcomes in response to oxaliplatin exposure of p53-wild-type versus p53-null HCT116 human colon cancer cells were examined. Cell growth profile was determined by cell impedance measurements and apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. The engagement between oxaliplatin and tNOX protein was studied by cellular thermal shift assay. Furthermore, western blot analysis revealed that p53 was important in regulating tNOX expression in these cell lines. Results In p53-wild-type cells, we found that oxaliplatin inhibited cell growth by inducing apoptosis and concurrently down-regulating tNOX at both the transcriptional and translational levels. In p53-null cells, in contrast, oxaliplatin moderately up-regulated tNOX expression and yielded no apoptosis and much less cytotoxicity. Further experiments revealed that in p53-wild-type cells, oxaliplatin enhanced ROS generation and p53 transcriptional activation, leading to down-regulation of the transcriptional factor, POU3F2, which enhances the expression of tNOX. Moreover, the addition of a ROS scavenger reversed the p53 activation, POU3F2 down-regulation, and apoptosis induced by oxaliplatin in p53-wild-type cells. In the p53-null line, on the other hand, oxaliplatin treatment triggered less ROS generation and no p53 protein, such that POU3F2 and tNOX were not down-regulated and oxaliplatin-mediated cytotoxicity was attenuated. Conclusion Our results show that oxaliplatin mediates differential cellular responses in colon cancer cells depending on their p53 status, and demonstrate that the ROS-p53 axis is important for regulating POU3F2 and its downstream target, tNOX. Notably, the depletion of tNOX sensitizes p53-null cells to both spontaneous and oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis. Our work thus clearly shows a scenario in which targeting of tNOX may be a potential strategy for cancer therapy in a p53-inactivated system.

The input of tributary is the important source of nutrients to the main stream, and it is the key area for water pollution control of watershed. In order to explore the sources of nutrient and seek the effective measures to control the river pollution, the spatial and temporal variations of aquatic parameters and the output of nutrient flux in the tributary outlets of Xitiaoxi watershed were analyzed. The quantitative analysis concerning the contribution of pollution sources from 10 typical tributaries was carried out, using the PMF analytical model. The results showed that the TN and TP concentrations were higher in the middle and lower reaches. In the temporal scale, the concentrations of nutrients in the dry season were higher than those in the wet season. In the dry season, average concentrations of TN and TP were 4.25 mg·L

Purpose: The chemokine receptors CCR7 and CXCR4 have been shown to play an important role in cancer invasion and metastasis. This study was aimed to investigate CCR7 and CXCR4 expressions and evaluate the association between their expressions and the clinicopathological features in gastrointestinal cancer. Method: 27 paired tissue samples from patients who had curative surgery for gastrointestinal cancer were obtained. Quantitative real-time PCR, immunochemistry assay and western blot analysis were carried out to investigate the expressions of CCR7, CXCR4 expressions in gastrointestinal cancer. Results: The cancer tissues expressed significant higher level of CCR7 (P = 0.000) and CXCR4 (P = 0.000) protein than the adjacent normal mucosa. Expressions of CCR7 (P = 0.002) and CXCR4 (P = 0.003) protein in cancer tissues exhibited significant correlation with differentiation in gastrointestinal cancer. Conclusion: Expressions of CCR7 and CXCR4 protein were associated with differentiation in gastrointestinal cancer. CCR7 and CXCR4 may be predictive factors for poor prognosis in patients with gastrointestinal cancer.

In this paper, a new method is presented for defects classification by ultrasonic cylindrical phased array. Firstly, a finite element model is conducted to simulate the defects identification by the cylindrical phased array transducer. A series of simulation are done for 4 types of defects with different sizes by a 64-element cylindrical phased transducer with the center frequency of 500 kHz. Then, the Wavelet-packet transform decompose algorithm is used to four-levers decompose, reconstruct and extract the feature of these echo signals. Finally, the reconstructed signals are used to the deep neural network to the defect classification. The accuracy of the known defects classification is 100%, which means the method is feasible for classification by ultrasonic cylindrical phased array.

