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Acidophiles are a group of microorganisms that thrive in acidic environments where pH level is far below the neutral value 7.0. They belong to a larger family called extremophiles, which is a group that thrives in various extreme environmental conditions which are normally inhospitable to other organisms. Several human activities such as mining, construction and other industrial processes release highly acidic effluents and wastes into the environment. Those acidic wastes and wastewaters contain different types of pollutants such as heavy metals, radioactive, and organic, whose have adverse effects on human being as well as on other living organisms. To protect the whole ecosystem, those pollutants containing effluents or wastes must be clean properly before releasing into environment. Physicochemical cleanup processes under extremely acidic conditions are not always successful due to high cost and release of toxic byproducts. While in case of biological methods, except acidophiles, no other microorganisms cannot survive in highly acidic conditions. Therefore, acidophiles can be a good choice for remediation of different types of contaminants present in acidic conditions. In this review article, various roles of acidophilic microorganisms responsible for removing heavy metals and radioactive pollutants from acidic environments were discussed. Bioremediation of various acidic organic pollutants by using acidophiles was also studied. Overall, this review could be helpful to extend our knowledge as well as to do further relevant novel studies in the field of acidic pollutants remediation by applying acidophilic microorganisms.

Over the past decade, nanotechnology has been developed and employed across various entities. Among the numerous nanostructured material types, enzyme-incorporated nanomaterials have shown great potential in various fields, as an alternative to biologically derived as well as synthetically developed hybrid structures. The mechanism of incorporating enzyme onto a nanostructure depends on several factors including the method of immobilization, type of nanomaterial, as well as operational and environmental conditions. The prospects of enzyme-incorporated nanomaterials have shown promising results across various applications, such as biocatalysts, biosensors, drug therapy, and wastewater treatment. This is due to their excellent ability to exhibit chemical and physical properties such as high surface-to-volume ratio, recovery and/or reusability rates, sensitivity, response scale, and stable catalytic activity across wide operating conditions. In this review, the evolution of enzyme-incorporated nanomaterials along with their impact on our society due to its state-of-the-art properties, and its significance across different industrial applications are discussed. In addition, the weakness and future prospects of enzyme-incorporated nanomaterials were also discussed to guide scientists for futuristic research and development in this field.

In this present study, silver (Ag) and titanium dioxide (TiO

Peat is known as problematic ground with low bearing capacity and extensively high compressibility. Bio-cementation or commonly known as microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) has been recently introduced as a ground improvement alternative for peat under waterlogged condition. Using isolated bacteria strains P19 and P21 from tropical peat, it is found that unconfined compression strength (UCS) increases with bacteria concentration at a reducing rate. A maximum unconfined compressive strength of 82.05 kPa was measured with bacteria strain P21 at 108 CFU/mL. For the range of cementation reagent varying from 0.1 to 4.0 mol/kg, the largest strength improvement occurred at 1 mol/kg and 2 mol/kg using indigenous bacteria and bacteria strain P21, respectively, for peat with sand content of 25%. At 4.0 mol/kg, the cementation reagent has detrimental effect to MICP resulting in significant reduction in strength. Due to MICP, the UCS of peat increases with sand content. Calcium carbonate precipitation results in a reduction of permeability and an increment of strength of peat–sand mixture under a submerged condition up to 28 days.

In daily life, energy plays a critical role. Hydrogen energy is widely recognized as one of the cleanest energy carriers available today. However, hydrogen must be produced as it does not exist freely in nature. Various methods are available for hydrogen production, including electrolysis, thermochemical technology, and biological methods. This study explores the production of biological hydrogen through the degradation of organic substrates by anaerobic microorganisms. Bacillus paramycoides and Cereibacter azotoformans strains were selected as they have not yet been studied for biological hydrogen fermentation. This study investigates the ability of these microorganisms to produce biological hydrogen. Initially, the cells were identified using cell morphology study, gram staining procedure, and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene polymerase chain reaction. The cells were revealed as Bacillus paramycoides (MCCC 1A04098) and Cereibacter azotoformans (JCM 9340). Moreover, the growth behaviour and biological hydrogen production of the dark and photo fermentative cells were studied. The inoculum concentrations experimented with were 1% and 10% inoculum size. This study found that Bacillus paramycoides and Cereibacter azotoformans are promising strains for hydrogen production, but further optimization processes should be performed to obtain the highest hydrogen yield.

