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Background Kell is highly immunogenic after ABO and Rh blood group system, and anti-Kell antibodies have been linked to hemolytic transfusion reaction and fetal hemolytic disease in newborns. The antithetic KEL1/KEL2, KEL3/KEL4, and KEL6/KEL7 antigens are expressed in the Kell blood group system. At least 36 antigens are carried on a single 93 kDa red-cell trans-membrane protein in the Kell blood system. This study aimed to review different literature on the kell blood group and associated phenotypes and to find out the epidemiology and frequency of different Kell antigens all over the world. Methods Epidemiological studies of Kell antigens (2000 to 2022) were extracted to capture all reported data of different kell genotypes/phenotypes from different populations. Different databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, JSTOR, Scopus, and Science Direct were accessed to download all the published data reporting different percentages of kell antigens. Results A total of 250 research papers and articles were downloaded; 60 studies met our inclusion criteria. Most of the research studies consisted of KEL1/KEL2, KEL3/ KEL4, and KEL6/KEL7. According to this meta-analysis, the prevalence of KEL1 and KEL3 are lower than KEL2 (100%) and KEL4 (100%). In all captured studies the prevalence of KEL1 ranged from 0 to 23.6%, KEL2 from 0 to 100%, KEL3 from 0 to 11.7%, KEL4 100%, KEL5 0%, KEL6 100%, and KEL7 was 97.31%. Discussion This is the first meta-analysis to check the occurrence of Kell blood antigens frequency and the spectrum of variants associated with it in populations of the world. This review will help to identify which is the common antigen of the Kell blood group system and how it can affect the person by disease associated with it.

Natural products embedded crown ethers were prepared by utilizing bioactive natural products including chrysin, tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ), and biochanin-A. The prepared crown ether scaffolds were evaluated and compared with their natural product precursors for insulin secretory activity on isolated mice islets and for their fluorescent properties. All the crown adducts were found more active as compared to their natural product precursors. Bischrysin 32-crown-10 (6d), THIQ 15-Crown-5 (6a) and chrysin 16-crown-5 (6c) showed mild, moderate and strong insulin secretory activity, respectively when compared with the standard drug tolbutamide (TB). Particularly crown derivative 6c showed strong activity (31.10 ng/islet/h) that is almost two (02) fold higher than that of standard drug TB (16.82 ng/islet/h). To the best of our knowledge crown ethers based antidiabetic study is being reported for the first time in literature through this work. Furthermore, fluorescence study showed the significant increase in absorption and emission maximum (hypsochromic effect) in crown structures when compared with their natural product precursors. Present optimistic results obtained from this study may be a guided template for developing new effective insulin secretory agents.

A one-pot three-component protocol was designed for cascade synthesis of novel heterocyclic amino-1,8-naphthyridines. Materials synthesis is confirmed by NMR (1H and 13C) and structures are verified by computational models. The in vitro phytotoxic and urease enzyme inhibition studies with IC50 ranges from 23.76 ± 0.027 µM to 67.46 ± 3.93 indicating significant pharmacological activity of synthesized compounds. Osiris calculations results confirm the non-mutagenicity and non-irritating patterns. Molinspiration calculations values of 3.49–3.94 indicate the permeability of the derivates through membranes. Amino-1,8-naphthyridines are used for the first time in electrochemical sensing of DNA. The mechanism of interaction between DNA and amino-1,8-naphthyridine derivatives is evaluated via a constant current potentiometric method. Different electrochemical parameters such as scan rate, binding time, and effect of concentration of DNA are optimized. The strong interaction of these compounds with the human DNA under physiological conditions justified their potential applications as biosensors after further optimization.

A numerical research on uniformly heat generating γ Al2O3–H2O nanofluid filled square cavity with multiple obstacles of different shapes is carried out. The cavity is assumed to be heated at bottom and cooled by vertical walls with linearly varying temperature. An adiabatic condition is assumed at the top of the cavity. Circular, square and triangular shaped obstacles are considered. The mathematical model has been solved using Galerkin finite element method. Results are presented for streamlines, isotherms, local and mean Nusselt numbers. Multiple rotating cells are observed in the streamlines. It is found that the local and mean Nusselt numbers increase with nanoparticle volume fraction and higher heat transfer is achieved in the cavity with triangular obstacles., Nanofluids; Square cavity; Multiple obstacles; Internal heat generation.

The spatially distributed nanosensors move through the body for detecting different physiological information which is collected by the nanorouter for further disease diagnosis and treatment. The presented study addresses the primary challenge of data collection with minimum energy consumption by proposing a novel approach that exploits the moving nature of Intrabody nanonetwork. The adaptive and self-organized mobility of nanorouter is achieved by employing Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) model. The PSO based nanorouter mobility model covers how efficiently data is collected from the targeted event area. Efficient collection of data encompasses aggregating data from a maximum number of nodes to ensure a certain level of data accuracy as well as without consuming significant energy resources. The simulation results validate that nanorouter mobility assists in prolonging network lifetime as well as data collection from the maximum number of deployed nanonodes also guarantees increased reliability and accuracy of detected information.