To evaluate treatment decision-making based on susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) in patients with hemorrhage after thrombolysis.One hundred and forty-six patients without intracranial hemorrhage on CT after receiving recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) were allocated to two groups: antiplatelets (n=72), who received antiplatelet therapy 24h after rt-PA for 10 days; and non-antiplatelets (n=74), who received no antiplatelet therapy. Twenty-two patients with SWI-detected microbleeds (MBs) or hemorrhagic transformation (HT) in the antiplatelets group (Group A) and 28 with MB or HT in the non-antiplatelets group (Group B) were included in this study.Sixteen patients had MB and six HT in Group A; 18 had MB, six HT, and four parenchymal hemorrhage (PH) in Group B. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores at 7 and 14 days and the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 90 days post-rt-PA were significantly lower in Group B than in Group A, duration of hospitalization was significantly shorter, and the favorable outcome rate was higher at 90 days (P0.05). There were no other significant differences. SWI evaluation at 14 days revealed eight patients with MB, 11 HT, and three PH in Group A; in Group B, 16 had MB, five HT, and one PH, with resolution of hemorrhage in six patients.Treatment decision-making based on SWI in acute stroke after thrombolysis was validated by the significantly reduced NIHSS score after 7/14 days, improved outcome, and reduced mRS in hemorrhage patients without antiplatelet therapy.

To evaluate the clinical value of unenhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) at 3.0 T for the diagnosis and therapeutic planning of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH).A total of 165 patients with SAH were referred for three-dimensional time-of-flight MRA (3D-TOF-MRA) before digital subtraction angiography (DSA). For each aneurysm, 3D-TOF-MRA was used to determine whether the aneurysm was suitable for coil placement with or without balloon/stent-assisted coiling, surgical clipping or conservative treatment. Treatment planning with 3D-TOF-MRA was compared with actual treatment decisions or treatment that had been carried out in each aneurysm decided using DSA.The aneurysm-based evaluation yielded accuracy of 96.9%, sensitivity of 97.6%, specificity of 93.1%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 98.8% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 87.1%, in the detection of intracranial aneurysms. Treatment planning could be correctly made on the basis of aneurysm anatomy and working view by volume rendering (VR) 3D-TOF-MRA with accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 94.9%, 94.0%, 100%, 100% and 74.4%, respectively, on a per aneurysm-based evaluation.VR 3D-TOF-MRA offers high diagnostic accuracy in the detection of ruptured intracranial aneurysms, and appears to be an effective treatment planning tool for most patients with SAH.VR 3D-TOF-MRA offers high diagnostic accuracy for detecting ruptured intracranial aneurysms. • VR 3D-TOF-MRA helps treatment planning for patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage. • 3D-TOF-MRA is non-invasive and avoids using ionising radiation or contrast agents.

The scales is a kind of precious resource with high nutritional value. The collagen protein from scales have a widely usage prospection in the areas of health food, cosmetics and so on, and they are worthy of further studied. In this paper, the method of extracting collagen protein from the scales of Tilapia was studied by pepsin hydrolysis. First, the calcium was demineralized from the scales with using of 0.5 mol/L EDTA solution, then, the scales hydrolyzed by pepsin was made to extract the collagen, and the content of L – hydroxyproline was taken as an index to measure the extraction percentage. On this basis, the collagen extract conditions was discussed from the Tilapia scales by the pepsin. It was showed that the pepsin hydrolysis conditions were the enzyme dosage 3%, citric acid 12g/L, hydrolysis time 20h, so the rate of collagen extraction is higher.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Currently, the presence of persistent primitive trigeminal artery (PPTA) is detected by digital subtraction angiography (DSA); most publications on this cerebrovascular variation have been individual case reports. This study is to evaluate the efficacy of 3-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (3D-TOF MRA) at 3.0 T for the detection and classification of PPTA based on a large case series. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between June 2007 and October 2008, 4,650 patients underwent magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) examination at 3.0 T in our hospital. MRA was performed using 3D-TOF with volume rendering (VR) and maximum intensity projection (MIP) technique. The PPTA was classified according to the Saltzman classification system. The occurrence of cerebral vascular diseases accompanying PPTA was studied. RESULTS Among the 4,650 patients with MRA examined, 25 were identified as having PPTA; the prevalence of PPTA was .54%. The Saltzman classification of PPTAs was as follows: type I, 24%; type II, 16%; type III, 60%. Sixteen percent of the cases with PPTA were accompanied with intracranial aneurysm. CONCLUSION A 3D-TOF MRA at 3.0 T can be used for the detection of PPTA and making a classification of PPTA indirectly. The incidence of PPTA with type III was greater than that of other types of PPTA. Intracranial aneurysm appeared to be associated with PPTA.