The feasibility and performance of Jicama peroxidase (JP) immobilized Buckypaper/polyvinyl alcohol (BP/PVA) membrane for methylene blue (MB) dye removal was investigated in a customized multi-stage filtration column under batch recycle mode. The effect of independent variables, such as influent flow rate, ratio of H2O2/MB dye concentration, and contact time on the dye removal efficiency, were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). To capture the inherent characteristics and better predict the removal efficiency, a data-driven adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is implemented. Results indicated that the optimum dye removal efficiency of 99.7% was achieved at a flow rate of 2 mL/min, 75:1 ratio of H2O2/dye concentration with contact time of 183 min. The model predictions of ANFIS are significantly good compared with RSM, thus resulting in R2 values of 0.9912 and 0.9775, respectively. The enzymatic kinetic parameters, Km and Vmax, were evaluated, which are 1.98 mg/L and 0.0219 mg/L/min, respectively. Results showed that JP-immobilized BP/PVA nanocomposite membrane can be promising and cost-effective biotechnology for the practical application in the treatment of industrial dye effluents.

Green synthesis approaches are gaining significance as promising routes for the sustainable preparation of nanoparticles, offering reduced toxicity towards living organisms and the environment. Nanomaterials produced by green synthesis approaches can offer additional benefits, including reduced energy inputs and lower production costs than traditional synthesis, which bodes well for commercial-scale production. The biomolecules and phytochemicals extracted from microbes and plants, respectively, are active compounds that function as reducing and stabilizing agents for the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Microorganisms, such as bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and algae, have been used in nanomaterials' biological synthesis for some time. Furthermore, the use of plants or plant extracts for metal and metal-based hybrid nanoparticle synthesis represents a novel green synthesis approach that has attracted significant research interest. This review discusses various biosynthesis approaches

Enzyme-incorporated hybrid nanostructures are the immobilization of enzymes and inorganic components that exhibits promising characteristics in various industries. The immobilization of enzymes onto nanomaterial is naturally based to accommodate the enzymatic activity, stability, recyclability as well as their catalytic functions. The designing of these conjugates can improve the overall enzymatic performance by imparting their novel properties onto the system in comparison to conventional free enzymes which experience drawbacks in terms of deactivation or denaturing. A facile and ultrafast method is described in this paper to synthesize a novel enzyme-incorporated lipase/Cu3(PO4)2 hybrid nanoflower (NF). The physical properties of the hybrid NF allow easier retrieval which indicates its higher reusability and recyclability value. The enzyme loading capacity was found to be 95.1% whereas, the catalytic performance of lipase/Cu3(PO4)2 hybrid NF at the optimal conditions resulted in a specific enzyme activity of 1752 U/g corresponding to an increment of 90.5% to that of free lipase. This indicates that the well-designed lipase/Cu3(PO4)2 hybrid NF to be highly efficient in industrial biocatalytic applications. Meanwhile, in future work, we aim to study its operational stability and reusability to enzymatically degrade biopolymers through hydrolysis process.

Industrial revolution has created high dependent on fossil fuels for energy creation. However, combustion of fossil fuels has created excessive amount of greenhouse gases, hence led to climate change. Thus, renewable energy has been proposed to alleviate the environmental pollution issues around the globe. One of the promising renewable energies is green hydrogen energy. Commercialized technologies such as electrolysis and thermochemical reaction are utilized to form hydrogen energy. Nonetheless, these processes require high energy and yet producing greenhouse gases that harm the environment. In this study, biodegradation process to produce hydrogen energy has been explored. To our knowledge, Bacillus paramycoides strain has not yet been investigated for biological hydrogen evolution. Therefore, in this paper, the ability of Bacillus paramycoides to produce biological hydrogen has been studied. The rod-shaped and gram-positive Bacillus paramycoides was identified under scanning electron microscope and gram staining procedure. Furthermore, biological hydrogen generation by Bacillus sp. was experimented for 96 hours. The result shows that 4668 ± 120 ppm cumulative hydrogen gas was generated through dark fermentation process. For Bacillus sp. growth study, lag, log, and stationary phase have been achieved in 96 hours. In a summary, metabolic engineering to degrade abundant biomass wastes is a sustainable pathway to produce hydrogen energy, simultaneously resolve waste management issue around the globe.

