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This study has investigated valorisation of CPH by comparing the extraction of phenolic compounds using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with conventional solvent extraction (CSE). Extraction time, temperature, ethanol concentration, and solvent to feed (S/F) ratio were investigated to obtain the maximum yield. The extract quality was presented as total phenolic content (TPC) which was measured by using a UV/Vis Spectrophotometer. The results showed that at a lower temperature (60 °C), MAE could produce higher TPC (107.3±1.4 mg GAE/g dw) than CSE at 70 °C (105.4±0.9 mg GAE/g dw) even when the same heating rate was applied. It can be believed that the high extraction yield on MAE is due to the selective heating effect. Results of this study suggest that MAE has potential to valorise CPH waste into valuable ingredients based on phenolic compounds.&nbsp

This thesis seeks to address two questions: How does it happen that a community can evolve from a safe, vibrant neighbourhood filled with optimistic people to one that is crime-ridden and full of withdrawn individuals? And how are people born with the same hopes and dreams as the majority of American society so shaped by their experience that the majority now calls them stupid, lazy and violent? It asserts that the answers to these questions can be found in the experience of denied self and environmental efficacy felt by many persons marginalised in today's society that is oppression. Also important is the accompanying experience of internalised oppression which is the psychological state in which a person believes that him/herself and his/her social group are inferior to the dominant social group, as well as the self destructive behaviours that often contribute to a person's continued oppression and to the dominant group's view of that person as inferior (Mullaly, 2002). This thesis will suggest that the mechanism that frames the processes of oppression and of internalised oppression is the feelings of frustration that result each time a person is marginalised and discriminated against in attaining hislher goals in life. It will also suggest that the behaviours that result from this frustration can be understood using Maier's (1949) theory of frustration-instigated behaviour. Understanding oppression, internalised oppression and frustration in this way, recommendations are made for long-term social policies that address the roots of oppression rather than the destructive behaviours and in which marginalised people have control and choice. Master of Social Work (MSW)