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Presentación realizada en: Nordic Ozone Group Meeting (2021), celebrado el 21 de abril de 2021 de manera virtual.

Ponencia presentada en: XVIII Congreso de la Asociación Española de Teledetección celebrado en Valladolid del 24 al 27 septiembre 2019. [ES]Las áreas urbanas concentran actualmente el 50% de las emisiones globales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEIs). Este porcentaje está aumentando, ya que la población mundial cada vez más se concentra en las áreas urbanas, y se estima que pase del 50% hoy en día al 70% en 2050. Consecuentemente, las medidas de las emisiones urbanas de GEIs, a escalas temporales y espaciales pequeñas, son cruciales para diseñar políticas efectivas de control y mitigación de los GEIs. En este contexto, este trabajo presenta el proyecto MEGEI-MAD (Medida de las Concentraciones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero en Madrid), que es la primera iniciativa española para la monitorización de las emisiones de GEIs en ambientes urbanos. En particular, MEGEI-MAD tiene como objetivo la caracterización completa de las emisiones urbanas de dióxido de carbono (CO2) y metano (CH4), en Madrid, la ciudad más densamente poblada de España. Este objetivo central fue abordado con una campaña de medidas llevada a cabo entre el 16 de Septiembre y el 9 de Octubre de 2018 en la zona metropolitana de Madrid, donde las observaciones de CO2 y CH4 en la columna total atmosférica fueron medidas simultáneamente con observaciones in situ a nivel de superficie. [EN]Urban areas currently contribute over 50% of the global emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs). This percentage is growing since worldwide population is increasingly concentrating in the urban areas, going from over 50% nowadays to 70% by 2050. Consequently, monitoring urban GHGs emissions at small temporal and spatial scales is crucial to design effective GHGs control and mitigation policies. In this context, this work gives an overview of the Project MEGEI-MAD (Monitoring of the Greenhouse Gases Concentrations in Madrid), which is the first Spanish initiative to monitor GHGs emissions in urban environments. Particularly, MEGEI-MAD aims to comprehensively characterize the urban emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) of Madrid, the highest population density city in Spain. This core objective was reached by a field campaign carried out between 16th September-9th October 2018 in the Madrid Metropolitan area, where CO2 and CH4 total column amounts observations have been measured simultaneously with ground-level records.

Trabajo presentado al EcoDesert International Symposium, celebrado en Almeria (España) del 20 al 22 de febrero e 2019., Every year, 1500-2000 Tg of dust are emitted from soil to the atmosphere. The resulting aerosol dust particles have a size ranging from sub-1 μm to tens of microns, and a lifetime from hours to two weeks. Aerosol dust impacts on climate and on biogeochemical cycles, and is involved in the Earth System. About 50 to 70% of global dust emissions occur in North Africa. Most of dust exports to the Atlantic occur in the so-called Saharan Air Layer, a warm, dry and dusty high-altitude air stream that reaches the Americas. At the Izaña Observatory, 2400 m.a.s.l. in Tenerife (Spain), we studied (i) the variability of dust composition in the Saharan Air Layer, (ii) the North African sources and (iii) the large-scale meteorology prompting the variability observed. For this purpose, we performed (i) one-hour resolution sampling of aerosols, followed by (ii) PIXE (Particle bombing Induced X Ray Emission) analysis, and (iii) further data interpretation with meteorological tools and satellite observations. During one-week dust events, we found that the ratios of some elements (e.g. Ca, Mg or K, among others) to Al (soil tracer) changed by a factor of about 2 in a few (5-7) hours. This high variability in dust points to a concatenation of the sources contributing to dust over the North Atlantic. By back-trajectory analysis, Median Ratios At Receptor plots and MODIS and MSG – SEVIRI satellite observations, we observed that the sources activated during the study period were located in topographical lows located in three main regions: NE Algeria – Tunisia (dust rich in Ca, Sr, Mg and K), W Algeria-E Morocco (Na and Cl) and N Mali-S Algeria (rich in Si and Fe). In a six-day period, there were seven concatenated impacts from the sources identified, which were traced by the variability in the ratios of the different elements to Al. These results provide a new and more complex view of the dust exported to the Atlantic, compared to the simplistic approach based on bulk-dust measurements and modelling. These results have implications of the impact and influence of dust on climate.

Póster presentado en: 9th International Workshop on Sand and Dust Storm and Associated Dustfall celebrado en La Laguna (Tenerife) del 22 al 24 de mayo de 2018. This study is part of the project AEROATLAN (CGL2015-66299-P), funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).

Comunicación presentada en: Brewer Ozone Spectrophotometer/Metrology Open Workshop celebrado del 17 al 20 de mayo de 2016 en Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal. This work has been supported by the European Metrology Research Programme (EMRP) within the joint research project ENV59 "Traceability for atmospheric total column ozone" (ATMOZ)

Póster elaborado para el Quadrennial Ozone Symposium celebrado en Edinburgh los días 4–9 de septiembre de 2016.