Peptides are short sequences of proteins consisting of two or more amino acids that are linked by peptide bonds. Peptide-based designs and drug deliveries can offer several advantages, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihypertensive activities, along with immunomodulatory and antithrombotic properties, with hormone or drug-like potential. Peptide-based therapeutic formulations are used as drug candidates for the treatment of various diseases. However, there are several concerns associated with the efficacy of peptides in pharmaceutical design and delivery, including rapid degradation, limited solubility, and poor permeability. The nanoformulation of peptides has been identified as a promising approach for improving the stability of peptides and providing metabolic stability and bioavailability. This article provides an overview of the advances in the development of peptides for drug design and formulation applications. It discusses various peptide nanoformulation approaches as well as recent developments in the in vitro and in vivo analyses of nanoformulated peptides for pharmaceutical applications.

The palm oil industry has been one of the major economic contributors for Malaysia over the last decade. While contributing to the country's economic growth, the industry has inevitably produced a significant amount of waste materials which are harmful to the environment. Oil palm boiler ashes (OPBA) generated from boiler in mills are disposed in open landfills which are easily carried away by the wind. The disposed ash pollutes the air while spent earth, when left in landfills, produce a pungent odour. The present work investigated the possibility of refining palm oil with raw OPBA and pelletized OPBA as alternate bleaching adsorbents. The performance of different types OPBA (raw, enhanced and pelletized) was investigated to determine their bleaching efficiencies on carotenoid removal at various operating conditions. Crude palm oil samples were refined with these OPBA and compared with commercial bleaching earth to investigate the final refined oil colours. A final refined oil colour of 4.0R was obtained using 0.05 wt% of enhanced OPBA when bleached at 110 °C for 45 min under constant agitation (300 rpm) and subsequently deodorized at 265 °C for 1 h. This study has indicated that the use of enhanced OPBA which could achieve more than high removal of carotenoid could substitute commercial bleaching earths to produce a comparable final refined oil colour rating. The successful substitution of OPBA to replace the conventional bleaching earth in oil refining could significantly reduce the production cost. This is also a sustainable solution for the edible oil processing industries to mitigate the solid waste and contributes to a cleaner environment.

The suitability and efficacy of three-dimensional (3D) graphene, including its derivatives, have garnered widespread attention towards the development of novel, sustainable materials with ecological amenability. This is especially relevant towards its utilization as adsorbents of wastewater contaminants, such as heavy metals, dyes, and oil, which could be majorly attributed to its noteworthy physicochemical features, particularly elevated chemical and mechanical robustness, advanced permeability, as well as large specific surface area. In this review, we emphasize on the adsorptive elimination of oil particles from contaminated water. Specifically, we assess and collate recent literature on the conceptualization and designing stages of 3D graphene-based adsorbents (3DGBAs) towards oil adsorption, including their applications in either batch or continuous modes. In addition, we analytically evaluate the adsorption mechanism, including sorption sites, physical properties, surface chemistry of 3DGBA and interactions between the adsorbent and adsorbate involving the adsorptive removal of oil, as well as numerous effects of adsorption conditions on the adsorption performance, i.e. pH, temperature, initial concentration of oil contaminants and adsorbent dosage. Furthermore, we focus on the equilibrium isotherms and kinetic studies, in order to comprehend the oil elimination procedures. Lastly, we designate encouraging avenues and recommendations for a perpetual research thrust, and outline the associated future prospects and perspectives.

The current study presents the conceptual design of a chemical plant for an annual production of 500 tonne ascorbic acid or Vitamin C with a high purity of 95% via fermentation of d-sorbitol. In this study, two-step fermentation with a single culture process is operated with a proper ISO 14000 Environmental Management procedure. A process flow diagram of the processing plant and the plant-wide simulation flowsheet that was generated by SuperPro Designer Simulation software, as well as the material and energy balances are also depicted. Meanwhile, the process is optimized through the recycling of sorbose and heat integration. By recycling sorbose, the production of ascorbic acid has increased by 24% while the total energy consumption had reduced by 20% after heat integration. Furthermore, economic and sensitivity analysis was performed to calculate the profitability of the plant and predict the effect of market conditions on the investments. After the economic analysis, total capital investment and total production cost for the best scenario were found to be roughly USD 52 million and USD 43 million, respectively with a return on investment of 78.73% and a payback period of 1.17 years since the selling price of Vitamin C is high.

