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Little is known about the information parents of children with cancer find when searching for clinical trials information on YouTube. Thus, this study aimed to analyse the content, quality and reliability of YouTube videos focused on clinical trials for paediatric cancer. A descriptive cross-sectional design was used, and YouTube was searched using the phrases ‘clinical trials for children with cancer’ and ‘paediatric cancer clinical trials’. Videos that met inclusion criteria were assessed using the instruments Global Quality Scale and DISCERN. About half of the examined videos were in the GQS excellent-quality group and exhibited a total of 84,804 views. The mean time for videos was 5.7 minutes, they originated from the US or UK, were uploaded after 2016, and had a cancer centre/foundation or children hospital as video source. Half of them were focusing on early experimental trials and had a positive tone. Twenty percent were classified as useful without serious shortcomings, almost 50% as misleading with serious shortcomings, and 30% as inappropriate sources of information. In conclusion, most YouTube videos on paediatric cancer trials are not very informative and fall short of what could ethically be required regarding their facilitation of informed decision-making.

Due to the alarming rise of antibiotic resistance, medically unwarranted use of antibiotics has assumed new moral significance. In this paper, a thematic content analysis of focus group discussions was conducted to explore lay people’s views on the moral challenges posed by antibiotic resistance. The most important finding is that lay people are morally sensitive to the problems entailed by antibiotic resistance. Participants saw the decreasing availability of effective antibiotics as a problem of justice. This involves individual as well as collective moral responsibility. Yet, holding agents responsible for their use of antibiotics involves varying degrees of demandingness. In our discussion, these findings are related to the contemporary ethical debate on antibiotic resistance and two proposals for the preservation of antibiotic effectiveness are compared to and evaluated against participants’ views.

The Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a cellular access technology developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to provide wide area connectivity for the Internet of Things. Since its introduction in 3GPP Release 13, NB-IoT has in a few years achieved a remarkable market presence and is currently providing coverage in close to 100 networks. To further extend the reach of NB-IoT and to connect the unconnected, 3GPP Release 17 is studying the feasibility of adapting NB-IoT to support non-terrestrial networks (NTNs). In this article, we review the fundamentals of NB-IoT and NTN, and explain how NB-IoT can be adapted to support satellite communication through a minimal set of modifications.

Over three decades of in-situ observations illustrate that the Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability driven by the sheared flow between the magnetosheath and magnetospheric plasma often occurs on the magnetopause of Earth and other planets under various interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions. It has been well demonstrated that the KH instability plays an important role for energy, momentum, and mass transport during the solar-wind-magnetosphere coupling process. Particularly, the KH instability is an important mechanism to trigger secondary small scale (i.e., often kinetic-scale) physical processes, such as magnetic reconnection, kinetic Alfvén waves, ion-acoustic waves, and turbulence, providing the bridge for the coupling of cross scale physical processes. From the simulation perspective, to fully investigate the role of the KH instability on the cross-scale process requires a numerical modeling that can describe the physical scales from a few Earth radii to a few ion (even electron) inertial lengths in three dimensions, which is often computationally expensive. Thus, different simulation methods are required to explore physical processes on different length scales, and cross validate the physical processes which occur on the overlapping length scales. Test particle simulation provides such a bridge to connect the MHD scale to the kinetic scale. This study applies different test particle approaches and cross validates the different results against one another to investigate the behavior of different ion species (i.e., H+ and O+), which include particle distributions, mixing and heating. It shows that the ion transport rate is about 1025 particles/s, and mixing diffusion coefficient is about 1010 m2 s−1 regardless of the ion species. Magnetic field lines change their topology via the magnetic reconnection process driven by the three-dimensional KH instability, connecting two flux tubes with different temperature, which eventually causes anisotropic temperature in the newly reconnected flux.