Aims and background Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is reported to be implicated in the growth of some cancer cells. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) is thought to enhance the tumor invasion and metastasis ability. This study was aimed at analyzing the relationship between KGF and MMP-9 expression and patients' clinicopathological characteristics to clarify the clinical significance of the expression of KGF and MMP-9 in gastric cancer. Methods Tissue samples from 161 patients with primary gastric cancer were investigated using immunohistochemistry. The relationship between KGF and/or MMP-9 expression and clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed. Results KGF expression and MMP-9 expression in gastric cancer tissue were observed in 62 cases (38.5%) and 97 cases (60.2%), respectively. MMP-9 was significantly associated with depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage. The prognosis of MMP-9-positive patients was significantly poorer than that of MMP-9-negative patients (p = 0.009). KGF expression was positively correlated with MMP-9 expression in gastric cancer, and the prognosis of patients with both KGF- and MMP-9-positive tumors was significantly worse than that of patients with negative tumors for either factor (p = 0.045). Expression of MMP-9 was revealed to be an independent prognostic factor (p = 0.026). Conclusions Coexpression of KGF and MMP-9 in gastric cancer could be a useful prognostic factor, and MMP-9 might also serve as a novel target for both prognostic prediction and therapeutics.

Purpose: We hypothesize that changes in the transcription of up-regulated genes are biologically meaningful and may be linked to variations in tumor behavior and clinical features. This study aimed to find individual up-regulated genes responsible for clinicopathologic variations in human colorectal cancer. Experimental Design: Genes up-regulated concurrently in four microarray experiments were taken as candidate genes; 20 candidate genes were verified using real-time reverse transcription-PCR in these four experiments, along with 27 new samples. The presence or absence of up-regulation of these genes was correlated with 10 clinicopathologic variables from 31 patients. The mRNA transcript levels of these 20 candidate genes in the 31 paired samples were also correlated with each other to disclose any expression relationship. Results: Forty percent (8/20) of the candidate genes were verified by real-time reverse transcription-PCR to have a tumor/normal expression ratio > 2. Up-regulation of THY1 and PHLAD1 was associated with the presence of anemia in colon cancer patients (P = 0.036 and 0.009, respectively). Up-regulation of HNRPA1 was more significant in cancer growing in the right-sided colon than the left side (P = 0.027). Up-regulated GPX2 was related to a higher degree of tumor differentiation (P = 0.019). c-MYC was significantly over-expressed in specimens from male compared with female colon cancer patients (P = 0.012). GRO1 was significantly up-regulated in patients younger than 65 years old (P = 0.010) and was found to be frequently over-expressed when cancers were less invasive. In addition, we found that normalized transcript levels of HNRPA1 were tightly associated with that of c-MYC (r = 0.948). Conclusions: Validation of microarray data using another independent laboratory approach is mandatory and statistical correlation between gene expression status and the patient's clinical features may reveal individual genes relevant to tumor behavior and clinicopathologic variations in human colorectal cancer.