A technical and feasibility assessment has been conducted for gasification of solid agricultural residue to produce hydrogen in Malaysia. The availability and current technologies for using biomass has been reviewed. Flow sheet for the process has been conceptualized and the material and energy balances for the process along with a plant-wide simulation using the software ASPEN Plus have been undertaken. Powdered Nickle Oxide (NIO-B) has been proposed as catalyst to give approximately 95% purity. Furthermore, the economic analyses worst, base and best financial scenarios have been done and in all cases, the rates of investment (ROI) analysis have been undertaken. From the economic analysis, it has been observed that the total estimated cost for a base scenario, the plant would be USD $52,413,276 for an annual feed rate of 241,938,900 kg. Based on current market of hydrogen and carbon dioxide the payback period for the base case plant would be 1.51 years with the total annual profit of USD $11,045,497.79, which corresponds to a ROI of 12.43%.

Dye effluents released from numerous dye-utilizing industries are harmful towards the environment and living things. Consequently, existence of dye effluent in environmental water bodies is becoming a growing concern to environmentalists and civilians. A long term sustainable and efficient dye effluent treatment method should be established to eliminate this issue. Dye wastewater should be treated first before release to minimize its negative impacts towards the environment and living things. However, due to lack of information on efficient dye removal methods, it is difficult to decide on a single technique that resolves the prevailing dye effluent issue. Therefore, this paper reviews existing research papers on various biological, chemical and physical dye removal methods to find its efficiency through percentage of dye removal. Although there are numerous existing tried and tested methods to accomplish dye removal, most of them have a common disadvantage which is the generation of secondary pollution to the environment. This paper highlights enzyme degradation (biological) and adsorption (physical) dye removal as these are known as one of the most efficient dye removal techniques these days. This paper also suggests the usage of a combined adsorbent as it is envisioned that this technique has better efficiency and is able to remove dyes at a faster rate.

The introduction of aptameric ligands onto disk-monolithic adsorbent, representing a unique strategy for convective isolation of target molecules with high specificity and selectivity, is investigated for the first time. Experimental results showed that the disk monolith possessed a good permeability of 1.67 ± 0.05 × 10–14 m2 (RSD = 3.2%). The aptameric ligand density for the aptamer-modified disk monolith was 480 pmol/uL. Chromatographic analysis of the aptamer disk-monolith efficiency showed an optimum linear velocity of 126 cm/min (≈0.25 mL/min) at room temperatures 25 ± 2°C. The theoretical number of plates corresponding to the optimum linear velocity was 128.2 with an height equivalent to the theoretical plate of 0.022 mm. The disk aptamer-immobilised monolithic system demonstrated good selectivity and isolation of thrombin from non-targets.

Urease were known to catalyze the conversion of urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide. Microbial urease has demonstrated its benefits in wide biotechnological, agricultural, medicinal and engineering application. There are number of diverse microbial species contribute to urease activity in different natural habitats like soil, ocean and in various geological formation. For this study, urease bacteria were screened and isolate from acidic peat in Sarawak, Malaysia. Five distinct and diverse bacterial strains that were able to produce urease constitutively were selected to be characterized with respect to morphology, biochemical test, growth conditions and urease activity. The selected strain showed their capability to precipitate calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Hence, the isolates could be potential source of acid ureases that can be use in various industrial utilizations. 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis found that the selected isolates belong to the genus of Bacillus.

The large capacity of wastewater production due to rapid growth of industries has resulted in limited water resources. The need to protect and conserved water resources have enforced researchers worldwide to focus on the development of an effective, economical and environmentally friendly novel materials. In this study, green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using T. diversifolia leaf extract by hydrothermal method was loaded on the surface of flamboyant pods (Delonix regia) activated carbon (FPAC). The developed ZnONPs loaded on the surface flamboyant pods activated carbon (ZnONPs-FPAC) was used successfully to remove of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The developed FPAC, ZnONPs and ZnONPs-FPAC were characterized UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized FPAC, ZnONPs and ZnONPs-FPAC were screened and the results revealed that ZnONPs has an excellent antibacterial activity when compared. Batch adsorption studies were conducted to investigate the influence of process parameters such as initial concentration, contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage and temperature on MB uptake. The high BET surface area of 794.48 m2/g and mesoporous ZnONPS-FPAC developed gave good adsorption capacity of 186 mg/g. Equilibrium adsorption data of MB were modelled using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherm model. The adsorption of MB onto ZnONPs-FPAC was best described by Freundlich model indicating surface heterogeneity, and pseudo-second-order kinetics according to % Δ q e (normalized standard deviation), SSE (sum of square error), and R2 (coefficient of determination) values. The results of the thermodynamic suggest that the adsorption process of MB onto ZnONPs-FPAC is endotherm, favourable, spontaneous, and physical. In nature. The reusability of ZnONPs-FPAC was examined upto five cycles with no significant loss in removal efficiency. The mean free energy (E), and Enthalpy ( Δ H ) values calculated, suggested that the adsorption mechanism of MB on ZnONPs-FPAC is dominated by physical adsorption.