The MMS satellites encountered a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) period in the early non-linear phase at the post-noon flank magnetopause on 8 Sep 2015. The adjacent magnetosheath was characterized by a pre-dominantly northward Bz > 0 magnetic field with weakly positive in-plane components in a GSM coordinate system. Ion velocity distribution functions indicate at least 17 KH vortex intervals with two typically D-shaped ion beam distributions, commonly associated with reconnection exhausts, that stream in both directions along a mostly northward magnetic field at 350–775 km/s with a median 525 km/s ion beam speed. The counter-streaming ion beams are superposed on a core population of slowly drifting magnetosheath ions with a field-aligned 50–200 km/s speed. Each interval lasted no more than 5.25 s with a median duration of 1.95 s corresponding to in-plane spatial scales 3 < ΔS < 22 di assuming a constant 1 di = 61 km ion inertial scale and a tailward VKH∼258 km/s KH vortex propagation speed along the MMS trajectory. The counter-streaming ions are predominantly observed in the warm KH vortex region between the cold magnetosheath proper and the hot isotropic ion temperature of a low-latitude boundary layer as the MMS constellation traverses a KH vortex. The in-plane spatial scales and the locations of the observed counter-streaming ion beams generally agree with the predictions of twice-reconnected magnetic fields at two mid-latitude reconnection (MLR) regions in a two-fluid three-dimensional numerical simulation previously reported for this KH event. MMS typically recorded a higher phase space density of the fast parallel ion beam that we associate with a tailward reconnection exhaust from the southern MLR (SMLR) and a lower phase space density of the fast anti-parallel ion beam that we associate with a tailward reconnection exhaust from the northern MLR (NMLR) of similar speed. This is either consistent with MMS being closer to the SMLR region than the NMLR region, or that the KHI conditions may have favored reconnection in the SMLR region for the observed in-plane magnetosheath magnetic field as predicted by a two-fluid three-dimensional numerical simulation.

ObjectiveTo systematically map the scholarly literature on predatory conferences and describe the present state of research and the prevalent attitudes about these conferences.MethodsThis scoping review follows Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Four databases were searched (PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus and ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection). In addition, the included studies’ reference lists were scanned for additional papers not found in the searches. Peer-reviewed publications were included irrespective of study design. Letters and commentary were included if they were peer reviewed. Editorials and literature reviews were excluded.ResultsFrom 809 initial publications, 20 papers were included in the review, from 12 countries and covered a wide range of science disciplines, from nursing/medicine to energy/technology and computer science. More than half were empirical and published after 2017. In most papers, a definition of the term predatory conferences was put forward. Spam email invitations with flattering language were the most common characteristics, and the conferences were often hosted by unknown organisations that used copied pictures without permission. High fees, lack of peer review, and a multidisciplinary scope were signal features. All papers explicitly or implicitly suggested possible reasons for participating in predatory conferences. Some reasons were related to the overall context of academic work, the nature of predatory conferences (eg, researchers falling prey to misleading information about a conference or choosing a conference based on an attractive location) and the personal characteristics of researchers. Only one paper reported empirically identified reasons for participating in predatory conferences. The three countermeasures proposed most frequently to deal with predatory conferences were increasing education, emphasising responsibilities of universities and funders, and publishing lists of predatory publishers associated with conferences.ConclusionsThis review identified a scarcity of research concerning predatory conferences. Future empirical as well as fully analytical research should be encouraged by funders, journals and research institutions.

Reconnecting current sheets (CSs) in the solar wind near 1 AU have been previously identified that exhibit a modified Hall magnetic field perturbation of the nominal guide field characterized by a “tripolar” structure with depressions on both sides of a central maximum [Eriksson et al., Astrophys. J. 805, 43 (2015)]. Such CSs were inferred to contain multiple interacting islands based on measurements from all four Cluster satellites. A new set of 2D particle-in-cell simulations have been performed providing the foundation for a theoretical model for the origin of the tripolar guide-field perturbation. The simulations are initialized with a thin CS unstable to the formation of many small islands that undergo pairwise coalescence and growth. The guide field depressions develop as the result of a balance between the electrostatic (curl-free or irrotational) and electromagnetic (divergence-free or solenoidal) components of the parallel electric field. Field-line and flow-line tracing provide additional support for the model by demonstrating how a level of charge separation sufficient to support a large electrostatic potential can be maintained following island coalescence. A parameter study reveals that the plasma beta is the primary quantity controlling the evolution of the tripolar field. Dependence on the initial guide-field strength is also investigated.