Presentación de la clase impartida en el Observatorio Atmosférico de Izaña, el 18 de junio de 2016, con motivo del curso "Conceptos Básicos de Composición Atmosférica"

Presentación realizada en: Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, celebrado en Edimburgo del 4 al 9 de septiembre de 2016.

Póster elaborado para el Quadrennial Ozone Symposium celebrado en Edinburgh los días 4–9 de septiembre de 2016 The AERONET sun photometers at the Izaña station have been calibrated within the AERONET Europe TNA, supported by the European Community-Research Infrastructure Action under the FP7 ACTRIS grant agreement no. 262254.

Comunicación presentada en: Brewer Ozone Spectrophotometer/Metrology Open Workshop celebrado del 17 al 20 de mayo de 2016 en Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal.

Comunicación presentada en: TECO-2016 (Technical Conference on Meteorological and Environmental Instruments and Methods of Observation) celebrada en Madrid, del 27 al 30 de septiembre de 2016. The X Regional Brewer Calibration Center - Europe (RBCC-E) intercomparison campaign was held at El Arenosillo atmospheric sounding station of the Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial (INTA) during the period of May 25th – June 5th, 2015. This X Brewer intercomparison campaign was a joint effort of EUBREWNET and the Area of Instrumentation and Atmospheric Research of INTA, with the support of COST Action 1207. Twenty one Brewer instruments from eleven countries participated at the El Arenosillo campaign. In addition, the solar UV irradiance calibration was performed by the traveling reference standard QASUME of the World Calibration Center for UV (WCC-UV). This work shows a general overview of the ozone comparison focused on the correction of the stray light effect for the single-monochromator Brewer spectrophotometer derived by the comparison with a reference double-monochromator Brewer. At the beginning of the campaign, 16 out of the 21 participating Brewer instruments (76%) agreed to better than ± 1%, and 10 instruments (50%) agreed to better than ± 0.5%. After applying the final calibration that included the stray light correction, all working instruments agreed at the ± 0.5% level.

Póster elaborado para el Quadrennial Ozone Symposium celebrado en Edimburgo del 4 al 9 de septiembre de 2016. This work has been supported by the European Metrology Research Programme (EMRP) within the joint research project ENV59 “Traceability for atmospheric total column ozone” (ATMOZ). The EMRP is jointly funded by the EMRP participating countries within EURAMET and the European Union.

Comunicación presentada en: Brewer Ozone Spectrophotometer/Metrology Open Workshop celebrado del 17 al 20 de mayo de 2016 en Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal.

Presentación realizada en: Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, celebrado en Edimburgo del 4 al 9 de septiembre de 2016.

Comunicación presentada en: COST ES1207, Brewer Ozone Spectrophotometer/Metrology Open Workshop celebrado del 17 al 20 de mayo de 2016 en Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal.

Comunicación presentada en: Brewer Ozone Spectrophotometer/Metrology Open Workshop celebrado del 17 al 20 de mayo de 2016 en Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal.

Presentación realizada en: Brewer Ozone Spectrophotometer/Metrology Open Workshop, celebrado en Ponta Delgada (Sao Miguel, Azores) del 17 al 20 de mayo de 2016.

Presentación realizada en: Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, celebrado en Edimburgo del 4 al 9 de septiembre de 2016.

Póster elaborado para el Quadrennial Ozone Symposium celebrado en Edinburgh los días 4–9 de septiembre de 2016.

Comunicación presentada en: Brewer Ozone Spectrophotometer/Metrology Open Workshop celebrado del 17 al 20 de mayo de 2016 en Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal.

Seminario presentado en el Centro de Investigaciones Atmosféricas de Izaña en Santa Cruz de Tenerife el 26 de noviembre de 2015 En esta breve presentación, se compararán los productos de Ozono y Ultravioleta disponibles en EUBREWNET con los del “Ozone Monitoring Instrument” (OMI) a bordo del satélite Aura.

Presentación realizada en: Work Group meeting of the COST action 1207 EUBREWNET, celebrada en Sodankylä, Finlandia del 11 al 12 de noviembre de 2015.

We have studied the effect of pressure on the structural and vibrational properties of lanthanum tritungstate La2(WO4)3. This compound crystallizes under ambient conditions in the modulated scheelite-type structure known as the α phase. We have performed x-ray diffraction and Raman scattering measurements up to a pressure of 20 GPa, as well as ab initio calculations within the framework of the density functional theory. Up to 5 GPa, the three methods provide a similar picture of the evolution under pressure of α-La2(WO4)3. At 5 GPa, we begin to observe some structural changes, and above 6 GPa we find that the x-ray patterns cannot be indexed as a single phase. However, we find that a mixture of two phases with C2/c symmetry accounts for all diffraction peaks. Our ab initio study confirms the existence of several C2/c structures, which are very close in energy in this compression range. According to our measurements, a state with medium-range order appears at pressures above 9 and 11 GPa, from x-ray diffraction and Raman experiments, respectively. Based upon our theoretical calculations we propose several high-pressure candidates with high cationic coordinations at these pressures. The compound evolves into a partially amorphous phase at pressures above 20 GPa., We acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad under Grants MAT2010-21270-C04-02/03/04, CTQ2009-14596-C02-01, CSD2007-00045 and the Comunidad de Madrid and European Social Fund S2009/PPQ-1551-4161893. Access to the MALTA Cluster Computer (Universidad de Oviedo), the Atlante Super-computer (Instituto Tecnologico de Canarias, Red Espanola de Supercomputacion), and the MALTA Xcalibur Diffractometer (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) is gratefully acknowledged. C. G. A. wishes to thank the Agencia Canaria de Investigacion, Innovacion y Sociedad de la Informacion, and the European Social Fund of the Gobierno de Canarias for a fellowship. J.A.S. acknowledges financial support through the Juan de la Cierva fellowship program.

