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The dream house price predictor project aims to build a machine learning model that can predict the selling price of a house based on various features such as location, number of bedrooms, square footage, and other relevant factors. The model will be trained on a dataset of historical housing prices and features, and will use regression techniques to make predictions on new, unseen data. The project will also explore the impact of different features on house prices and provide insights into which factors are the most important in determining the value of a property. The goal of the project is to provide a tool for homebuyers, sellers, and real estate professionals to better understand the market and make informed decisions. The Dream House Price Predictor project is aimed at predicting the prices of residential properties based on various features such as location, size, number of bedrooms, and other amenities. The project uses a dataset of real estate transactions and employs machine learning algorithms to build a predictive model. The model is trained on the historical data and tested on a validation set to ensure its accuracy. The results of the project can be used by real estate agents, property buyers, and sellers to make informed decisions about pricing and investment opportunities. This project demonstrates the potential of machine learning to assist in the real estate market and provides a valuable tool for predicting property prices.

Indian traditional and ayurvedic medicine is used to relieve various complex diseases and health issues. Bacopa monnieri is a potent medicinal herb used for multiple disease remedies and known as a nootropic or brain tonic herb. Impact of different shade net intensity (SNIs) on biomass yield and bioactive compound on Bacopa monnieri studied using the most efficient UPLC-MS/MS methods. The different shade net intensity viz., 0% SNI, 30% SNI, 40% SNI, 50% SNI, 75% SNI, and 90% SNI were used. Maximum total fresh herbage weight was obtained from the 75% SNI. The maximum content of bioactive compounds, viz., bacopaside I (0.287 % g-1), bacopaside II (0.236 % g-1), bacoside A (0.296 % g-1), and total bacoside content (0.582% g-1) were found under 75% SNI, whereas, maximum bacoside A3 was obtained in 50% SNI. However, maximum dry herbage weight (630 g), was obtained from 0% SNI. Therefore, the selected elite ‘DBM-4’ could be cultivated under partial shade conditions for harvesting maximum yield from nootropic parameters.

Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass-spectrometry has remarkably enhanced the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the pesticide residues in agriculture matrices. The matrix effects may either suppress or enhance the responses of target analytes on UPLC-MS/MS and cause a reduction in accuracy, precision and sensitivity of an analytical method. Thus, Here performed the impact of matrix interferences of tomato and okra on QuEChERS based multi-residue analysis and quantification on UHPLC-MS/MS by comparing the calibration curves of the matrix-matched and pure solvent-based standards of 116 pesticides. Signal suppression was more pronounced in okra where >76% of pesticides recorded ME% values >50% while in the case of tomato matrix 91% pesticide shown the negligible effect. Careful consideration of matrix effect particularly okra like difficult matrices, before analysing the real sample will help the chemist to avoid the over or under estimation of toxic residues on UHPLC–MS/MS like highly sensitive analytical techniques.

A study was conducted during 2018-19 in Navsari district of Gujarat, India to investigate the presence of pesticide residues in vegetables viz. brinjal, cabbage, chilli, okra, and tomato. The analytical scope of pesticide residues comprised of Gas Chromatography (GC) and Liquid Chromatography (LC) amenable 111 pesticides. A total of 180 samples of five vegetables collected from six different talukas during pre and post-monsoon season of which 75 (41.67%) were positives samples, 25 (13.89%) samples with multiple pesticide residues, 20 (11.12%) samples with pesticide residues above MRL (Maximum Residue Limit) and 105 (58.34%) samples were found residues free. Among the studied talukas, maximum positive vegetable samples of pesticide residues were found in Navsari (22) followed by Jalalpore (16), Chikhli (13), Vansda (11), Gandevi (9) and Khergam (4). In case of vegetables, maximum positive samples to pesticide residues were found in chilli (31) followed by okra (18), cabbage (12), brinjal (7) and tomato (7). The study revealed that the vegetables producing farmers of the Navsari region of India were not following the standard pre-harvest intervals, proper instructions concerning the application of pesticides in appropriate concentration, time and type of pesticides used. It has also thought that there is a need for measures to be implemented towards educating farmers against harmful effects of using the pesticides that may not only harm the health of the human beings but also damage the environment.