Background and Purpose— The value of MR angiography varies in diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms due to the difference of equipment and imaging technique. This study was to compare the effectiveness of 3-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography at 3 T and rotational digital subtraction angiography, both with volume rendering (VR), in detecting intracranial aneurysms. Methods— One hundred thirty-eight patients with suspected or known aneurysms and other cerebral vascular diseases detected by MR angiography underwent digital subtraction angiography examinations. Postprocessing techniques, including VR and the single artery highlighting method, were performed by a 3-dimensional specialist. The VR-digital subtraction angiography was obtained as the gold standard. Results— The rotational digital subtraction angiography and VR-digital subtraction angiography revealed 146 aneurysms in 122 patients and no aneurysms in 16 patients. Of the 276 vessels examined, 136 vessels had 146 aneurysms and 140 vessels had none. Per vessel and per aneurysm sensitivities were 100%, whereas the per vessel accuracy ranged from 97.5% to 98.6% and the per aneurysm accuracy ranged from 95.1% to 97.0%. Conclusions— VR 3-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography at 3 T has excellent sensitivity, accuracy, and correlation with VR-digital subtraction angiography and is comparable to catheter cerebral angiography for the evaluation of patients with intracranial aneurysms who tolerate MR angiography well.

In order to detect distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks accurately and efficiently, a new detection model based on conditional random fields (CRF) was proposed. The CRF based model incorporates the signature-based and anomaly-based detection methods to a hybrid system. The selected features include source IP entropy, destination IP entropy, source port entropy, destination port entropy, protocol number and etc. The CRF based model combines these IP flow entropies and other fingerprints into a normalize entropy as the feature vectors to depict the states of the monitoring traffic. The training method of the detection model uses the L-BFGS algorithm. And the model only needs to inspect the IP header fields of each packet, which makes it possible for real-time implementation even on real time network traffic. The CRF based model may have the ability to detect new form of forthcoming attacks, because it is independent from any specific DDoS flooding attack tools. The experiment results show that the CRF based method has higher detection accuracy and sensitivity as well as lower false positive alarms. Experiment with KDD CUP1999, DARPA 2000 and generated attack datasets, the CRF based model outperforms other well-known detection methods such as Naive Bayes, KNN, SVM and etc. The accuracy goes beyond 95.0% and the false alarm rate is less than 5.0%. Meanwhile, the CRF based model is robust under massive background network traffic.

To study the anatomy of mandibular bone flap pedicled with temporal muscle for midfacial bone defects.The shape and blood supply of the temporal muscle and mandibular ramus, as well as their relationship, were observed and measured in 30 sides of adult head specimens.The temporal muscle has a fan-shaped main portion, then is scattered into three bundles as anterolateral, anteromedial, posterior bundles, which end respectively at anterior border of ramus, the temporal ridge and posterior portion of coronoid process. Then the muscle goes downward until it reaches the distal side of the third medial surface molar and attaches the 3/4 of medial surface of anterior portion of ramus. The blood supply of temporal muscle includes the medial temporal artery with external diameter of (0.76 +/- 0.20) mm, the anterior deep temporal arteries with external diameter of (0.79 +/- 0.21) mm, posterior deep temporal arteries with external diameter of (0.98 +/- 0.64) mm, the accessory deep temporal artery formed by many little branches. The anterior part of ramus is supplied by the periosteal arteries and the bony perforator of the deep temporal arteries. Rectangular ramus of mandible was divided into anterior portion and posterior portion by the line linking the lowest point of mandibular notch, mandibular foramen and mandibular canal. Anterior portion can supply a bone flap with a size of (46.67 +/- 6.85) mm x (17.98 +/- 2.64) mm x (11.49 +/- 0.99) mm.The mandibular bone flap pedicled with temporal muscle has a reliable blood supply and abundant bone volume. It is feasible to design a mandibular bone flap pedicled with temporal muscle for midfacial bone defect.