Targeted delivery of drug molecules to specific cells in mammalian systems demonstrates a great potential to enhance the efficacy of current pharmaceutical therapies. Conventional strategies for pharmaceutical delivery are often associated with poor therapeutic indices and high systemic cytotoxicity, and this result in poor disease suppression, low surviving rates, and potential contraindication of drug formulation. The emergence of aptamers has elicited new research interests into enhanced targeted drug delivery due to their unique characteristics as targeting elements. Aptamers can be engineered to bind to their cognate cellular targets with high affinity and specificity, and this is important to navigate active drug molecules and deliver sufficient dosage to targeted malignant cells. However, the targeting performance of aptamers can be impacted by several factors including endonuclease-mediated degradation, rapid renal filtration, biochemical complexation, and cell membrane electrostatic repulsion. This has subsequently led to the development of smart aptamer-immobilized biopolymer systems as delivery vehicles for controlled and sustained drug release to specific cells at effective therapeutic dosage and minimal systemic cytotoxicity. This article reports the synthesis and in vitro characterization of a novel multi-layer co-polymeric targeted drug delivery system based on drug-loaded PLGA-Aptamer-PEI (DPAP) formulation with a stage-wise delivery mechanism. A thrombin-specific DNA aptamer was used to develop the DPAP system while Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) was used as a biopharmaceutical drug in the synthesis process by ultrasonication. Biophysical characterization of the DPAP system showed a spherical shaped particulate formulation with a unimodal particle size distribution of average size ∼0.685 µm and a zeta potential of +0.82 mV. The DPAP formulation showed a high encapsulation efficiency of 89.4 ± 3.6%, a loading capacity of 17.89 ± 0.72 mg BSA protein/100 mg PLGA polymeric particles, low cytotoxicity and a controlled drug release characteristics in 43 days. The results demonstrate a great promise in the development of DPAP formulation for enhanced in vivo cell targeting. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:249-261, 2018.

The pollution of water resources caused by heavy metal ions has become one of the most critical environmental issues nowadays. Recently, carbon nanomaterials have attracted immense attention as superior adsorbents for removal of heavy metal from waste effluents due to their unique structural properties and outstanding performances. Nevertheless, there are some drawbacks which hampered the use of pristine carbon nanomaterials in many applications, particularly their low solubility and dispersability. Numerous researchers have developed various surface modifications of carbon nanomaterial techniques in order to enhance its solubility, stabilities, and efficiencies. In this chapter, a comprehensive review of functionalized carbon nanomaterials, mainly carbon nanotubes and graphene-based materials, for the removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater are addressed. Lastly, challenges and future opportunities of functionalized carbon nanomaterials for the wastewater treatment applications are also included.

The search for effective and sustainable methods to degrade and remove recalcitrant dyes from textile effluents is a major research endeavor, owing to the escalating environmental and health concerns arising from the discharge of coloured effluents into water bodies. Plant-based peroxidases represent a reliable bio-resource for sustainable treatment of coloured effluents with the capacity to offer a continuous process for high throughput operation. The present study investigates the potential use of soybean peroxidase and Luffa acutangula (luffa) peroxidase, extracted from bio-wastes of soybean hulls and luffa skin peels respectively, for enzymatic degradation of azo dye methyl orange from liquid effluents. The enzymatic dye removal process was studied based on the consistent enzymatic activities of crude soybean peroxidase and luffa peroxidase extracts, which were 0.373 U mL −1 and 0.355 U mL −1 respectively. The effects of several process parameters including reaction time, pH, temperature, enzyme dosage, initial dye concentration and hydrogen peroxide concentration were investigated to optimise the performance of the enzymatic treatment process. Soybean peroxidase demonstrated a maximum dye decolourisation efficiency of 81.4% under the conditions of 1 h incubation at 30 °C using 2 mM of hydrogen peroxide, 0.5 mL crude soybean peroxidase and 30 mg L −1 methyl orange at pH 5.0. Also, luffa peroxidase yielded a maximum decolourisation efficiency of 75.3% under the conditions of 40 min at 40 °C using 2 mM hydrogen peroxide, 1.5 mL crude luffa peroxidase and 10 mg L −1 methyl orange at pH 3.0.

