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A rotary kiln is a central piece of equipment for the calcination of clinker in the production of cement. Biomass energy has been applied to rotary kilns, and solar energy has been introduced to assist the energy supply. Coupled optimization results for biomass energy and solar energy applications are compared to the single fossil energy used in the base period. A field survey and statistical analysis and integration of cement clinker production sites in China’s Central Plains Economic Zone revealed a negative linear correlation between the consumption of raw coal in the cement production process and the environmental temperature and humidity parameters of the production lines. The energy consumption is large and the energy utilization of the system is low, with goodness of fit of R=0.962. Coupled solar and biomass energy use in the audit period and single energy use in the base period comparison revealed a 19.5% reduction in electricity consumption, a 25.4% reduction in coal consumption and a 4.39% increase in heavy oil consumption. From 2017 to 2020, the average annual consumption cost of electricity and raw coal decreased, while the average annual consumption cost of heavy fuel oil slowly increased. After verification during the audit period, compared with the base period, the total production cost of the case enterprise can be reduced approximately 5.17%, in which the energy cost decreased 0.9%.

The reactions of cerium in hydrogen mixed with different concentrations of CO2 were conducted by using a pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) method combined with an in situ hot-stage microscope. CO2 has a great suppression effect on the hydriding reaction of cerium. The existence of CO2 leads to longer induction time, less pitting, and much slower hydriding rate. It is found that the induction time of hydriding reaction grows exponentially as a function of CO2 concentrations. Besides, the nucleation and growth of hydride spots are also suppressed with increase of CO2 concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and in situ optical microscope measurements reveal that the hydride spots formed in H2-CO2 mixture have a prolate hemispherical morphology while the normal hydride spots formed in pure H2 show an oblate hemispherical morphology. Thermal desorption results indicate CO2 preferentially adsorbs on the active sites of CeO2 surface resulting in block of hydrogen dissociation, which is accountable for the observed hydriding inhibition phenomenon. Our studies provide new insights into the CO2 effect on the hydriding process of active metals.

We fabricate transparent fluoroindate glass-ceramics with phase-selective crystallization (SrF2, CaF2 and MgF2) using a general one-step strategy. The ab initio molecular dynamics provide fundamental insights into phase-separation at the atomic scale.

LaFeO3 modified with gold nanoparticles are synthesized by a simple wet chemical method. The structural and morphological characterizations of the Au-LaFeO3 nanocomposites are performed by various techniques such as X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS). In this experiment, the ethanol sensing performance of Au-LaFeO3 nanocomposites was studied by changing the amount of HAuCl4. The experimental results indicate that the sensors prepared with different volume of HAuCl4 solution show excellent gas sensing properties to ethanol. Au functionalization immensely improved the gas-sensing abilities of the LaFeO3 nanowires. At the optimum working temperature, the highest sensitivity of Au-LaFeO3 gas sensor to 100 ppm ethanol gas is 44, which is 27 times higher than that of LaFeO3 sensor. In addition, Au-LaFeO3 gas sensor has high selectivity and strong anti-interference ability to ethanol gas. The sensing mechanism of the Au-LaFeO3 gas sensor is also discussed in detail.

Full-Heusler alloy Fe2TiSn was predicted to be a potential thermoelectric material with high mechanical properties and stability. Fe2TiSn was usually prepared by arc-melting followed by annealing for 2 weeks, which takes a long time and consumes a large amount of energy. In this paper, Fe2TiSn was prepared by an ultra-fast method, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) combined with spark plasma sintering. The bulk materials with uniform element distribution, well controlled composition and relative densities of over 97.5% were prepared. The undoped Fe2TiSn samples show p-type transport behavior. Co was heavily doped at the Fe site to prepare n-type Fe2−2xCo2xTiSn samples. The thermoelectric properties measurements carried out on the Co-doped samples show a highest ZT = 0.02 at 300 K, which is about tripe the performance of the pristine Fe2TiSn. This study provides a new approach for the rapid and low-cost preparation of full-Heusler thermoelectric materials.

