Search

This survey studies the effects of economic statecraft by China on individual positions on foreign policy in Malaysia. Individuals read a vignette about the upcoming 2022 Olympics and prior instances of economic statecraft by China, then indicate their level of support for human rights criticism of China, economic and military policies pertaining to China, and other specific foreign policy issues

The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of amikacin and penicillin G sodium when administered in combination as an intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP) to horses. Seven healthy adult horses underwent an IVRLP in the cephalic vein with 2 g of amikacin sulfate and 10 mill IU of penicillin G sodium diluted to 60 mL in 0.9% saline. A pneumatic tourniquet set at 450 mmHg was left in place for 30 min. Synovial fluid was collected from the metacarpophalangeal joint 35 min and 2, 6, 12, and 24 h after infusion of the antimicrobials. Concentrations of amikacin and penicillin in synovial fluid were quantitated by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry analysis. Therapeutic concentrations of amikacin and penicillin for equine-susceptible pathogens were achieved in the synovial fluid. Maximum synovial concentrations (Cmax) (mean ± SE) for amikacin and penicillin were 132 ± 33 μg/mL and 8474 ± 5710 ng/mL, respectively. Only 3 horses had detectable levels of penicillin at 6 h and 1 at the 12 h sample. The combination of amikacin with penicillin G sodium via IVDLP resulted in reported therapeutic concentrations of both antibiotics in the synovial fluid. The Cmax:MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) ratio for amikacin was 8:1 and TimeMIC for penicillin was 6 h. At 24 h, the mean concentration of amikacin was still above 4 μg/mL. Terminal elimination rate constants (T1/2 lambdaz) were 13.6 h and 2.8 h for amikacin and penicillin, respectively. The use of IVDLP with penicillin may therefore not be practical as rapid clearance of penicillin from the synovial fluid requires frequent perfusions to maintain acceptable therapeutic concentrations.L’objectif de la présente étude était de déterminer la pharmacocinétique de l’amikacine et de la pénicilline G sodique lorsqu’administrées en combinaison par perfusion intraveineuse régionale d’un membre (PIVRM) à des chevaux. Sept chevaux adultes ont reçu une PIVRM dans la veine céphalique avec 2 g de sulfate d’amikacine et 10 millions d’UI de pénicilline G sodique dilués dans 60 mL de saline 0,9 %. Un tourniquet pneumatique réglé à 450 mmHg a été laissé en place pour 30 min. Du liquide synovial a été récolté de l’articulation métacarpo-phalangienne 35 min, 2, 6, 12, et 24 h après l’infusion des antimicrobiens. Les concentrations d’amikacine et de pénicilline dans le liquide synovial furent mesurées par spectrométrie de masse en tandem avec la chromatographie en phase liquide. Les concentrations thérapeutiques d’amikacine et de pénicilline pour des agents pathogènes équins sensibles ont été atteintes dans le liquide synovial. Les concentrations synoviales maximales (C

The Annapolis Center, in partnership with the Society of Toxicology and the American College of Clinical Pharmacology, convened a workshop to draft a series of accords (or principles) to help guide the interpretation and use of data from toxicology studies in human health-risk assessment and risk management. Workshop participants included 12 toxicologists from the fields of environmental health assessment, food safety, and pharmaceutical development. The participants hope that the accords set forth here will serve as guideposts for the purposes of evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of past risk analyses, and of improving the quality of future analyses. The accords are the product of the workshop participants' consensus and do not necessarily represent the opinions of the participants' employers.

The synthesis of a series of triphenylethlenes with CF(3) groups placed directly on the ethylene carbon is described, and the postcoital and uterotropic activities of these 1-trifluoromethyl-1,2,2-triphenylethylenes are determined. The parent compound and 3 substituted analogs were prepared by the stepwise replacement of the vinylic F atoms of hexafluoropropene with aryl groups from ArLi reagents. The postcoital antifertility and uterotrophic activities in the rat were determined by treating rats with induced precocious puberty with the synthesized compounds for 6 days after mating occurred. The most potent compound of this series was trans-p-methyoxy-alpha-phenyl-alpha'-(trifluoromethyl) stilbene.