Pesticides are important to the success of agriculture as well as an inevitable factor to maintain good public health. Over the years, the consumption of pesticides has increased manifold, particularly during the past two decades. However, this increase has caused great concern over the presence of residues or leftover pesticides in the environment. The understanding of adsorption and desorption behavior of different pesticides is an important phenomenon to describe the fate of pesticide in soil and other environmental compartment like water and sediment. The soil is considered as ultimate sink of pesticide as these were reached to soil directly or indirectly from the point/non-point sources. Adsorption–desorption processes are necessary in understanding pesticides retention behavior and its potential mobility within the soil. The behavior of pesticides in the soil depends on factors such as the physico-chemical properties of pesticides, the active surface of mineral, organic components and the amount of the pesticide applied. Henceforth, adsorption and desorption of soil applied pesticides needed to deal with greater sincerity. This review primarily ascertains dominant properties of pesticides including surface area, pH, surface functional groups, carbon content and aromatic structure and evaluate the adsorption and desorption of pesticide in agricultural soils. In addition, a vision for future research prospects has been anticipated by considering the pesticide bioavailability as residues in soil, influence of soil organic matter, clay content, pH and soil temperature on pesticide removal, pesticide properties and its behavior in soils.

A field experiment was conducted to determine the dissipation kinetics of carbofuran and its metabolite (Carbofuran 3-OH) in the soil and their terminal residue in sugarcane. The experimental plots were subjected to application of carbofuran 3G (1.0 kg a.i./ha) at the time of planting and 60 days after planting of sugarcane variety CoN 07072 grown with recommended agronomic practices. The soil samples were periodically collected at 0 (2 hrs.), 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 and 90 days after last application of carbofuran. QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) based extraction method adopted to quantify the residues of carbofuran on LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry) from soil, sugarcane juice and leaves were found accurate, sensitive and precise enough. Residues of carbofuran and total carbofuran (Carbofuran + Carbofuran 3-OH) were observed upto 30 days after application and reached below quantification level at 60 days after application in sugarcane grown soil. Carbofuran and total carbofuran followed the first order dissipation kinetics with the half life of 4.18 and 4.17 days, respectively in the experimental soil. Sugarcane leaves and juice contains the residues of carbofuran below quantification limit at the time of harvest of sugarcane.

Banana harvesting generates a large amount of banana pseudostem waste, which is generally burnt or thrown away, despite containing many nutrients. Bio-enriched organic fertilizer (BOF) was prepared from banana pseudostem sap (BPS), and it has been patented (Patent No. WO 2013/001478 Al). Several reports revealed that its application increases plant growth promotion of various horticulture crops. Apart from macro- and micronutrients, it also contained phytohormones. Hence, the present study aims to detect and quantify phytohormone in it. A novel method was developed to extract four phytohormones, viz., indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), gibberellic acid (GA

The quorum sensing (QS) system of bacteria helps them to communicate with each other in a density-dependent manner and regulates pathogenicity. The concentrations of autoinducers, peptides, and signaling factors are required for determining the expression of virulence factors in many pathogens. The QS signals of the pathogen are regulated by the signal transduction pathway. The binding of signal molecules to its cognate receptor brings changes in the structure of the receptor, makes it more accessible to the DNA, and thus regulates diverse expression patterns, including virulence factors. Degrading the autoinducer molecules or disturbing the quorum sensing network could be exploited to control the virulence of the pathogen while avoiding multidrug-resistant phenotypes. The rhizosphere is a tremendous source of beneficial microbes that has not yet been explored properly for its anti-quorum sensing potential.