We do not know how much clinical physicians carrying out clinical trials in oncology and haematology struggle with ethical concerns. To our knowledge, no empirical research exists on these questions in a Nordic context. Therefore, this study aims to learn what kinds of ethical challenges physicians in Sweden, Denmark and Finland (n = 29) face when caring for patients in clinical trials; and what strategies, if any, they have developed to deal with them. The main findings were that clinical cancer trials pose ethical challenges related to autonomy issues, unreasonable hope for benefits and the therapeutic misconception. Nevertheless, some physicians expressed that struggling with such challenges was not of great concern. This conveys a culture of hope where health care professionals and patients uphold hope and mutually support belief in clinical trials. This culture being implicit, physicians need opportunities to deliberately reflect over the characteristics that should constitute this culture.

This paper shows the results of a field experiment in which over 6,000 fictitious resumes with randomly assigned information about age (35-70 years) were sent to Swedish employers with vacancies in ...

Sometimes participants in research collaboration die before the paper is accepted for publication. The question we raise in this paper is how authorship should be handled in such situations. First, the outcome of a literature survey is presented. Taking this as our starting point, we then go on to discuss authorship of the dead in relation to the requirements of the Vancouver rules. We argue that in principle the deceased can meet the requirements laid down in these authorship guidelines. However, to include a deceased researcher as author requires a strong justification. The more the person has been involved in the research and writing process before he or she passes away, the stronger the justification for inclusion.

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) completed the first global fifth-generation (5G) system standard in its Release 15, paving the way for making 5G a commercial reality. So, what is next in 5G system evolution to further expand the 3GPP ecosystem? Enabling 5G system to support satellite communications is one direction under exploration in 3GPP. There has been a resurgence of interest in providing connectivity from space, stimulated by technology advancement and demand for ubiquitous connectivity services. The ongoing evolution of 5G standards provides a unique opportunity to revisit satellite communications. In this chapter, we focus on the 5G radio access network known as the new radio (NR) and study how to adapt the NR air interface for satellite links. We first provide an overview of use cases and a primer on satellite communications. We then identify key technical challenges faced by NR evolution for satellite communications and propose solutions to overcome them.

Evolving 5G New Radio (NR) to support non-terrestrial networks (NTNs), particularly satellite communication networks, is under exploration in 3GPP. The movement of the spaceborne platforms in NTNs may result in large timing varying Doppler shift that differs for devices in different locations. Using orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) in the uplink, each device will need to apply a different frequency adjustment value to compensate for the Doppler shift. To this end, the 3GPP Release-17 work on NTNs assumes that an NTN device is equipped with a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) chipset and thereby can determine its position and calculate the needed frequency adjustment value using its position information and satellite ephemeris data. This makes GNSS support essential for the NTN operation. However, GNSS signals are weak, not ubiquitous, and susceptible to interference and spoofing. We show that devices without access to GNSS signals can utilize reference signals in more than one frequency position in an OFDM carrier to estimate the Doppler shift and thereby determine the needed frequency adjustment value for pre-compensating the Doppler shift in the uplink. We analyze the performance, elaborate on how to utilize the NR reference signals, and present simulation results. The solution can reduce the dependency of NTN operation on GNSS with reasonable complexity and performance trade-off., Comment: To appear in the 2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)

Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) encountered the primary low-latitude magnetopause reconnection site when the inter-spacecraft separation exceeded the upstream ion inertial length. Classical signatures of the ion diffusion region (IDR), including a sub-ion-Alfv\'enic de-magnetized ion exhaust, a super-ion-Alfv\'enic magnetized electron exhaust, and Hall electromagnetic fields, are identified. The opening angle between the magnetopause and magnetospheric separatrix is $30^\circ\pm5^\circ$. The exhaust preferentially expands sunward, displacing the magnetosheath. Intense pileup of reconnected magnetic flux occurs between the magnetosheath separatrix and the magnetopause in a narrow channel intermediate between the ion and electron scales. The strength of the pileup (normalized values of 0.3-0.5) is consistent with the large angle at which the magnetopause is inclined relative to the overall reconnection coordinates. MMS-4, which was two ion inertial lengths closer to the X-line than the other three spacecraft, observed intense electron-dominated currents and kinetic-to-electromagnetic-field energy conversion within the pileup. MMS-1, 2, and 3 did not observe the intense currents nor the particle-to-field energy conversion but did observe the pileup, indicating that the edge of the generation region was contained within the tetrahedron. Comparisons with particle-in-cell simulations reveal that the electron currents and large inclination angle of the magnetopause are interconnected features of the asymmetric Hall effect. Between the separatrix and the magnetopause, high-density inflowing magnetosheath electrons brake and turn into the outflow direction, imparting energy to the normal magnetic field and generating the pileup. The findings indicate that electron dynamics are likely an important influence on the magnetic field structure within the ion diffusion region., Comment: Submitted to the Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics

The purpose of retracting published papers is to maintain the integrity of academic research. Recent work in research ethics has devoted important attention to how to improve the system of paper retraction. In this context, the focus has primarily been on how to handle fraudulent or flawed research papers and how to encourage the retraction of papers based on honest mistakes. Less attention has been paid to whether papers that report unethical research—for example, research performed without appropriate concern for the moral rights and interests of the research participants—should be retracted. The aim of this paper is to examine to what extent retraction policies of academic journals and publishers address retractions of unethical research and to discuss critically various policy options and the reasons for accepting them. The paper starts by reviewing retraction policies of academic publishers. The results show that many journals do not have explicit policies for how to handle unethical research. Against this background, we then discuss four normative arguments for why unethical research should be retracted. In conclusion, we suggest a retraction policy in light of our empirical and normative investigations.

In 1906, Theodore Lyman discovered his eponymous series of transitions in the extreme-ultraviolet region of the atomic hydrogen spectrum1,2. The patterns in the hydrogen spectrum helped to establish the emerging theory of quantum mechanics, which we now know governs the world at the atomic scale. Since then, studies involving the Lyman-α line—the 1S–2P transition at a wavelength of 121.6 nanometres—have played an important part in physics and astronomy, as one of the most fundamental atomic transitions in the Universe. For example, this transition has long been used by astronomers studying the intergalactic medium and testing cosmological models via the so-called ‘Lyman-α forest’3 of absorption lines at different redshifts. Here we report the observation of the Lyman-α transition in the antihydrogen atom, the antimatter counterpart of hydrogen. Using narrow-line-width, nanosecond-pulsed laser radiation, the 1S–2P transition was excited in magnetically trapped antihydrogen. The transition frequency at a field of 1.033 tesla was determined to be 2,466,051.7 ± 0.12 gigahertz (1σ uncertainty) and agrees with the prediction for hydrogen to a precision of 5 × 10−8. Comparisons of the properties of antihydrogen with those of its well-studied matter equivalent allow precision tests of fundamental symmetries between matter and antimatter. Alongside the ground-state hyperfine4,5 and 1S–2S transitions6,7 recently observed in antihydrogen, the Lyman-α transition will permit laser cooling of antihydrogen8,9, thus providing a cold and dense sample of anti-atoms for precision spectroscopy and gravity measurements10. In addition to the observation of this fundamental transition, this work represents both a decisive technological step towards laser cooling of antihydrogen, and the extension of antimatter spectroscopy to quantum states possessing orbital angular momentum., The observation of the 1S–2P Lyman-α transition in the antihydrogen atom, the antimatter counterpart of hydrogen, is reported.

We report observations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale satellites of reconnecting current sheets in the magnetosheath over a range of out-of-plane "guide" magnetic field strengths. The currents ...

This paper concerns the responsibility of co-authors in cases of scientific misconduct. Arguments in research integrity guidelines and in the bioethics literature concerning authorship responsibilities are discussed. It is argued that it is unreasonable to claim that for every case where a research paper is found to be fraudulent, each author is morally responsible for all aspects of that paper, or that one particular author has such a responsibility. It is further argued that it is more constructive to specify what task responsibilities come with different roles in a project and describe what kinds of situations or events call for some kind of action, and what the appropriate actions might be.

Differences in job search behaviour and access to high quality informal networks may be an important reason why immigrants fare worse than natives in many European labour markets. In this study, we ...

We report for the first time a dual transition state in the dayside ionosphere following a sudden rotation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) in the upstream magnetosheath from IMF By 0 during Bz

We show observations of whistler mode waves in both the low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL) and on closed magnetospheric field lines during a crossing of the dayside reconnecting magnetopause by the ...