Microalgae are an excellent source of bioactive compounds for the production of a wide range of vital consumer products in the biofuel, pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics, and agricultural industries, in addition to huge upstream benefits relating to carbon dioxide biosequestration and wastewater treatment. However, energy-efficient, cost-effective, and scalable microalgal technologies for commercial-scale applications are limited, and this has significantly impacted the full-scale implementation of microalgal biosystems for bioproduct development, phycoremediation, and biorefinery applications. Microalgae culture dewatering continues to be a major challenge to large-scale biomass generation, and this is primarily due to the low cell densities of microalgal cultures and the small hydrodynamic size of microalgal cells. With such biophysical characteristics, energy-intensive solid–liquid separation processes such as centrifugation and filtration are generally used for continuous generation of biomass in large-scale settings, making dewatering a major contributor to the microalgae bioprocess economics. This article analyzes the potential of electroflotation as a cost-effective dewatering process that can be integrated into microalgae bioprocesses for continuous biomass production. Electroflotation hinges on the generation of fine bubbles at the surface of an electrode system to entrain microalgal particulates to the surface. A modification of electroflotation, which combines electrocoagulation to catalyze the coalescence of microalgae cells before gaseous entrainment, is also discussed. A technoeconomic appraisal of the prospects of electroflotation compared with other dewatering technologies is presented.

Targeted drug delivery is a promising strategy to promote effective delivery of conventional and emerging pharmaceuticals. The emergence of aptamers as superior targeting ligands to direct active drug molecules specifically to desired malignant cells has created new opportunities to enhance disease therapies. The application of biodegradable polymers as delivery carriers to develop aptamer-navigated drug delivery system is a promising approach to effectively deliver desired drug dosages to target cells. This study reports the development of a layer-by-layer aptamer-mediated drug delivery system (DPAP) via a w/o/w double emulsion technique homogenized by ultrasonication or magnetic stirring. Experimental results showed no significant differences in the biophysical characteristics of DPAP nanoparticles generated using the two homogenization techniques. The DPAP formulation demonstrated a strong targeting performance and selectivity towards its target receptor molecules in the presence of non-targets. The DPAP formulation demonstrated a controlled and sustained drug release profile under the conditions of pH 7 and temperature 37 °C. Also, the drug release rate of DPAP formulation was successfully accelerated under an endosomal acidic condition of ∼pH 5.5, indicating the potential to enhance drug delivery within the endosomal micro-environment. The findings from this work are useful to understanding polymer-aptamer-drug relationship and their impact on developing effective targeted delivery systems.

Microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) has been used for geotechnical engineering purpose of improving soil properties. This method utilizes the metabolic pathways of non-pathogenic urealytic bacteria to produce calcite (CaCO3) as a binder to bridge soil particles together which lead to increased soil strength and stiffness. Most studies of MICP involving strength improvement were practice with inorganic soil covering sand and fined grain soil. Current study intends to investigate the MICP on the improvement of strength of tropical organic soil. MICP treatment was performed using pre-mixing method instead injection and surface percolation method. Sand as a filler was added to observe its effect on MICP. For this laboratory scale study, the shear response of the treated and untreated samples was evaluated through unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and it was observed that more than 300% increase in strength was achieved.Microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) has been used for geotechnical engineering purpose of improving soil properties. This method utilizes the metabolic pathways of non-pathogenic urealytic bacteria to produce calcite (CaCO3) as a binder to bridge soil particles together which lead to increased soil strength and stiffness. Most studies of MICP involving strength improvement were practice with inorganic soil covering sand and fined grain soil. Current study intends to investigate the MICP on the improvement of strength of tropical organic soil. MICP treatment was performed using pre-mixing method instead injection and surface percolation method. Sand as a filler was added to observe its effect on MICP. For this laboratory scale study, the shear response of the treated and untreated samples was evaluated through unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and it was observed that more than 300% increase in strength was achieved.