The emerging market of wearable devices for tracking and positioning requires the development of highly flexible magnetic sensors. Due to the stable magnetoresistance ratio and simple fabrication process, sensors based on the anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) effect have been proposed as promising candidates. However, the stability of AMR sensors under different bending situations has rarely been investigated. In this work, we proposed a flexible AMR magnetic sensor deposited on an ultra-thin Kapton substrate, which exhibits excellent anti-fatigue behavior at different bending curvatures ranging from 1/3 to 1/10 mm−1. Experimental results show that the sensitivity of our proposed flexible AMR sensor remains as high as 0.25 Oe−1 after being bent 500 times, showing promising potential for application in wearable electronic devices.

Energy efficiency and resource utilization are considered to be necessary for sustainable development. Organic phase change materials (PCMs) as an effective thermal energy storage tool have attracted great interest, but non-renewable ingredients, low stability and their unsafe nature largely restrict their sustainability. Herein, a series of bio-based benzoxazine-derived PCMs were developed, in which green preparation, efficient energy conversion, and safe utilization can be simultaneously achieved. Through the Mannich condensation reaction, novel PCMs can be easily synthesized with good yield and high atom economy by combining natural 3-pentadecylphenol (a cardanol derivative) and amine sources. The resulting PCMs exhibited adjustable latent heat (48.78–147.02 J g−1) by altering raw materials, which are close to their commercial unsustainable counterparts. As an example, C-aa-12 also showed considerable recycling ability after 100 times repeated use. In addition, due to the designed structure, as-prepared PCMs also possessed more excellent properties of thermal stability (Td50% was increased by 65.1%) and flame retardancy (HRR was reduced by 39.4%) compared with traditional ones, making them promising in a wider application field.

Using renewable resources to synthesize a mechanically robust and self-healing UV-curable material is very important for the development of sustainable coatings. In this study, two kinds of UV-cura...

Among the different states of matter, liquids have particular advantages in terms of easy handling and recycling as the precursors, which has been manifested in various chemosynthetic reactions, but remains underexplored in graphene synthesis. This work reports the direct conversion of liquid organic precursor into versatile 3D graphene materials using rapid laser irradiation under ambient conditions. The liquid precursor allowed easy fabrication of graphene with significant 3D architectures, including powders, patterned composite structures, and substrate-free films. Taking advantages of the high compatibility of liquid precursor with a wide range of dopants, the 3D graphene could be further engineered together with various functional components, especially the high loading (∼15 wt%) and well-dispersed (an average diameter of less than 50 nm) high-entropy alloy nanoparticles. Furthermore, combined with the 3D printing strategy, the rapid construction of graphene with complex and accurate 3D shapes was demonstrated via a selective in-situ laser transforming (SLT) strategy. With the highly structural integrity unachievable by traditional 3D printing methods, the obtained objects showed an electrical conductivity of 4380 S/m and a compressive modulus of 31.8 MPa. The results reported in this work will open up a new way for the fabrication of functional carbon materials with customizable shapes and components This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The design and preparation of hydrophobic, wear-resistant, and thermally conductive multifunctional composites is an important direction of scientific research and application. In this study, A-CF/EP/FEP composites were prepared by incorporating APDMS-modified carbon felt (A-CF) into an epoxy resin (EP) and fluorinated ethylene propylene resin (FEP) mixed resin. The low surface energy of FEP, good adhesion of EP, and the supporting of carbon felt framework endow the A-CF/EP/FEP composites with hydrophobicity, wear resistance, and thermal conductivity at the same time. Firstly, the water contact angle (WCA) of A-CF/EP/FEP composites with 20 wt% FEP reaches 109.9 ± 2.6°, and the WCAs of all composites with different FEP contents (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt%) is greater than 90°, indicating the composites have a hydrophobic surface. Secondly, the A-CF/EP/FEP composites have high wear resistance and maintain long-term hydrophobicity after tribological tests, because the residual debris and nanoparticles generated by external loading adhere to the friction interface, regenerating the microstructure of the hydrophobic surface. Finally, the A-CF/EP/FEP composites have high thermal conductivity up to 0.38 W/(m·K), which is 1.81 and 2.0 times that of pure EP and EP/FEP composites, respectively. This is because a relatively complete heat conduction network is formed after the addition of A-CF to the composites. The synergy among epoxy resin, FEP, and the A-CF filler plays a particularly important role in constructing hydrophobic surfaces and improving wear resistance and thermal conductivity. The EP enhances adhesion, the FEP supplies low surface energy, and the A-CF framework improves the wear resistance of A-CF/EP/FEP composites. This work provides ideas for the design and preparation of multifunctional composites and will underlie the application of high-performance epoxy resin and its composites.