The MMS mission was designed to make observations in the very small electron diffusion region (EDR), where magnetic reconnection takes place. From a data set of over 4500 magnetopause crossings obtained in the first phase of the mission, MMS had encounters near or within 12 EDRs. These 12 events and associated magnetopause crossings are considered as a group to determine if they span the widest possible range of external and internal conditions (i.e, in the solar wind and magnetosphere). In addition, observations from MMS are used to determine if there are multiple X-lines present and also to provide information on X-line location relative to the spacecraft. These 12 events represent nearly the widest possible range of conditions at the dayside magnetopause. They occur over a wide range of local times and magnetic shear angles between the magnetosheath and magnetospheric magnetic fields. Most show evidence for multiple reconnection sites.

Observations of magnetic reconnection at Earth's magnetopause often display asymmetric structures that are accompanied by strong magnetic field (B) fluctuations and large-amplitude parallel electri ...

In this article, we study the importance of product market demand and search frictions for hiring. We use a search-matching model with imperfect competition in the product market to derive an equat...

In this chapter, some present and future possibilities for testing fundamental physics principles using antimatter species other than antihydrogen are briefly discussed.

Magnetically trapped $$^{87}$$87Rb atoms have been observed near a single-mode optical nanofibre. Approximately $$1\times 10^6$$1×106 atoms were optically pumped to the $${|{F=2,m_\mathrm{F}=2}\rangle }$$|F=2,mF=2⟩ state and held in the trap with a trap lifetime of up to 2 s. The temperature of the atomic sample within the magnetic trap was measured to be below $$230\,\upmu \hbox {K}$$230μK. The compact vacuum system and high-temperature fibre feedthroughs are presented, and the feasibility of creating a quantum degenerate gas of ultracold neutral atoms near an optical nanofibre is discussed.

Key points:• A clear set of rules regarding authorship responsibilities in academic publications is much needed.• The leading research integrity guidelines on scientific authorship, the Internation ...

Research ethics revised : The new CIOMS guidelines and the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki in context

The jump conditions are analyzed in detail for two slow shocks bounding a reconnection plasma jet, observed on 08-03-2008 by THEMIS-D on the dayside, low-latitude magnetopause. Both shocks are near the switch-off limit. They have been previously examined by Sonnerup et al. [2016], on the basis of the simplest MHD version of the jump conditions. In the present paper, those conditions now include the pressure anisotropy, normal heat fluxes, and a finite normal magnetic field component, the effects of all of which are found to be small. We also present and discuss the, mostly field-aligned, measured total heat fluxes, which are found to be substantial and directed away from the reconnection site. We show that the double-adiabatic (CGL) invariants are far from invariant. Their combination indicates a large entropy increase across the shock on the magnetospheric side with a much smaller increase across the shock on the magnetosheath side. The detailed cause of the entropy changes remains unclear but appears to involve irreversible transfer of energy between thermal motion parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field. The new results confirm the previously found presence of heavy ions and the values of the effective ion mass on both sides of the event. They also confirm the need for an ion pressure correction in the shock on the magnetospheric side.

On 8 September 2015, the four Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft encountered a Kelvin-Helmholtz unstable magnetopause near the dusk flank. The spacecraft observed periodic compressed current shee ...

Survey data on people’s reported attitudes towards ethnic minorities are sometimes used as a proxy for ethnic discrimination. However, there is weak empirical evidence of a link between reported at ...

International audience; We show observations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission of whistler mode waves in the Earth's low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL) during a magnetic reconnection event. The waves propagated obliquely to the magnetic field toward the X line and were confined to the edge of a southward jet in the LLBL. Bipolar parallel electric fields interpreted as electrostatic solitary waves (ESW) are observed intermittently and appear to be in phase with the parallel component of the whistler oscillations. The polarity of the ESWs suggests that if they propagate with the waves, they are electron enhancements as opposed to electron holes. The reduced electron distribution shows a shoulder in the distribution for parallel velocities between 17,000 and 22,000 km/s, which persisted during the interval when ESWs were observed, and is near the phase velocity of the whistlers. This shoulder can drive Langmuir waves, which were observed in the high-frequency parallel electric field data.