Aims: The advent of three-dimensional (3D) rotational angiography (3D DSA) challenged the role of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) as a gold standard in the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms. In this study, we report our experiences in diagnosing intracranial aneurysms by using 3D DSA with volume rendering (VR) technique, particularly focusing on its role in depicting additional aneurysms missed by 2D DSA. Materials and Methods: One hundred and thirty-eight consecutive patients with known or suspected aneurysms (54 men, 84 women; median age, 55 years; age range, 18-83 years) underwent both conventional DSA and 3D DSA with VR examination simultaneously. The images of 2D DSA or 3D DSA with VR were evaluated by two observers independently for the presence of aneurysms. Then additional aneurysms were decided and depicted. Results: 3D DSA with VR showed 146 aneurysms in 123 (89.1%) of 138 patients and no aneurysms in 15 patients. 2D DSA showed 115 aneurysms in 110 of 137 patients, with one aneurysm in 106 patients each, 2 in 3 patients each and 3 in 1 patient. After reaching a consensus, there were 31 additional aneurysms detected by 3D DSA with VR. 30 aneurysms were

We aimed to prospectively evaluate the effectiveness of unenhanced, three-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (3D-TOF-MRA) with volume rendering (VR) at 3.0 Tesla in the detection of infundibula (IF). A total of 136 consecutive patients with suspected or known aneurysms detected by MRA were examined using DSA, and IF were identified. A 3D specialist adjusted window width to the appropriate threshold, took level and MR source images and performed MRA post-processing techniques, including VR and the single artery highlighting method. VR-DSA was obtained from the rotational DSA data, and two-dimensional (2D)-DSA and VR-DSA were combined as the gold standard. Three blinded readers evaluated the diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy of 3D-TOF-MRA with VR. The 2D-DSA and VR-DSA revealed 44 IF in 34 of the 136 patients and no cerebral IF in 102 patients. For MRA, sensitivity per patient for all readers ranged from 89.5% to 97.1%, while accuracy per patient ranged from 97.1% to 99.3%. Per IF sensitivity for all readers ranged from 91.7% to 97.7%, while the per IF accuracy ranged from 97.3% to 99.3%. For detection of IF at the internal carotid artery, sensitivity for all readers ranged from 89.5% to 97.1%, and accuracy from 89.5% to 97.4%. For detection of IF at the anterior choroidal arteries, sensitivity and accuracy was 100% in all patients. There were no significant differences in the sensitivity or accuracy of all readers in the detection of single and multiple IF (p>0.05). One false-negative was found for IF by reader 1, two for reader 2 and four for reader 3. We conclude that VR 3D-TOF-MRA at 3.0 T is an ideal, non-invasive imaging exam for the detection of IF and can be used effectively in its diagnosis.

A process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) sensor without a voltage/current analog-to-digital converter (ADC) or bandgap reference is proposed for high accuracy, low power, and wide voltage range portable applications. Conventional temperature sensors rely on voltage/current ADC for digital output code conversion. The proposed temperature sensor generates a clock frequency proportional to the measured temperature, and converts the frequency into a corresponding digital code. The generated digital code is still under the influence of PVT variations. Two distinct sensors for voltage and process monitoring are also proposed to enhance temperature sensor environmental variation immunity. The property of zero temperature coefficient (ZTC) bias point is used to remove temperature effect. The proposed wide voltage range low power PVT sensor is designed in UMC 65nm bulk CMOS technology. It is capable of operating over a wide voltage range within 0.3V~1V. The power consumption is no more than 3.7μW at 0.3V supply voltage and a high sample rate of 10k samples/sec. The temperature error is merely −0.8~0.8oC.

Spinal cord injuries are damages that result in complete or partial loss of sensation and/or mobility and affect the life qualities of many patients. Their pathophysiology includes primary and secondary processes, which are related with the activation of astrocytes and microgliacytes and the degeneration of oligodendrocytes. Although transplantation of embryonic stem cells or neural progenitor cells is an attractive strategy for repair of the injured central nervous system (CNS), transplantation of these cells alone for acute spinal cord injuries has not resulted in robust axon regeneration beyond the injury sites. This may be due to the progenitor cells differentiating to the cell types that support axon growth poorly and/or their inability to modify the inhibitory environment of adult CNS after injury. Recent studies indicate that transplantation of glial progenitor cells has exhibited beneficial effects on the recovery and promising future for the therapy strategy of spinal cord injury. In this review, we summarized the data from recent literature regarding glial implications in transplantation therapy of spinal cord injury.