A new design method of highly reliable thermally conductive packaging material is proposed for the heat dissipation problem of high-density packaging of chips. The high reliability is obtained by high temperature condensation of AlN particles suspension of PAA. Focusing on the influence law of the content of AIN on the electronic packaging material, the experimental results show that the thermal conductivity reaches 3.8 W/(m⋅K) when the mass percentage of AIN reach more than 60%. The Td in N2 is 524°C. The surface of AIN is modified by the macromolecular coupling agent GBM to increase the compatibility of AIN with the Polymeric materials. The tensile strength of PI/AlN composite is 170 MPa, and the material has good insulation performance when the temperature rises to 200°C under 120 kV/mm electric field, which meets the application requirements of high-density chip packaging.

Hydriding reaction kinetics of cerium-lanthanum alloy was studied by the pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) method combined with in-situ microscope. The hydride nucleation and the H2 consumption rate approximately follow an exponential model at the initial time. Furthermore, the H2 consumption rate and the hydride nucleation were accelerated by the doped lanthanum (1–10%). The growth rate of the hydride sites approximately follows a linear law and it is not affected by the lanthanum content. An approximate parabola relation between the induction time and lanthanum content is evident. The hydriding reaction rate is accelerated by the doped lanthanum, which manifest as the accelerated H2 consumption rate, decreased induction time and accelerated nucleation. The results of XRD, Raman spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) show that the oxide layer is constituted of CeO2 layer and nonstoichiometric transition layer, and the doped lanthanum can increase the concentration of the oxygen vacancies. The oxygen vacancies increase the active sites to accelerate the dissociation of absorbed hydrogen molecule and offers additional short-circuit diffusion paths to accelerate the transport of hydrogen atom in the oxide layer.

To fulfill the principles of green chemistry, renewable magnolol and furfurylamine were taken to synthesize benzoxazine under microwave irradiation using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as the solvent. The reaction was monitored by the yield of target compound under varied conditions. Only in 5 min, the yield of target benzoxazine monomer (M-fa) could be high up to 73.5% in PEG 600 system, indicating the desired advantage of microwave irradiation for benzoxazine synthesis. After the chemical structure of M-fa was confirmed, its polymerization behavior, processability, and thermo-mechanical properties were carefully evaluated. The cured resins presented a high glass transition temperature of 303 °C and exceedingly good thermal stability with 5% and 10% weight-loss temperature higher than 440 and 463 °C, respectively, and a char yield of 61.3%. In addition, M-fa demonstrated viscosity lower than 1 Pa·s during the temperature range from 100 to 194 °C, which indicated its good processability. This work provided u...

A hyaluronidase-responsive polysaccharide supramolecular assembly was constructed from an amphiphilic β-cyclodextrin bearing seven hexylimidazolium units (AMCD), adamantyl-grafted hyaluronic acid, and chlorambucil, which showed specific cancer cell targeting and controlled drug release abilities. Interestingly, ternary supramolecular assembly can disassemble in the presence of hyaluronidase, and the released AMCD can assemble with ATP to form a stable 1 : 1 complex, which enhanced the efficacy of chlorambucil on cancer chemotherapy by inhibiting ATP hydrolysis.

Isometric mapping algorithm and stochastic neighbor embedding algorithm are both important nonlinear dimension reduction algorithms in manifold learning algorithm, which are used to reduce the dimension of data from the perspective of popular distance and probability respectively, both of these algorithms will eventually come down to a nonlinear optimization problem, but usually the optimization methods we use, gradient descent and Stochastic gradient descent, can easily lead to the trap of local MINIMA, therefore, in order to obtain better global convergence and faster convergence speed, we need a better algorithm to replace it, that is, the combined manifold wolves algorithm introduced in this paper.

Endowing epoxy resins with simultaneously improved flame retardancy, toughness and strength as well as glass transition temperature (Tg) is a big challenge for us. Herein, a hyperbranched flame retardant (HBFR) with rigid backbone structure was synthesized through a facile strategy. Upon the incorporation of HBFR, the modified diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) with phosphorus content of only 0.24 wt% exhibited better flame retardancy beyond expectation, showing UL-94 V-0 rating and limited oxygen index (LOI) above 32.6 vol%. Meanwhile, the modified epoxy resin demonstrated superior toughness, indicated by the more than 96% increment in impact strength both at 25 and −196°C, due to the enlarged free volume originated from hyperbranched structures. Furthermore, the Tg, flexural strength and modulus of modified epoxy systems were also significantly increased because of the rigid backbone structure and high crosslinking density afforded by HBFR. This work provided us an attractive strategy for simultaneously improving the flame retardancy, toughness, Tg and strength of commercial epoxy resins.