In this study, the dissipation kinetics and health risk assessment of different insecticides in tomato under open field and poly-house conditions were investigated. A total of four insecticides, namely Chlorantraniprole 18.5 SC @ 30 g a.i ha(−1), Flubendiamide 20% WG @ 48.0 g a.i ha(−1), Indoxacarb 14.5 SC @ 60.0 g a.i ha(−1), and Thiamethoxam 25% WG @ 50.0 g a.i ha(−1), were applied on tomato at the 50% flowering stage, followed by 10 days after the first spray. Prior to actual sample analysis, QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) based extraction methodology for the chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, indoxacarb and thiamethoxam in tomato were verified and quantified on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) in terms of linearity, sensitivity (detection limits), accuracy (% recovery) and precision (% RSD). The DT(50) value of chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, indoxacarb and thiamethoxam in tomato under open field condition was 1.95, 2.25, 2.37 and 3.98, respectively and under poly house condition it was 3.05, 5.02, 2.68 and 4.82, respectively. Similarly, the safe waiting period of chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, indoxacarb and thiamethoxam in tomato under open field condition was 1.05, 0.83, 2.96 and 3.23, respectively and under poly house condition it was 2.02, 4.93, 4.09 and 7.33, respectively. Further, health risk assessment was evaluated and observed no risk for Indian consumers due to application of studied insecticides (RQ

In present study, five potential strains with different plant growth promotion (PGP) characteristics were used. By considering various PGP properties of different bacterial strains, several treatments based on various combinations were developed and studied on mungbean (

This research was carried out on nine provenances from the north Western Ghats to quantify proximate principles, mineral matter, total phenols and other phytochemicals in Melia dubia drupe pulp. Drupe biometric, biomass attributes, proximate principles, mineral matter and total phenols differed significantly among the provenances. The average drupe length and width was 26.5 and 22.3 mm, respectively. Average drupe and pulp fresh weight, pulp dry weight and stone weight were 783.1, 552.1, 165.1, and 179.8 g/100 drupes, respectively. Pulp, dry matter and moisture per cent were 70.5%, 29.9% and 70.0%, respectively. Average crude fibre, protein, ether extract, total ash and nitrogen- free extract were 8.3%, 7.6%, 5.1%, 6.3%, and 72.6%, respectively. Average Ca, Mg, P and K levels were 0.5%, 0.2%, 0.2%, and 2.0%, respectively. Total phenols were 0.4%. Cluster analysis showed that the study area may be divided into three distinct provenances, each having different drupe traits and proximate composition, including mineral components. Gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry analysis revealed 27 phytochemicals, many of which possess beneficial biological attributes. The implications of this provenance variation study should be useful for future improvement in terms of better drupe pulp nutrition for livestock feed. Further study suggests that M. dubia pulp could be categorized as a good feed source with low fibre, energy, fat and mineral levels. All proximate parameters, mineral matter content and total phenols are within prescribed limits.

A laboratory experiment was conducted at Food Quality Testing Laboratory, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari to study the dissipation behaviour of fipronil and its metabolites in clay soil under laboratory condition. In method verification, acetonitrile based extraction and dispersive clean-up approach adopted to quantify the residues of fipronil and its metabolites with gas chromatography (GC-ECD) from soil was accurate, precise and sensitive enough. The soils were spiked at the rate of 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg level for single and double dose, respectively. Soil was extracted at 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after incubation for residues and quantified on GC-ECD. The residues of total fipronil in soil were quantified upto 90 days after their incubation in both single and double dose. The DT50 values of sum total of fipronil and its metabolites recorded at single and double dose were found to be 28.3 and 31.9 days, respectively.

A field experiment was conducted at Main Sugarcane Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari to study the dissipation behaviour of fipronil and its metabolites in sugarcane grown soil. The fipronil 0.3 GR was applied at standard and double dose i.e. 100 and 200 g ai ha-1 in gross plot when sugarcane crop was four month old. The soil sampling was done at 0 (2 hrs.), 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 and90 days after application of fipronil. In method verification, acetonitrile based extraction and dispersive clean-up approach adopted to quantify the residues of fipronil and its metabolites with gas chromatography (GC-ECD) from soil was accurate, precise and sensitive enough. Persistence study indicated that residues of fipronil progressively dissipated and reached BQL (

