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Lung carcinoma (LC) is responsible for almost one-third of all cancer fatalities worldwide. Tetrahydroquinoline is an organic molecule that is the semi-hydrogenated derivative of quinoline and could be found in several naturally occurring compounds such as flindersine, oricine etc. Some tetrahydroquinoline derivatives with pyrazole and hydrazide moieties were evaluated in silico against A549 (human lung cancer cell lines). The quantitative structural-activity relationship (QSAR) model created was statistically significant with validation metrics of R2 (0.9525), R2adj (0.9314), and CV.R (0.9719). The molecular docking analysis revealed that compound C14 demonstrated the best binding affinity towards the studied protein with binding affinity value of –10.1 kcal mol–1 (4LRM). This is in accordance with the experimental result (IC50 = 0.69). The factors observed for ADME&T correlated well with the factors observed for the referenced drug. This study indicates that compounds C1 and C9 can be further developed as anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) compounds. Thus, our findings may open door for the design and development of library of efficient Tetrahydroquinoline-based drug-like compounds as potential anti-LC agents.

The green synthesis of nanoparticles has been a vital aspect in the search for novel antimicrobial agents. This research aimed at biosynthesis, characterization and preliminary evaluation of the antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the back extract of Annona senegalensisis. The bark of Annona senegalensis was scraped from the stem, washed, air-dried, pulverised and extracted. Four millilitre (4 ​ml) of the extract was pipetted into 36 ​mL (36 ​ml) of silver nitrate solution (5 ​mM AgNO3) in a conical flask. The resulting solution was subjected to magnetic stirring at room temperature (28 ​°C ​± ​2) till AgNPs were formed. The synthesized AgNPs were filtered, washed with deionized water and dried in oven at 40 ​°C. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis was carried out on the synthesized AgNPs. The AgNPs synthesized was also characterized with UV–visible spectrophotometer (UV), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy to ascertain the physico-chemical and morphological properties of the AgNPs. The antimicrobial investigation was carried out following standard method. The observation of colour change (pale yellow to dark brown) during the synthesis and maximum absorbance at wavelength 431.19 ​nm in the UV spectrum confirmed the formation of AgNPs. The FTIR analysis showed that the biomolecules responsible for the reduction of silver ion contain O–H functional groups. The electron microscopy studies indicated that the AgNPS are spherical in shape with nanoparticles sizes of 11–24.76 ​nm. EDX analysis showed that the AgNPs contain high amount of silver and few other elements. The antimicrobial study showed high zones of inhibition 22.75–33.75 against tested bacteria. The simplicity of the synthesis of AgNPs from the extract of the stem bark of Annona senegalensisis and relatively high zones of inhibitions shown by the AgNPs are strong evidences of the possible application of Annona senegalensisis in the synthesis of novel therapeutic agent against infections from bacteria and fungi.

Postassembly modification of peptides via C(sp3)-H functionalization on aliphatic side chains provides a straightforward approach to access functionalized peptides as therapeutics. However, C(sp3)-H functionalization of C-terminal residues remains underdeveloped due to the inhibition effect of secondary amides in the backbone. Herein, we report a ligand-enabled, bidentate auxiliary-assisted β-C(sp3)-H arylation method, which is well tolerant of secondary amides. A wide range of peptides (tri- to dodecapeptides) underwent position-specific modification of alanine at the C-terminus.

Nanoscience and nanotechnology are currently undergoing several developments that will impact several industries across the global in due season. The wide applications of nanoparticles in biomedicine, pharmacy, phytochemistry, research institute, catalysis, textile, waste water management, chemistry, food preservatives, and paint have led to new area of discoveries for many researchers and industries. The biological method of synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) had tremendously gained wide popularity due to its environmental friendly conditions of synthesis. Numerous biological entities namely; plants, bacteria, essential oil, fungi, algae, and yeasts had been used as reducing and capping agent for the synthesis of AgNPs. All scientific investigations have ascertained the uniqueness of AgNPs as therapeutic agent against cancer, virus, bacterial, and fungal infections. This review provides detailed scientific information about the various methods of synthesis, optimization conditions, mechanism, and characterization techniques for the synthesis of AgNPs with efficient yield and morphological properties. Furthermore, concise advancement in the antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of AgNPs mediated from plant sources from recently published articles were enumerated.

