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Condensation and sublimation of ices at the surface of the planet is a key part of both the Martian H$_2$O and CO$_2$ cycles, either from a seasonal or diurnal aspect. While most of the ice is located within the polar caps, surface frost is known to be formed during nighttime down to equatorial latitudes. Here, we use data from the Emirates Mars Infrared Spectrometer (EMIRS) onboard the Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) to monitor the diurnal and seasonal evolution of the ices at the surface of Mars over almost one Martian year. The unique local time coverage provided by the instrument allows us to observe the apparition of equatorial CO$_2$ frost in the second half of the Martian night around the equinoxes, to its sublimation at sunrise.

Contrary to Google Search's mission of delivering information from "many angles so you can form your own understanding of the world," we find that Google and its most prominent returned results - Wikipedia and YouTube - simply reflect a narrow set of cultural stereotypes tied to the search language for complex topics like "Buddhism," "Liberalism," "colonization," "Iran" and "America." Simply stated, they present, to varying degrees, distinct information across the same search in different languages, a phenomenon we call 'language bias.' This paper presents evidence and analysis of language bias and discusses its larger social implications. Instead of presenting a global picture of a complex topic, our online searches and emerging tools like ChatGPT turn us into the proverbial blind person touching a small portion of an elephant, ignorant of the existence of other cultural perspectives. Piecing together a genuine depiction of the elephant is a challenging and important endeavor that will require collaborative efforts from scholars in both the humanities and technology.

Experiential learning, in which knowledge acquisition occurs via as opposed to for task performance, represents a core principle of task-based language education. Against this background, virtual reality (VR) holds the potential to provide incidental learning experiences by facilitating communicative, socio-physical interactions across a host of language learning domains. Thus, it is the purpose of this article to describe the use of VR as a medium for task-based language teaching. Specifically, the capabilities of the Oculus Quest VR headset will be outlined by disclosing the background, implementation, and results of a small-scale study in which tertiary-level English as a foreign language participants utilized VR to navigate the information gap game Keep Talking and Nobody Explodes. Key findings indicate that the convergence of VR and commercial game software constitutes engagement that, in keeping with the principles of task-based inquiry, occasions learner collaboration and student-led resolution. More distinct to the VR method, however, is an enhanced sense of presence within its accompanying "world.", {"references":["Smith, M. D., & Kim, D. Y. (2017). On the applications of computer-assisted language learning in a military English context. The Mirae Journal of English Language & Literature, 22(2), 321-338."]}

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-mrj-10.1177_00222437211042013 for Consumer Behavior in the Online Classroom: Using Video Analytics and Machine Learning to Understand the Consumption of Video Courseware by Mi Zhou, George H. Chen, Pedro Ferreira and Michael D. Smith in Journal of Marketing Research

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-mrj-10.1177_00222437211042013 for Consumer Behavior in the Online Classroom: Using Video Analytics and Machine Learning to Understand the Consumption of Video Courseware by Mi Zhou, George H. Chen, Pedro Ferreira and Michael D. Smith in Journal of Marketing Research

Radiative shock waves may be subject to a global thermal instability in which the cooling layer and shock front undergo growing resonant oscillations. For strong hydrodynamic shocks, the presence of the overstability depends on the temperature and density indices of power-law cooling functions and the specific heat ratio, $\alpha$, $\beta$ and $\gamma$, respectively. Here, we investigate the stabilising influence of a transverse magnetic field by introducing the shock Alfv\'en number, $M_a$ as a fourth parameter. We thus investigate the stability criteria for both molecular and atomic shocks under a wide range of conditions. In particular, we find that all molecular shocks in which the cooling increases with the temperature ($\alpha > 0$) are stabilised to the first four modes if $M_a < 20$ ($\beta = 2$). For $\alpha = -0.5$, the first overtone remains stable only for $M_a < 8$. We conclude that molecular shocks in the interstellar medium are probably stabilised by a transverse magnetic field unless exceptional circumstances arise in which the cooling strongly increases as the gas cools., Comment: 12 pages, accepted by MNRAS, references added