We have studied the relationship between the long-term interannual variability in large-scale meteorology in western North Africa – the largest and most active dust source worldwide – and Saharan dust export in summer, when enhanced dust mobilization in the hyper-arid Sahara results in maximum dust impacts throughout the North Atlantic. We address this issue by analyzing 28 years (1987–2014) of summer averaged dust concentrations at the high-altitude Izaña observatory (~ 2400 m a.s.l.) on Tenerife, and satellite and meteorological reanalysis data. The summer meteorological scenario in North Africa (aloft 850 hPa) is characterized by a high over the the subtropical Sahara and a low over the tropics linked to the monsoon. We measured the variability of this high–low dipole-like pattern in terms of the North African dipole intensity (NAFDI): the difference of geopotential height anomalies averaged over the subtropics (30–32° N, Morocco) and the tropics (10–13° N, Bamako region) close to the Atlantic coast (at 5–8° W). We focused on the 700 hPa standard level due to dust export off the coast of North Africa tending to occur between 1 and 5 km a.s.l. Variability in the NAFDI is associated with displacements of the North African anticyclone over the Sahara and this has implications for wind and dust export. The Izaña GAW program is funded by AEMET and by the Minister of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain (POLLINDUST, CGL2011-26259). J. M. Prospero’s research is supported by NSF grant AGS-0962256.

The main objective of this project is to obtain a ride comfort index of a vehicle. This parameter shall be representative of the vibration received by the human body during the ride. The comfort, as we understand, is the sensation which comes from vehicle dynamics and not from the luxury cabin. Initially the comfort evaluation of the cars was done subjectively. The driver-tester exposed his own feelings when he tested the car on a random circuit and compared with other vehicles that he tested before. This method presents several problems: Mainly the indeterminacy caused by the different sensations showed by diverse pilots who tested the same vehicle; and also the fail maintain of a database, the information of the models tested is sometimes lost and distorts, and finally the perception can change by the time. Therefore the method that we built was to resolve these deficiencies. With this objective we designed a work routine consisting of a first phase of data collection. The vehicle was instrumented with triaxial accelerometers at different locations of the vehicle, but we were focused on the steering wheel and the seat: the contact points between the machine and the human body. The process continues with two types of test: a random test and a deterministic. Both are representative of the full spectrum of driving, from driving on the open road to the impacts. The IDIADA [16] tracks were used for this purpose. In order to generate the comfort index a computer code was created and implemented in Diadem 2011 v11.3 using a similar Visual Basic programming language. That program generates four values to index: the comfort of the steering wheel in the random and deterministic tests, and seating comfort in the random and deterministic tests. A similar algorithm is used in these four studies. The first step is a pre-processing (average, cuts, …) based on the original signal recorded on the track. The second step will use a specially designed filter for each study, in order to obtain a signal of perceived comfort. The third one is obtaining a representative value of the filtered signal. The fourth is getting initial indexes from regressions adjusted by a comparative. Finally, the whole indexes obtained were mixed to generate new ones that are easily to understand. The objective results obtained in the operational simulation, contrasted with the subjective results generated by SEAT professional drivers, were fully accepted. The main conclusion is that it is possible to generate objective measures to rate the comfort of the vehicles. We have also fulfilled all the requirements of the automotive industry sector.

Considering the relevance that has taken the welfare of human beings focus on sustainability, both in Latin America and in Ecuador, this paper explores the effects of extractive action and exploitation of natural resources used by the Ecuadorian shrimp industry. The analysis is directed through the concept of sustainable development and the tragedy of the commons, with the aim of harmonizing long-term vision of sustainability in this specific sector. The results show an aggressive expansion of the shrimp industry, which has displaced mangrove forests by pools for shrimp farming and reduced the extent of these forests by 70% from 1980 to 2013; also taking into account the tragedy of the commons, can predict a similar future for this industry, the stage lived in 1999 after the presence of WSV virus, the sector fell by 80% in just one year with serious consequences for local economy. The importance of generating collective and cooperation between those involved actions through legal and regulatory mechanisms that promote a balance between the interaction of nature and humans, replacing the pursuit of individual economic benefit from the social benefit at the prospect arises. shrimp, tragedy of the commons, sustainable development, natural resources