The conviction that herbal drugs have enormous health benefits has led to increase the rate of their consumption by Nigerians. The aim of this study was to assess the carcinogenic property of some popularly consumed anti-diarrheal herbal drugs via polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) quantification. Three prevalent anti-diarrhea herbal drugs , Odunmo herbal drug (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Bacopamonnieri), Orogun herbal mixture (Hibiscus sabdariffaI and Hedera helix), and Alora herbal syrup (Aloe vera and Hibiscus sabdariffaI) were bought for the purpose of this study and they were coded as samples A, B, and C, respectively. The ultrasonic extraction of the herbal drugs was carried out using standard procedures. The crude extracts obtained were purified using a chromatographic method. The concentrations of PAHs were quantified using gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GCFID). The diagnostic indices, group distribution, toxicity equivalence and exposure dosage were estimated. The cancer risk values were theoretically speculated based on concentrations of PAHs in the tested herbal drugs, associated with the published estimates of each concentration to cause cancer and the calculated exposure doses of the anti-diarrhea herbal drug samples were within three age groups (children, Preteen and adult). The highest concentration of total PAHs was observed in sample A (58.2815mg/kg) and the lowest concentration in sample B (44.1898mg/kg), but the concentration of total PAHs in sample C was 47.4169 mg/kg. The highest percentage of carcinogenic PAHs in the anti-diarrheal herbal drugs was found in sample C (48.66%) and the lowest in sample B (38.17%). The diagnostic indices confirmed a pyrogenic source of PAHs. Group distribution of PAHs showed that the herbal drugs are weakly carcinogenic due to high concentrations of low and moderate molecular weight PAHs. The cancer risk estimated for all the age groups where below the limit established by the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for cancer (1 x 10-6). This ascertained that the use of these herbal drugs cannot cause cancer. However, consumers of these herbal drugs should take necessary precautions as excessive intake can lead to dangerous health implications.

The advent of antibiotic resistance and the growth of new strains of bacteria are of great concern to the world health sectors. Effective treatment of the infections caused by these human pathogens call for designing and development of new drugs with better efficiency. This study aimed at investigating the antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera seed extract against some bacteria strains. The phytochemical and antibacterial activities of Moringa oleifera seed extract against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were conducted using standard methods. The phytochemical analysis of the studied seed extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenols and flavonoids as secondary metabolites. The obtained result from the antibacterial study indicated that the extract exhibited high inhibition zones against all bacteria strain studied. Also, four molecular compounds from Moringa oleifera seed were selected based on their percentage yield and were optimized using density functional theory and they were used against five bacterial cell lines. It was observed that kaempferol and quercetin inhibited Escherichia coli . Kaempferol inhibited Klebsiella pneumonia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Streptococcus pneumonia while Quercetin showed highest inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus when compared with other compounds. This showed the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera seed in eradicating some infections caused by bacteria.

The need for the development of new methods for the reduction or elimination of the infections and diseases caused by mosquitoes and bacteria is very vital. The biomedical applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from biological sources especially plant extracts had contributed greatly to the inhibition of several microbes due to the presence of some secondary metabolites found in them. The biological approach of AgNPs synthesis is ecofriendly compared with other methods of AgNPs synthesis. In this study, we investigated the efficiency of AgNPs synthesized using the leaf extract of Morinda citrifolia against selected vector mosquitoes and bacteria. The leaves of Morinda citrifolia obtained were air dried, pulverized, extracted, and mixed with silver nitrate to form AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The mosquito repellency and antimicrobial activities of the synthesized AgNPs were determined using standard methods. The peak at 436.14 nm on the UV–Visible spectrum confirmed the formation of AgNPs. The TEM microgram confirmed the synthesis of a spheroidal shape AgNPs with particle sizes in the range of 15–40 nm and an average size of 28 nm. The peak at 3.5 keV on the EDX microgram further confirmed the formation of AgNPs. In addition, the impact of green-synthesized AgNPs on some vector mosquitoes and human pathogens revealed percentage repellency in the range of 17.65 to 60.00% and percentage inhibition zones ranging from 20 to 64% respectively. Our study was the first among other studies to ascertain that AgNPs synthesized using Morinda citrifolia leaf extract possess promising mosquito repellency and antibacterial efficiency.