We here analyse numerical simulations of supersonic, hypersonic and magnetohydrodynamic turbulence that is free to decay. Our goals are to understand the dynamics of the decay and the characteristic properties of the shock waves produced. This will be useful for interpretation of observations of both motions in molecular clouds and sources of non-thermal radiation. We find that decaying hypersonic turbulence possesses an exponential tail of fast shocks and an exponential decay in time, i.e. the number of shocks is proportional to t exp (-ktv) for shock velocity jump v and mean initial wavenumber k. In contrast to the velocity gradients, the velocity Probability Distribution Function remains Gaussian with a more complex decay law. The energy is dissipated not by fast shocks but by a large number of low Mach number shocks. The power loss peaks near a low-speed turn-over in an exponential distribution. An analytical extension of the mapping closure technique is able to predict the basic decay features. Our analytic description of the distribution of shock strengths should prove useful for direct modeling of observable emission. We note that an exponential distribution of shocks such as we find will, in general, generate very low excitation shock signatures., Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures, accepted to Astronomy & Astrophysics

Supersonic turbulence generates distributions of shock waves. Here, we analyse the shock waves in three-dimensional numerical simulations of uniformly driven supersonic turbulence, with and without magnetohydrodynamics and self-gravity. We can identify the nature of the turbulence by measuring the distribution of the shock strengths. We find that uniformly driven turbulence possesses a power law distribution of fast shocks with the number of shocks inversely proportional to the square root of the shock jump speed. A tail of high speed shocks steeper than Gaussian results from the random superposition of driving waves which decay rapidly. The energy is dissipated by a small range of fast shocks. These results contrast with the exponential distribution and slow shock dissipation associated with decaying turbulence. A strong magnetic field enhances the shock number transverse to the field direction at the expense of parallel shocks. A simulation with self-gravity demonstrates the development of a number of highly dissipative accretion shocks. Finally, we examine the dynamics to demonstrate how the power-law behaviour arises., Comment: accepted to Astron. & Astrophys.; ten pages

In this report, a future scenario concerning the economic direction of the computing industry has been presented. This future scenario was based on past developments within the computing industry. The continued miniaturization of semiconductor components was discussed based on observed trends for transistors. The physical limitations for transistor devices were also addressed. The use of x-ray lithography for the construction of devices on a 3nano-scale2 was considered. Next, cost trends within the microelectronics industry were explored. Although the cost per transistor has been observed to decrease, total equipment costs and facilities costs were observed to rise. Trend extrapolation was next used to predict the future cost per transistor and the number of transistors per chip. By taking the product of these two predicted quantities, an equation for the future manufacturing cost per chip was determined. A parametric cost estimation model (VHSIC Model) for the prediction of avionics computer system costs was modified to reflect the future performance parameters of nanoelectronics. Using data from the x86 design of Intel Microprocessor Chips, undetermined parameters of the Modified VHSIC Model were calculated. Next, future performance parameters were used in the model to predict the initial selling price of future chips. The resulting predictions from this model indicated that chip prices are expected to increase while the price per electronic function will decrease. Finally, profit-time models for semiconductor chips and transistors were derived. These models were used to predict the future profit for a chip or transistor. Master of Engineering

This study critically examines the sociolinguistic positionality of the English language, as situated within The Republic of Korea, employing features of Robert Phillipson’s Linguistic Imperialism framework. Specifically, the primary investigatory aim of this inquiry is an exploration of local stakeholder perceptions concerning Centre-Periphery agency dynamics during Korean EFL adoption. In addition to the work of Phillipson, the secondary research presented here is grounded heavily in locally-produced literature – thereby enabling an analysis that is appreciative of Korean scholarly representation. In doing so, this study intends to answer calls by various Periphery academics for comprehension of nonnative perspectives with reference to the societal impact of global English on distinct language learning milieus. Through a close examination of the conditions presented here, it is determined that local EFL users have recognized English in Korea as being hierarchically rationalized by local elites as necessary to the maintenance of Korean national and transnational advancement. Subsequently, Phillipson’s description of English language internalization via ideological mechanisms is shown to be accurate; moreover, on this occasion, directional causality toward Korea-intrinsic EFL hegemony has been established. Nevertheless, it is determined that theories of Western-driven linguistic imperialism fail to account fully for the functional validity of English language dominance in this context, given the absence of stakeholder recognition for Western agency during these processes.