Non-noble metal catalysts with high-performance are intensively exploited toward water electrolysis. Herein, we fabricate a novel Ni3S2@Co(OH)2 heterostructure with a tentative method combining hydrothermal method with electrodeposition, in which the Ni3S2 nanosheets are evenly integrated with Co(OH)2 nanoparticles. Electrochemical tests reveal preeminent catalytic activities and durability on this heterostructure for both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). It presents high catalytic activities of 110 and 257 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for HER and OER, respectively, in 1.0 M KOH solution. Moreover this bifunctional electrode requires only 1.61 V to reach 10 mA cm−2 and shows excellent durability when assembled as an electrolyzer, superior than that of Pt-C||IrO2. The promoted activities are benefited from the interfacial cooperation and synergistic effect between Ni3S2 and Co(OH)2, because of which the charge-transfer ability is enhanced and surface reactivity is of furtherance. This work is of very profound significance on electrocatalysts for water splitting, specific performances: (1) This heterostructure is synthesized based on interface engineering. (2) The promoted performance is due to the synergistic effect of two onefold-components. (3) The catalysis activities for HER and OER can synchronously reach ideal states when it is used as bifunctional catalyst.

The hydriding reaction kinetics of cerium-lanthanum alloys was investigated using a pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) method combined with hot-stage microscopy. The H2 consumption rate and hydride area approximately followed an exponential growth model during the initial hydriding period. The H2 consumption rate was found to be proportional to the hydride area and the square root of the H2 pressure. The hydriding kinetics varied among the alloys. The hydriding rate was clearly enhanced by doping with La (0–5%), which was reflected by the decreased induction time, increased H2 consumption rate and increased hydride nucleation rate. Raman spectroscopy and theoretical analysis results suggested that oxygen vacancies may play important roles in the hydriding process.

Non-noble metal electrocatalysts with great efficiency have been extensively explored for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline solutions. Herein we demonstrate that the hierarchical MoS 2 -ZnO-Ni supported on nickel substrates is a highly active electrocatalyst for HER, which is synthesized through a facile and efficient two-step process: (i) the electrodeposition of composite on nickel substrate, (ii) the dealloying of ZnO from the hybrid. This catalyst exhibits an overpotential of 129 mV at 10 mA cm − 2 and a Tafel slope of 78 mV dec − 1 . Additionally, benefiting from its excellent durability it demonstrates only a decay of 20 mV under a high constant current density of 130 mA cm − 2 for 24 h. Therefore, the electrodeposition and subsequent dealloying strategy presented in this paper provides a novel and facile method to synthesize efficient catalysts for HER.

It is highly desired yet very challenging to overcome the flammability and brittleness of epoxy resin without compromising its glass transition temperature (Tg). Herein, an epoxy-terminated hyperbranched flame retardant (EHBFR) was designed and synthesized from 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), and renewable protocatechualdehyde as well as guaiacol. When the synthesized EHBFR was taken to modify diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), it is found that the incorporation of EHBFR remarkably improved its fire safety, endowing it with a UL-94 V-0 rating and a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 33.0 vol%. Meanwhile, the notched impact strength of modified DGEBA at 25 and −196 °C (quenched by liquid nitrogen) exhibited significant increment by 135% (from 3.39 to 7.97 KJ/m2) and 114% (from 2.34 to 5.01 KJ/m2), respectively. Moreover, the Tg of modified epoxy resin did not show any decrease, and even increased from 172 to 194 °C when the content of EHBFR was 10 wt%, due to the synergistic effect of rigid DOPO-containing groups and high crosslink density. This work offers an efficient strategy for constructing high-performance epoxy thermosets with excellent flame retardancy, superior toughness and strength, as well as elevated Tg.

Smart meter terminals are some of the most familiar monitoring unit. As recent research because of poor contact, aging, corrosion and other factors, the terminal of smart meter will cause heat, and eventually lead to the burnout of the meter.simulation. In this paper, we summarize how NTC temperature sensors can be operated, and their working principle is presented. Then the thermal of the smart meter is simulated by computer and we also discuss the advantages of this sensor.