Developments in nanotechnology and natural product research toward the search for novel antibacterial agents have drawn the interest of many scientists to the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from natural product (especially plants) due to its numerous benefits over other methods of synthesis such as been easy, economical, convenient, and environmental friendly. Aside from the aforementioned advantages, the synthesis of AgNPs from medicinal plant has been reported as the best approach of synthesizing AgNPs with great biological activities due to the numerous biomolecules found in plants. Recently, the number of researches toward the improvement of the yield, morphological properties, analytical techniques, and the development of optimal conditions and exact mechanism for synthesizing AgNPs from plants have been increasing tremendously. In this review, we present a comprehensive report on the recent development in the synthesis, optimization conditions, mechanism, and characterization techniques of AgNPs synthesized from plant extracts. Furthermore, a thorough discussion on the recent advances in the application of AgNPs synthesized from plant as therapeutic agent against bacterial infections was made.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are one of the prominent metal nanoparticles (NPs) with a broad range of applications in various fields of science and technology. The demand for the use of AuNPs has been increasing on a regular basis. To meet such a demand, intensive research is required on optimizing synthesis approaches. Among various methods reported for the synthesis of AuNPs, biological methods using plant extract have been found to be simple, effective, cheap and environmental friendly because the gold salt is only reduced with biomolecules existing in plant extract. Various methods of AuNPs synthesis using different plant extracts have long been developed. Several techniques have been adopted in the characterization of the synthesized AuNPs. The antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer and catalytic activities of AuNPs from plant extract have shown promising activities useful for several biomedical applications. This review focuses on the synthesis, optimization conditions, characterization and applications of biosynthesized AuNPs using plant extracts.

The properties of gold nanoparticles, such as conductivity, half-life, catalytic nature, improved solubility efficiency, chemical stability, and its mechanism in binding with bacterial cell wall to induce cell death, have increased its medicinal applications. This study investigated the antibacterial property of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) synthesized from Garcinia kola pulp extract. The ripe fruits of Garcinia kola were obtained, and the pulps were removed, air dried, pulverized, extracted, and mixed with gold chloride solution following standard procedure. The synthesized AuNPs were characterized using ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer (UV-visible), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). The antibacterial examination was carried out on four clinical isolate bacteria using agar diffusion technique. The UV-visible analysis confirmed the formation of stable AuNPs at pH 7 in the wavelength region of 564 nm. The FTIR analysis confirmed that the secondary metabolites with –OH functional groups serve as the reducing agent for the synthesis of AuNPs. The morphological assessment of the synthesized AuNPs revealed spherical-shaped particles. The zones of inhibition of the synthesized AuNPs against test bacteria ranges from 3 to 13 mm while that of the control was in the range of 14 to 22 mm. This study provided an environmentally friendly approach in the synthesis of AuNPs from Garcinia kola pulps and also ascertained the medicinal application of the synthesized AuNPs as an antibacterial agent.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are one of the prominent metal oxide nanoparticles with significant applications in many industries and research institutes. Various methods of synthesis have been adopted in the production of ZnO NPs so as to meet its high demand. The environmental implications and economic challenges attached to most of the means of ZnO NPs synthesis have resulted in the quest for other alternatives with environmental and economic benefits. Interestingly, the biological method of synthesis using plant sources have been found appropriate for the production of ZnO NPs dues to its numerous health, environmental, economic, and medicinal benefits. The distinctive features of ZnO NPs synthesized using plant extracts enhanced its application in agriculture for the production of fertilizers, pesticides, and fumigants. In the field of medicine and pharmacy, phytosynthesized ZnO NPs have gained remarkable usage in the production of disinfectant, antifungal, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetics agents. Despite the enlisted benefits of biosynthesized ZnO NPs, the difficulties associated with the elucidation of formation mechanism and reactions still remain unraveled. This review described the summary of the recent advances in the synthesis, mechanism routes, characterization techniques, and applications of biosynthesized ZnO NPS in agriculture, medicine, and textile industries.

The need to devise another method of synthesizing nanoparticles from sources that are eco-friendly, non-hazardous and cost effectiveness is of great importance in preventing environmental and health problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Garcinia kola leaves as reducing and stabilizing agent for silver nanoparticles synthesis. The leaves of Garcinia kola obtained were authenticated, air dried, pulverized and extracted. The extract was mixed with aqueous solution of silver nitrate solution to form silver nanoparticles and were characterized using Ultra violet (UV) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The antibacterial investigation of the synthesized silver nanoparticle was carried out following the disk diffusion method. UV analysis revealed the silver surface plasmon band at 425.18 nm, The FTIR indicated -OH, -C=C- and alkane as the functional groups responsible for the stabilization of the silver nanoparticle formed. The morphological assessment from SEM and TEM analysis confirmed that the silver nanoparticle formed are spherical in shape with an average particle size of 28.80nm.The EDX analysis ascertained that the silver surface plasmon resonance at 2.8–3.2 keV was confirmed the reduction of silver ion (Ag+ to Ag0). The XRD study revealed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles synthesized. The antibacterial investigation showed high inhibition against the growth of tested bacteria. This study ascertained that the green synthesis of silver nanoparticle without the use of harmful solvent that are offensive to the environment is achievable. Keywords: Silver nanoparticles, Biosynthesis, Characterization, Antibacterial activity and Garcinia kola.