A study was performed to determine the effect of soil amendments on persistence of hexaconazole and tebuconazole in soil and its residues in tomato. A typical black cotton soil was amended with FYM, gypsum, biocompost @ 5 tonnes/ha. The amended and unamended soils were treated with hexaconazole and tebuconazole at the rate of 2 mg/kg. Analytical protocol adopted for the analysis of residues of these fungicides from unamended and amended soil, and tomato fruits were validated. The linear range of hexaconazole was 0.05-1.0 mg/kg and for tebuconazole was 0.25-5.0 mg/kg on GC-ECD and GCMS-ITD, respectively. The extraction procedure for soil (amended and unamended) and tomato fruits were accurate and precise as the recovery and % RSD of hexaconazole and tebuconazole in amended and unamened clay soil and tomato fruits were in the range of 74.88 -112.98 and 1.56-16.0%, respectively. The LOD and LOQ of analytical method was less than 0.1 mg/kg for all the matrices analyzed. The persistence of hexaconazole was highest in soil amended with gypsum (DT50, 77 days) followed by biocompost (DT50, 68 days), FYM (DT50, 57 days) and without amendment (DT50, 45 days) soil. However, persistence of tebuconazole was highest in bio-compost (DT50, 69.31 days) amended soil followed by FYM (DT50, 66.01 days), gypsum (DT50, 43.87days) and unamended (DT50, 37.46 days) soil. The terminal residues of hexaconazole and tebuconazole in soil and tomato were correlated but impact of hexaconazole residues in soil on its terminal residues in tomato is quite high with respect to tebuconazole.

The indiscriminate use of pesticides in agricultural commodities has become a global health concern. Various household methods are employed to remove pesticide residues from agricultural commodities, e.g., water and ozone. Many ozone-based commercial pesticide removal machines are available in the market for the general public. The current study compares the pesticide removal efficiency of ozone-based washing of fruits and vegetables to simple tap water through commercially available machines and its health risk assessment to different age groups of consumers. The okra and green chili fruits were treated with acetamiprid and ethion as foliar application at the fruiting stage, using the recommended dose (RD) and double to the recommended dose (2RD), respectively. A modified QuEChERS-based pesticide extraction method was verified for its accuracy, precision, linearity, and sensitivity. The treated samples were washed with tap and ozonated water at different intervals, i.e., 3, 8, and 10 min using a commercial food purifier. Washing with ozonized water for 3 min recorded the maximum removal of acetamiprid and ethion from okra and chili fruits. Further, the risk quotient values (RQ) obtained were lower than one at both doses. Thus, washing vegetables with ozonized water for 3 min ensures vegetables are safer for general consumption without any health risk to Indian consumers.

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) is an annually cultivated food and forage crop, attacked by a large number of pests mainly pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera). For the control of this insect pest, a combination of broad-spectrum insecticides viz., chlorantraniliprole and λ-cyhalothrin have been in use to reduce the pod damage and increase crop production worldwide. Therefore, a field trial was conducted to study dissipation and persistence behavior of insecticides combination (Chlorantraniliprole 9.26 % + λ-cyhalothrin 4.63 % ZC) in/on pigeonpea at the recommended dose (RD) 30 g a.i./ha and double recommended dose 60 g a.i./ha (2RD). The quantitative analysis was performed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) for chlorantraniliprole and Gas chromatography with electron captured detector (GC-ECD) for λ-cyhalothrin. The Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method was validated for its accuracy, precision and sensitivity. The chlorantraniliprole persisted upto 30 days and λ-cyhalothrin persisted upto 10 days at RD and 20 days at 2RD. The half-lives (DT50) of chlorantraniliprole and λ-cyhalothrin were from 4.95 to 5.78 days and 2.48–4.33 days at recommended and double recommended dose in pigeonpea, respectively. However, residues of both insecticides measured from soil at 30th day and harvest time were below the limit of quantification (LOQ). The waiting period deciphered for chlorantraniliprole and λ-cyhalothrin applied as combi-product was 9 days at recommended dose. Dietary risk assessment (Risk quotient, Chlorantraniliprole, λ-cyhalothrin, Dissipation, Persistence, Pigeonpea, Health risk assessment

The rapid development of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is a global priority. Here, we developed two capsid-like particle (CLP)-based vaccines displaying the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. RBD antigens were displayed on AP205 CLPs through a novel split-protein Tag/Catcher ensuring unidirectional and high-density display of RBD. Both soluble recombinant RBD, and RBD displayed on CLPs bound the ACE2 receptor with nanomolar affinity. Mice were vaccinated with soluble RBD or CLP-displayed RBD, formulated in Squalene-Water-Emulsion. The RBD-CLP vaccines induced higher levels of serum anti-RBD antibodies, than the soluble RBD vaccines. Remarkably, one injection with our lead RBD-CLP vaccine in mice elicited virus neutralization antibody titers comparable to those found in patients which had recovered from Covid-19. Following booster vaccinations, the virus neutralization titers exceeded those measured after natural infection, at serum dilutions above 1:10.000. Thus, the RBD-CLP vaccine is highly promising candidates for preventing COVID-19 disease.

