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The use of chatbots is more common in our everyday lives than ever before. However, few studies have been conducted comparing the differences between text- and voice-input modalities of chatbots in the banking industry. In this study, through empirical and survey-based research, users were shown to rate their relationships with the banking chatbot as more helpful and self-validating when they communicate with it by a voice-input modality than by a text-input modality.

For programming language comprehension, high cognitive skills (e.g., reading, writing, working memory, etc.) and information processing are required. However, there are few papers that approach this from a neuroscientific perspective. In this paper, we examine program comprehension neuroscientifically and also observe the differences between novice and expert programmers. We designed an EEG (electroencephalogram) experiment and observed 18 participants during a series of program comprehension tasks. We found clear differences in program comprehension ability between novice and expert programmers. Experts exhibited higher brainwave activation than novices in electrodes F3 and P8. These results indicate that experts have outstanding program comprehension-associated abilities such as digit encoding, coarse coding, short-term memory, and subsequent memory effect. Our findings can serve as a foundation for future research in this pioneering field.