Enzymes are known to catalyze reactions at high efficiency, operate at milder conditions and are biodegradable. Due to enzyme limitations such as sensitivity to environmental conditions, enzyme immobilization is often used. The commonly employed immobilization methods include adsorption, entrapment, covalent attachment and cross-linking. Many research works have now focused on the immobilization of enzymes on nanoscale support due to the higher surface area to volume ratio, effective enzyme loading, significantly enhanced mass transfer efficiency and minimization of diffusional problems. The application of enzyme incorporated nanotechnology in the treatment of dye wastewater is thus, of high interest. Therefore, this paper has critically reviewed (1) the current technologies available for dye wastewater treatment; (2) different methods utilized for enzyme immobilization; and (3) the application and performance of enzyme incorporated nanotechnology for dye wastewater treatment. We identified that there is high potential for enzyme incorporated nanotechnology to be implemented in dye wastewater treatment due to the high decolorization performance (e.g. laccase immobilized on Fe3O4/SiO2 nanoparticles achieved 99% decolorization of Procion Red MX-5B in 20 min). We have also identified the key challenges faced by enzyme incorporated nanotechnology in dye wastewater treatment that includes: (i) realization of lab scale experiments to industrial applications; (ii) lack of understanding of enzymes incorporated nanotechnology; (iii) recovery of immobilized enzyme; (iv) synthesis of hybrid nanoflowers; and (v) sustainability of the nanomaterials used.

Peat is known as problematic ground with low bearing capacity and extensively high compressibility. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and lime were usually used to tackle unfavourable characteristics of peat by improving it with its cementation effect. However, little was known of the effect of bio-cementation towards peat improvement. Bio-cementation or commonly known as Microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) has been recently introduced as a ground improvement alternative for geotechnical engineering application. MICP performed by utilising metabolic pathways of non-pathogenic urealytic bacteria that precipitates calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystal as cementation binder that seal soil particles together increasing soil strength. MICP of inorganic soil was extensively explored, and only limited was done for organic soil. This study explores on the effect of different surcharge preloading of 18kPa, 36kPa and 48kPa towards Microbial-Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) treatment of tropical peat. Fibrous peat studied were obtained from Miri, Sarawak and cured under a submerged condition with different vertical preload for seven days. Laboratory study including unconfined compression test, quantification of carbonates precipitated, and moisture content of stabilised specimens was observed to evaluate the performance of stabilisation effort. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of treated specimens was observed to be higher than untreated specimens with the highest increase of UCS up to 469%. However, CaCO3 precipitation amount for this study was observed to decrease with increasing surcharge preload.

Cancer is a leading cause of global mortality. Whilst anticancer awareness programs have increased significantly over the years, scientific research into the development of efficient and specific drugs to target cancerous cells for enhanced therapeutic effects has not received much clinical success. Chemotherapeutic agents are incapable of acting specifically on cancerous cells, thus causing low therapeutic effects accompanied by toxicity to surrounding normal tissues. The search for smart, highly specific and efficient cancer treatments and delivery systems continues to be a significant research endeavor. Targeted cancer therapy is an evolving treatment approach with great promise in enhancing the efficacy of cancer therapies via the delivery of therapeutic agents specifically to and into desired tumor cells using viral or non-viral targeting elements. Viral oncotherapy is an advanced cancer therapy based on the use of oncolytic viruses (OV) as elements to specifically target, replicate and kill malignant cancer cells selectively without affecting surrounding healthy cells. Aptamers, on the other hand, are non-viral targeting elements that are single-stranded nucleic acids with high specificity, selectivity and binding affinity towards their cognate targets. Aptamers have emerged as a new class of bioaffinity targeting elements can be generated and molecularly engineered to selectively bind to diverse targets including proteins, cells and tissues. This article discusses, comparatively, the potentials and impacts of both viral and aptamer-mediated targeted cancer therapies in advancing conventional drug delivery systems through enhanced target specificity, therapeutic payload, bioavailability of the therapeutic agents at the target sites whilst minimizing systemic cytotoxicity. This article emphasizes on effective site-directed targeting mechanisms and efficacy issues that impact on clinical applications.

Microalgal bioprocesses have emerged as sustainable value-adding processes for the development of biochemicals and biomolecules for a wide range of applications to meet vital consumer needs. Microalgae-based proteins, in particular, have gained significant interest from researchers and industries because of their huge potential applications in the development of a wide range of natural products, including food additives, enzymes, nutraceuticals, and probiotics. The development of process technologies covering upstream and downstream operations for the production of intracellular and extracellular proteins from microalgae as main products or by-products is of significant interest. Research efforts are targeted at screening naturally existing microalgae cells to produce specific proteins, genetic modifications of microalgae cells to express recombinant proteins, the design of novel bioreactors with enhanced photon accessibility and hydrodynamics to optimize biomass density and protein metabolism rate, and the development low-energy and environmentally friendly extraction and purification techniques for large-scale production. This chapter reports an overview of the significance of microalgal cultivation systems for protein production as well as recent advances in the development of microalgae proteins. It discusses the bioprocess pipeline for generating proteins from microalgae biomass. This includes microalgae cultivation, harvesting, biomass disruption, and protein extraction and purification techniques to meet commercial scale production. It also presents various biofunctional applications of microalgal proteins in the cosmetic, food, and nutraceutical industries.