Absract Study was conducted to ascertain the positive or negative allelospoly among Melia dubia-Aloe vera as components in silvi-medicinal land use [L1-M. dubia (2 × 2 m) + A. vera; L2-M. dubia (3 × 2 m) + A. vera; L3-M. dubia (4 × 2 m) + A. vera) and L4-sole A. vera] cropping systems. M. dubia spatial geometries resulted significant (P≤ 0.05) effect on quantitative and qualitative attributes of A. vera. Quantitative attributes viz., growth (plant height, mature leaf length, and small, mature and total leaves per plant) and biomass (above and below ground and total biomass, mature leaf, pulp, leaf peel and aloe latex) were significantly higher under M. dubia (2 × 2 m)-A. vera silvi-medicinal land use system (closer spacing) as compared to wider spatial M. dubia geometries and A. vera sole cropping. Growth and biomass decreased with increase in M. dubia spacing with minimum under sole crop of A. vera. No significant effect of silvi-medicinal and sole cropping systems was observed on A. vera below ground biomass. In A. vera pulp, through. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 11, 13, 9 and 9 different phytochemicals were detected in M. dubia (2 × 2 m) + A. vera; M. dubia (3 × 2 m) + A. vera and M. dubia (4 × 2 m) + A. vera) and A. vera sole cropping systems, respectively. Percentage of some of the phytochemicals [+(-salsolidine); cetyl alcohol, myristic acid, cyclopentane and 5-triazole, 3ethyl was less under closest spacing (2 × 2 m) and sole cropping system; however in wider spacing (3 × 2 and 4 × 2 m) percentage of these phytochemicals was higher. Intercropping of A. vera significantly affected the growth of M. dubia; however, there was no such effect on volume and biomass production when extrapolated to hectare basis. This study substantiate that M. dubia spatial geometries had positive allelospoly on A. vera growth, biomass and phytochemicals in A. vera pulp. Hence, tree spatial geometry is essential parameters to be considered for growing medicinal plants under agroforestry systems.

Microbial cellulases have been receiving worldwide attention, as they have enormous potential to process the most abundant cellulosic biomass on this planet and transform it into sustainable biofuels and other value added products. The synergistic action of endoglucanases, exoglucanases, and β-glucosidases is required for the depolymerization of cellulose to fermentable sugars for transformation in to useful products using suitable microorganisms. The lack of a better understanding of the mechanisms of individual cellulases and their synergistic actions is the major hurdles yet to be overcome for large-scale commercial applications of cellulases. We have reviewed various microbial cellulases with a focus on their classification with mechanistic aspects of cellulase hydrolytic action, insights into novel approaches for determining cellulase activity, and potential industrial applications of cellulases.

Additional file 3. Anomalous migration by SDS-PAGE is related to protein disorder. Anomalous mobility was determined as the ratio between the apparent molecular weight as determined by SDS-PAGE and the molecular weight calculated from the deduced amino acid sequence (Table 1). Protein disorder was predicted using the IUPred software [41]. The protein disorder score was estimated by calculating the percentage of residues with a disorder score above 0.7.

Additional file 2. Successful expression of different P. falciparum antigen derived recombinant proteins in L. lactis. Purity profile of different target recombinant proteins as determined by SDS-PAGE analysis as shown by Coomassie blue staining (top panel) or Western Blot analysis (bottom panel) observed with anti-His antibody.