Accelerometers are some of the most familiar micro electronic mechanical system (MEMS) sensor. Accelerometers are used in many fields, such as vehicle braking, mobile phone, gauge check and so on. In this paper, we summarize how accelerometers sensors can be operated, and their working principle is presented, and then the fabrication process of the accelerometers sensors is presented. Then we conducted a preliminary test on the performance of the sensor and discuss the optimization scheme of manufacturing process.

With the development of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technology, GNSS combination of the multi-frequency and multi-system application will become one of the main development trends of GNSS navigation and positioning. Multi-system combined positioning can not only greatly increase the number of available satellites, but also improve satellite space geometry and improve positioning accuracy and stability. Based on the GNSS multi-system baseline data processing theory, this paper studies the observations of GNSS multi-system combination positioning including the linear combinations, data preprocessing, function model of data combination, stochastic model, etc., and then uses the measured data to verify and analyze the experiment.

In polymer science and industry, the important role of thermosetting resin is well-recognized. However, most thermosets suffer from the overdependence on petroleum resource and in addition are linked to environmental concerns. The development of sustainable thermosetting resins thus has become an objective of contemporary research. Addressing this need generally requires renewable feedstocks, satisfied comprehensive properties, and long service life or recyclability. Herein, a systematic overview regarding recent advances in sustainable thermosetting resins is provided. Firstly, the origins and access of bio-based platform compounds successfully applied in the bio-based thermosetting resins are being discussed. Subsequently, the synthesis, structure-property relationships, and methodologies for the functionalization of three typical bio-based thermosets, including benzoxazine, epoxy resin and unsaturated polyester, are being reviewed. Finally, strategies for the recycling of bio-based thermoset waste products are being presented. The objective of this work is not only to summarize the recent progress on sustainable thermosets, but also help us understand them more deeply and widely in a short time, so as to promote their faster development.

Fabrication of mechanically robust and catalyst-free vitrimers is of great importance, but often challenging. Herein, a facile strategy to achieve this goal by incorporation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds into the dynamic covalent network is demonstrated. Specifically, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) is reacted with bio-renewable malic acid (MA) to generate a UV-curable resin containing ester linkages. On account of the proximity between the α-carbonyl and β-hydroxyl groups in MA, six-membered-ring intramolecular hydrogen bonds (O-H⋯O=C) are formed in the cross-linked network. This formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds endows the network with enhanced and outstanding mechanical properties, showing tensile strength and Young's modulus of 117.7 MPa and 3.66 GPa, respectively. Meanwhile, the network is able to efficiently alter its topology without external catalyst through transesterifications reactions at high temperatures. We attributed this phenomenon to the presence of intramolecular hydrogen bonds which make the α-carbonyl carbon more positive and be more reactive towards nucleophilic attack, and thus facilitate the transesterification reaction. This work suggests a promising route to achieve catalyst-free thermosets with superior mechanical performances, good self-healing ability and reprocessability.

A novel microcantilever biosensor was batch-fabricated with integrated circuit compatible micro-electro-mechanical system technology for joint detection of liver cancer biomarkers with high sensitivity, high throughput, high specification, and good precision. A micro-cavity was designed in the free end of the cantilever for local antibody-immobilization using micro-printing system, which can dramatically reduce the effect of adsorption-induced stiffness coefficient $k$ variation. A linear relationship between the resonance frequency shift and the antigen concentration was observed for three liver cancer biomarkers, alpha-fetoprotein, $\gamma $ -glutamyl transpeptidase II, and hepatocyte growth factor. In addition, the presented immunosensing method has little cross reactivity to different antigens, paving the way to a highly specific technique. These approaches will promote clinical application of the cantilever sensors in early cancer diagnosis.