The enantio-separation of racemic ibuprofen ester via enzymatic membrane reactor is studied. The lipase-catalyzed resolution technique integrates kinetic resolution (KR) with in situ racemization resulting in 100% optically pure product. A mathematical model of lipase-immobilized hollow fiber membrane reactor incorporating dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of racemic ibuprofen ester is proposed. In the process of developing theoretical models for DKR, two zones were considered: (i) enzymatic hydrolysis of substrate in membrane matrix support and (ii) simultaneous racemization of unreacted substrate outside the membrane. The first part of the modeling work emphasized on the derivation of DKR rate equations for both enantiomers, based on the enzymatic resolution mechanism. The second part of the DKR model was derived by considering the mass transfer in the DKR rate equation. The model was solved using two numerical methods by means of MATLAB® build-in solver. The first numerical technique was based on the explicit Runge–Kutta to solve the system of non-linear first-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) of DKR reaction rate. The second approach was a collocation technique for solving the non-linear second-order ODEs of the convective hydrolysis–racemization phenomena in the membrane layer. A number of process parameters were studied in order to investigate their effects on the concentration profiles and separation efficiency in terms of enantiomeric excess, i.e. ees and eep by simulating the models. The model parameters include Bodenstein number, B0, Thiele modulus, Φ2 and dimensionless racemization constant, γ. The simulation results showed that the hollow fiber membrane operates effectively at B0 = 8.68, γ = 10, Φ2 = 1 with ees = 2% and eep = 98.5%.

The optical purity of non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is one of the concerns in pharmaceutical industries, since the enantiomers demonstrate distinct physical and chemical characters. The production of single enantiomer of NSAIDs through dynamic enzymatic kinetic resolution (DEKR) has been pinpointed as among the promising approach developed in recent years. The substrate conversion and product enantioselectivity could be improved as compared to the conventional kinetic resolution. A combination of enzymatic kinetic resolution (EKR) and base-catalyzed racemization process can guarantee racemic substrate conversion of more than 80 %. The utilization of hollow-fiber membrane as enzyme-mediated reactor significantly improves the DEKR operation. This chapter describes the DEKR of a racemic ibuprofen in enzymatic membrane reactor (EMR), which system has been intensively investigated. From the experimental work, high conversion of the substrate (>90 %) and opticaly pure product (ee P > 95 %) have been obtained. The kinetic model was integrated with that of the mass transfer in the cylindrical hollow-fiber module in order to simulating the entire system by the interaction between the EKR and racemization reaction. The product ((S)-ibuprofen acid) was crystallized and the preliminary toxicity studies were carried out. In conclusion, DEKR of NSAIDs is a promising technology for the production a single enantiomer of NSAIDs.

Phenol and its derivatives exist in various types of industrial effluents, and are known to be harmful to aquatic lives even at low concentrations. Conventional treatment technologies for phenol removal are challenged with long retention time, high energy consumption and process cost. Enzymatic treatment has emerged as an alternative technology for phenol removal from wastewater. These enzymes interact with aromatic compounds including phenols in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, forming free radicals which polymerize spontaneously to produce insoluble phenolic polymers. This work aims to extract peroxidase from agricultural wastes materials and establish its application for phenol removal. Peroxidase was extracted from jicama skin peels under varying extraction conditions of pH, sample-to-buffer ratio (w/v %) and temperature. Experimental results showed that extraction process conducted at pH 10, 40% w/v and 25oC demonstrated a peroxidase activity of 0.79 U/mL. Elevated temperatures slightly enhanced the peroxidase activities. Jicama peroxidase extracted at optimum extraction conditions demonstrated a phenol removal efficiency of 87.5% at pH 7. Phenol removal efficiency was ~ 97% in the range of 30 - 40oC, and H2O2 dosage has to be kept below 100 mM for maximum removal under phenol concentration tested.