A numerical treatment for the unsteady viscous-Ohmic dissipative flow of hybrid ferrofluid over a contracting cylinder is provided in this study. The hybrid ferrofluid was prepared by mixing a 50% water (H2O) + 50% ethylene glycol (EG) base fluid with a hybrid combination of magnetite (Fe3O4) and cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) ferroparticles. Suitable parameters were considered for the conversion of partial differential equations (PDEs) into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The numerical solutions were established by expanding the unknowns and employing the truncated series of shifted Legendre polynomials. We begin by collocating the transformed ODEs by setting the collocation points. These collocated equations yield a system of algebraic equations containing shifted Legendre coefficients, which can be obtained by solving this system of equations. The effect of the various influencing parameters on the velocity and temperature flow profiles were plotted graphically and discussed in detail. The effects of the parameters on the skin friction coefficient and heat transfer rates were further presented. From the discussion, we come to the understanding that Eckert number considerably decreases both the skin friction coefficient and the heat transfer rate.

A numerical research on uniformly heat generating γ Al2O3–H2O nanofluid filled square cavity with multiple obstacles of different shapes is carried out. The cavity is assumed to be heated at bottom and cooled by vertical walls with linearly varying temperature. An adiabatic condition is assumed at the top of the cavity. Circular, square and triangular shaped obstacles are considered. The mathematical model has been solved using Galerkin finite element method. Results are presented for streamlines, isotherms, local and mean Nusselt numbers. Multiple rotating cells are observed in the streamlines. It is found that the local and mean Nusselt numbers increase with nanoparticle volume fraction and higher heat transfer is achieved in the cavity with triangular obstacles.

Four series of heterocyclic compounds, namely, tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine thione derivatives were synthesized in good to excellent yields and were screened for their in vitro antileishmanial activities against Leishmania major (promastigotes). Most of the compounds showed significant antileishmanial activity within the range of IC50 = 15.48–39.36 μM when compared with standard pentamidine (IC50 = 14.95 μM). The structure-activity relationship showed that N-3 and N-5 substituents have a key role against leishmanicidal activity. The ester analogues (series B) were found to have a 1.5 to 5-fold reduced activity compared to their acidic counterparts. Cytotoxicity against mammalian mouse fibroblast 3 T3 cells was also evaluated and compared between the acid and its ester analogue. The reduction of antileishmanial activity and loss of toxicity in the newly developed THTT ester derivative indicates that these compounds can be used as a template study for the production of effective antileishmanial ester prodrugs.

Potential of Laccase (Lac) for the decolorization of orange G dye in the presence of natural redox mediator was investigated. Dye degradation was confirmed by Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Lac showed promising efficiency for the degradation of dye and redox mediator enhanced it significantly. At the Lac activity of 156.78 IU/mL, the Orange G dye was degraded up to 61.45%. The Lac activity increased significantly in the presence of Punica granatum peel extracts as a source of redox mediator and reached at 279.27 IU/mL and orange G dye decolorization was increased up to 85% and at the optimum conditions of process variables, up to 97% dye degradation was achieved. The phytotoxicity was evaluated by measuring germination of Trigonella foenum-graecum L seed in treated and untreated dye. The seed germination was inhibited 100% in untreated dye solution and germination was recorded to be 81.03% when seeds are exposed to treated dye solution. Lac (P. sojar-caju) in the presence of natural redox mediator (P. granatum peal) proved to be efficient for the biodegradation of dye, which could possibly be used for the remediation of dyes in textile wastewater.

Many researcher has paid their to explore and monitor the under water environment. There are lot of application of Underwater WSNs like environment monitoring, exploration of under water surfaces, disaster preventions assisted navigation etc. Underwater sensors are totally different from the terrestrial sensors. Terrestrial sensor network uses the radio signal and underwater sensor network uses the acoustic signal. As the radio signal has not good strength that it can propagate in the water. The Radio signal can propagate over the large distance as compared to the acoustic signals. Therefore, acoustic signal are used. In this paper, we propose Energy Hole Repairing Depth based routing protocol (EHRDBR) and Interference-Bandwidth aware Depth based routing (IBDBR) protocol. In both protocols, nodes move toward the specific area where the other node dies and cover the energy hole. In EHRDBR, forwarder node is selected on the basis of the interference residual energy, and depth parameters. In IBDBR, interference, bandwidth, residual energy, and depth parameters are used to select the forward node. Our protocols have performed better in network lifetime, throughput and ene to end delay.

The main purpose of the Wireless Sensor Network protocols is to enhance the network life time and balance the energy consumption in network. Sensor nodes send their data to the BS. So the nodes which are far away from the BS need more energy to send data. To overcome this problem we introduce a multilevel hierarchical protocol which enhances network lifetime and balance energy consumption. Initially, we introduce up to 5 levels in which whole network is divided into different levels based on the distance of node from the BS. We evaluate our protocol performance with LEACH and with 2, 3, 4, and 5 level schemes. We observe that our proposed technique outperforms LEACH protocol in life-time of the network, energy consumption, throughput and delay of the packets. Simulation results prove increase network Life time and high throughput with minimum delay.

In order to increase network life time scalable, efficient and adaptive routing protocols are need of current time. Many energy efficient protocols have been proposed, the Clustering algorithm is also a basic technique used for energy efficiency. In this paper we propose an energy efficient routing protocol that is based on Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm of Bio Inspired. The presented protocol efficiently utilized characteristics of ABC algorithm such as foraging principle and waggle dance of honey bees. Waggle dance technique is used to find Routing Node (RN) that has maximum energy. Simulation results proves increase network life time and high throughput with minimum delay.