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Additional file 2: Figure S2. Chromosomal distribution of the COI1 gene family in Sorghum bicolor, R570, and Saccharum spontaneum. (a) The S. bicolor chromosome. (b) The S. spontaneum chromosome. (c) The Saccharum spp. hybrid cultivar R570 chromosome. SbCOI1, ShCOI1, and SsCOI1 represented the COI1 gene in S. bicolor, R570, and S. spontaneum. The scale bar on the left indicated the chromosome length (megabasee, Mb). The name of each chromosome showed on the top of each chromosome.

Additional file 1: Figure S1 General characteristic features of the CaCA superfamily proteins in S. spontaneum, R570, and S. bicolor. Red triangles filled with white represent outliers, black diamonds filled with white represent the average, and different colored dots filled with black represent specific values. The detailed information in shown in Supplemental Table S1 and Table S2.Figure S2 Phylogenetic evolutionary tree of the CaCA superfamily members. (a) An ML phylogenetic tree was constructed using the full-length sequence alignments of 47 CAX proteins. (b) An ML phylogenetic tree was constructed using the full-length sequence alignments of 43 CCX proteins. (c) An ML phylogenetic tree was constructed using the full-length sequence alignments of 28 EFCAX proteins. (d) An ML phylogenetic tree was constructed using the full-length sequence alignments of 12 MHX proteins. All the corresponding reference numbers are listed in Supplemental Table S1 and Table S3.Figure S3 Phylogenetic relationship, architecture of conserved protein motifs, and structure of CaCA genes from S. spontaneum, R570, and S. bicolor. The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the full-length sequences of CaCA proteins using MEGA X software. The motifs, numbers 1–10, are displayed in different colored boxes. The sequence information for each motif is provided in Supplemental Table S4. Green boxes indicate untranslated 5′- and 3′-regions, yellow boxes indicate exons, and black lines indicate introns. The length of the protein can be estimated using the scale at the bottom.Figure S4 Sankey diagram showing the miRNA–mRNA network. Each rectangle represents a gene, and the connection of each gene is visualized based on the size of the rectangle.Figure S5 Functional annotation of identified CaCA genes. The enrichment gene ontology analysis of CaCAs shows significantly enriched GO terms involved in biological processes (BP), molecular functions (MF), and cellular components (CC). Figure S6 The melt curve plots of primers in this study.

Hydroxyapatite/Chitosan (HA/CS) composite have significant application in biomedical especially for bone replacement. Inorganic particle shape and size of composite affect the scaffold mechanical property, biological property, and degradation. The aim of this study was to fabricate HA/CS scaffold with good pore connectivity and analyze their biological, degradation properties. Microhydroxyapatite/chitosan (mHA/CS) and nanohydroxyapatite/chitosan (nHA/CS) composite scaffolds with interconnected spherical pore architectures were fabricated. Composite scaffolds structure parameters were analyzed using micro CT. Cell proliferation and morphology were tested and compared between two scaffolds using mouse osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1. To research the composite degradation in lysozyme PBS solution, degradation rate and reducing sugar content were tested, and scaffolds morphology were observed by SEM. The results showed that microHA and nanoHA were fabricated by being calcined and synthesis methods, and their infrared spectra are very similar. EDAX composition analysis demonstrated that both of microHA and nanoHA were calcium deficiency HA. Micro-CT results demonstrated the scaffolds had interconnected spherical pores, and the structure parameters were similar. Cell viabilities were significant increased with cultured time, but there were no significant difference between microHA/CS and nanoHA/CS scaffolds. Scaffold structure was gradually destroyed and inorganic composition HA particles are more prominent with degradation time. Significance: (1) Inorganic particle shape and size of composite affect the scaffold mechanical property, biological property, and degradation. NanoHA/CS and microHA/CS scaffolds with good pore connectivity were fabricated and their biological, degradation properties were studied in this manuscript. (2) The scaffold with interconnected porosity construct provides the necessary support for cells to proliferate and maintain their differentiated function, and its architecture related to the structure and morphology of new bone. Polymer scaffolds were fabricated by the technique of compression molding and particulate leaching method, and paraffin microspheres were used as the porogen. (3) MicroHA/CS and nanoHA/CS composite scaffolds are potential materials for use in bone tissue engineering.

In this paper, a new tuning formula is proposed for PID controller in air conditioning processes, which is often used in engineering practice. A qualified controller should achieve a good balance between system performance and robustness. In this study, the set-point following and attenuation of load disturbances are decoupled by using two degrees-of-freedom control structure and the ability to reject load disturbances to the robustness constraints is maximized by optimization algorithms. A novel scheme is adopted in the derivation of the new tuning formulas that can be much simpler and easier with similar control performance compared to complex optimization algorithms. The simulation results are given to demonstrate their feasibility and effectiveness.