With the purpose to obtain an eco-friendly flame retardant for epoxy resin, a facile method for the synthesis of a bio-based epoxy monomer containing DOPO units (DGEBDB) from lignin-derived vanillin and guaiacol, was presented in this work. During the synthesis process, guaiacol acted as both reactant and solvent. And it could be recycled in situ and re-used as the fresh one. In order to evaluate the flame retardancy of DGEBDB, it was mixed with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and cured with 4,4-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM). Results showed that, DGEBDB demonstrated a good compatibility with DGEBA, and the mechanical properties of cured resins were obviously improved with the addition of DGEBDB. As expected, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of cured resin reached 30.2% with the content of phosphorus only 0.67 wt%, in which the weight ratio between DGEBDB and DGEBA was 1:9 (B1D9/DDM). When the weight ratio of DGEBDB to DGEBA was further increased to 2:8 for the B2D8/DDM system, the UL-94 V-0 grade was achieved. Meanwhile, the mechanism of DGEBDB in improving the flame retardancy of cured resin was discussed and revealed. This easily available and eco-friendly DGEBDB was proved to be a highly efficient reactive flame retardant for epoxy resin.

Using renewable resource to synthesize UV-curable coatings with self-healing properties is of great significance to environmental protection and sustainable development. Herein, two bio-based UV-curable monomers itaconic acid-glycidyl methacrylate (IG) and 2-furoic acid-glycidyl methacrylate (FG) were synthesized from the renewable itaconic acid (IA) and 2-furoic acid (FA) under solvent-free condition. After their chemical structure was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), FG was mixed with IG at different ratios to prepare the UV-curing coating films. Their thermal, mechanical and coating properties were investigated in detail. Results showed that the bio-based films with varied properties could be easily obtained by adjusting the weight ratio of IG and FG. Remarkably, they all demonstrated excellent self-healing, repairable and remodel abilities. For the first time, this work reported the bio-based UV-curable coatings with good repair-ability only with the assistance of heating, which should be a remarkable progress towards the sustainable development of organic coatings.

Cantilever-based sensor is kind of the most popular MEMS sensor. In this paper, by taking an example the process of analyzing a transducer is explained, such as building models and performing mathematic operations on result data to get the performance parameters of a cantilever-based sensor. We also state the principle of the cantilever bio-sensor. In the meantime we explain the theory of the operating of cantilever, and a cantilever sensor design guided by mechanical simulation.

A novel cantilever array-based bio-sensor was batch-fabricated with IC compatible MEMS technology for precise liver cancer bio-marker detection. A micro-cavity was designed in the free end of the cantilever for local antibody-immobilization, thus adsorption of the cancer biomarker is localized in the micro-cavity, and the adsorption-induced k variation can be dramatically reduced with comparison to that caused by adsorption of the whole lever. The cantilever is pizeoelectrically driven into vibration which is pizeoresistively sensed by Wheatstone bridge. These structural features offer several advantages: high sensitivity, high throughput, high mass detection accuracy, and small volume. In addition, an analytical model has been established to eliminate the effect of adsorption-induced lever stiffness change and has been applied to precise mass detection of cancer biomarker AFP, the detected AFP antigen mass (7.6 pg/ml) is quite close to the calculated one (5.5 pg/ml), two orders of magnitude better than the value by the fully antibody-immobilized cantilever sensor. These approaches will promote real application of the cantilever sensors in early diagnosis of cancer.

Dry etching process are some of the most familiar MEMS technology. In this paper, we study the rate enhancements observed through operation of the power of plasma source and the oxygen flow rate in a single step at low temperature for high dose implanted photoresist removal.

A new strategy for the property regulation of polybenzoxazine via the regiochemistry of amide substituents was reported in this work. After the benzoxazine isomers, 2,6BAP-abz and 3,5BAP-abz, were synthesized, their chemical structures were confirmed by NMR, FT-IR and MS spectra. Then, how does the regiochemistry of amide substituent regulate the curing behaviors of benzoxazine monomers, as well as the thermal properties and flame retardancy of cured resins, poly(2,6BAP-abz) and poly(3,5BAP-abz), were investigated. Results showed that the intramolecular H-bonding involved with the ortho-CONH and O in oxazine ring in 3,5BAP-abz was much stronger than that in 2,6BAP-abz, which was responsible for its higher curing reactivity. As for the cured resin, poly(2,6BAP-abz) demonstrated higher glass transition temperature (Tg) and lower surface free energy (SFE) due to the formation of more intramolecular N–H⋯N interaction between pyridine and ortho-CONH. In addition, this H-bonding was also related with the oxazole ring formation temperature and fire retardancy of poly(2,6BAP-abz) and poly(3,5BAP-abz). Overall, a deeper insight into the effect of regiochemistry on properties of polybenzoxazine was achieved.