Six Sec14-like PITP genes from sugarcane were identified, two of them were cloned, and their biological functions were characterized indicating their involvement in plant defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. Sec14, a phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PITP) is widely present in eukaryotes. In this study, the structure and expression patterns of six Sec14-like PITP genes (ScSEC14-1, ScSEC14p, ScSFH1, ScSFH2, ScPATL1, and ScPATL2) from sugarcane were analyzed, and two of them (ScSEC14-1 and ScSEC14p) were cloned and functionally verified. Phylogenetic analysis divided these genes into four groups, including group I (ScSFH1 and ScSFH2), group II (ScPATL1 and ScPATL2), Group III (ScSEC14p), and group V (ScSEC14-1). qRT-PCR analysis showed tissue-specific expression of these genes, primarily in the root, leaf, and bud tissues. They responded differently to SA, MeJA, and ABA stresses. ScSEC14-1, ScSEC14p, and ScSFH2 were upregulated by CuCl2 and CdCl2, while ScSEC14-1, ScSFH1, ScSFH2, and ScPATL1 were upregulated by PEG and NaCl. When infected by Sporisorium scitamineum, the transcripts of ScSFH1, ScSFH2, ScPATL1, and ScPATL2 were upregulated in the resistant genotype Yacheng 05-179, while those of ScSEC14-1 and ScSEC14p were upregulated in the susceptible genotype ROC22. Subcellular localization showed that ScSEC14-1 and ScSEC14p were mainly localized in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. Enhanced growth of Escherichia coli BL21 cells expressing ScSEC14-1 and ScSEC14p showed high tolerance to NaCl and mannitol stresses. The transient overexpression of ScSEC14-1 and ScSEC14p in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves enhanced its resistance to the infection of tobacco pathogens Ralstonia solanacearum and Fusarium solani var. coeruleum. We can conclude the involvement of ScSEC14-1 and ScSEC14p in the defense against biotic and abiotic stresses, which should facilitate further research on Sec14-like PITP gene family, especially its regulatory mechanisms in sugarcane.

We present a novel solver for solving Quantified Boolean Formulae problem (QBF). In order to improve the performance, we introduce some reasoning rules into the message passing algorithm for solving QBF. When preprocessing the formulae, the solver incorporates the equality reduction and the hyperbinary resolution. Further, the solver employs the message passing method to obtain more information when selecting branches. By using the unit propagation, conflict driven learning, and satisfiability directed implication and learning, the solver handles the branches. The experimental results also show that the solver can solve QBF problem efficiently.

In order to realize the functional requirements of hydraulic cylinder installing in the leg of the rehabilitation robots, a new type of servo rotary valve was designed with an introduction of its structure. The spool in rotary valve may have different locations when the actual working conditions are different. To know the flow field of rotary valve above case we have done a thorough numerical analysis. In the next step the basic theory of the numerical simulation, including the modeling, meshing and parameterization, is explained. The research of the flow field in rotary valve is treated in detail by using a fluid dynamics simulation tool, FLUENT. And through simulation the results including the pressure of internal flow, velocity distribution and the flow coefficient characteristic curve of the valve with various opening degree were obtained. Besides, we also drew the curves of pressure and velocity differences, and found the main reasons for the energy loss through the valve under different conditions, which could provide a theoretical basis for structure optimization of the rotary valve, motor selection or even an experimental instruction of the rehabilitation robot later.

Background The combination of drugs and exercise was the effective treatment in bone injure and rebuilding in clinic. As mechanical strain has potential in inducing the differentiation of osteoblasts in our previous study, the further research to investigate the combination of mechanical strain and icariin stimulation on inducing osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and the possible mechanism in MC3T3-E1 cell line. Methods A whole cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that detects the bromodeoxyuridine incorporation during DNA synthesis was applied to evaluate the proliferation. The mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN), type I collagen (Col I), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and BMP-4 was detected by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The activity of ALP was analyzed by ELISA and the protein expression of OCN, Col I and BMP-2 was assessed by western blot. Moreover, the activity of nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway was investigated with the expression of inhibitor of κB (IκB) α, phosphorylation of IκB-α (P-IκB-α), p65, P-p65 by western blot. Results We observed that compared to single mechanical strain or icariin stimulation, the mRNA and protein expressions of ALP (P

With the social and economic development, the real estate industry rapid development, supply supporting projects in residential area is increasing. Residential areas load has large application for connection and installation, but the actual load is of slow growth, lack of effective ways and means, it's inaccurate to forecast short-term load, difficult to balance the improvement of equipment utilization and to meet long-term electricity demand in the distribution network planning and the preparation of regional distribution network planning programs. The electricity load growth in new built residential area with the relatively high occupancy rate over the years is tracking analyzed, load forecasting method of new residential area to apply for electrical connection based on Demand Coefficient is researched and studied with case, which has good effects.

In order to get a reasonable simultaneity coefficient rather than one offered by the regulations and the design handbook, a statistical algorithm to computer the simultaneity coefficient based on the real-time data of the practical electrical network is presented in this paper. This algorithm uses the data of the typical consumers' load power from the power measurement system to compute the simultaneity coefficient. This kind of simultaneity coefficient can reflect the characteristic of a practical electrical network. The algorithm of simultaneity coefficient can be applied to power system planning and design, load forecasting and distribution automation.