Figure S1. Representative agarose gel images of msp2 amplified products. Identification of the FC27 msp2 allelic family members using the S1fw and M5 primer set (a) and the 3D7 msp2 allelic family members using S1fw and N5 primer set (b). Lane N: no template (water) negative control; Lane C1: 3D7 positive control sample; Lanes C2: FC27 positive control sample: Lanes 1â 14: samples collected in April from children living in Obom. The samples were scored as clonal or multiclonal for msp2 depending on the number of PCR products per sample. (DOCX 499 kb)

The effective use of coolant in maintaining gas turbine components below failure limits is becoming increasingly necessary in view of increasing combustor exit temperatures. Incorporating coolant impingement in a pin-finned channel provides an avenue for increased heat transfer. Two types of cooling configuration are modeled and compared: case 1: with the jet impinging in a cut out region behind a pin-fin (thus sheltering the jet from crossflow effects), and case 2: with the jet impinging further downstream along the next row of pin-fin and downstream of the wake region of the upstream pin-fin. In the current work, a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) study is conducted for a Reynolds number of 7500. All other geometrical and flow parameters are kept similar in both the configurations to enable a direct comparison. Since the stagnation point Nusselt number is not affected by the cross-flow in the sheltered configuration, there is enhanced cooling as compared to the configuration in which the jet impinges further downstream and is not protected from the crossflow. In this paper, the flow field, the jet-crossflow interactions and the heat transfer behavior are discussed for both the configurations.

Flow and heat transfer in a low aspect ratio pin-finned channel, representative of an internally cooled turbine airfoil, is investigated using Large Eddy Simulations (LES). To achieve greater control of surface cooling distribution, a novel approach has been recently proposed in which coolant is injected incrementally through a series of holes located immediately behind a specially designed cutout region downstream of the pin-fins. Sheltering the coolant injection behind the pin-fins avoids the impact of the cross-flow buildup that deflects the impingement jet and isolates the surface from cooling. The longitudinal and transverse spacing of the pin-fins, arranged in a staggered fashion, is X/D = 1.046 and S/D = 1.625, respectively. The aspect ratio (H/D) of pin-fin channel is 0.5. Due to the presence of the sequential jets in the configuration, the local cooling rates can be controlled by controlling the jet-hole diameter which impacts the jet mass flow rate. Hence, four different hole diameters, denoted as Large (L), Medium (M) , Small (S), Petite (P) are tested for impingement holes, and their effects are studied. Several patterns of the hole-size distributions are studied. It is shown that the peak Nusselt number in the stagnation region below the jet correlates directly with the jet-velocity, while downstream the Nusselt numbers correlate with the total mass flow rates or the average channel velocity. The local cooling parameter defined as (Nu/Nu0)(1-ε) correlates with the jet/channel mass flow rates.

The impact of shade net intensity on plant growth and on the yield components root yield, time of root harvest and shatavarin IV content in roots of shatavari were observed. The plants were grown under different green shade net intensity (SNI) (0, 25, 50, 75 and 90%) and harvested at three different times (06, 12 and 18 months of transplanting). The maximum number of stems/plants, stem weight, root length, root diameter, fresh root weight and dry root weight were observed under 0% SNI followed by 25% SNI. Shatavarin IV content in roots was higher all plants raised under all SNIs as compare to 0% SNI (open field conditions) however, it was maximum (8.53 μg g−1) in plants under 25% SNI. Total chlorophyll and carotenoids content were increased with increase in SNIs. Maximum root yield gain was observed at twelve months after transplanting (TP) as compared to six and eighteen months of harvesting. This study indicates that shatavari could be cultivated as an intercrop (25% SNI) for fetching higher shatavarin IV content without causing significant root yield loss.

The present study employs the use of combinatorial statistical approach for the optimization of media components for the enhanced production of complete cellulase system by Aspergillus niger C-5. Kitchen waste residue, a biodegradable fraction of municipal solid waste was used as a substrate for growth and production of complete fungal cellulase system under solid state fermentation conditions. A total of 23 media components affecting cellulase yields were first statistically screened employing a 2-level Plackett-Burman design model. Response surface methodology (RSM) was then used to optimize the concentration of most significant factors including tryptone, SDS, NH4Cl and NaCl affecting cellulase yields. The concentrations of four medium components that led to the maximum production of complete cellulase system as optimized using RSM were tryptone, 400 mg; SDS, 0.60 mg; NH4Cl, 2.5 mg; NaCl 1.50 mg/5 g of dry substrate. The optimization of medium components by combinatorial statistical approach led to the fine tuning of cellulase production thereby enhancing the activities of all components viz CMCase, FPase and β-glucosidase by 2.04, 1.58, 1.74 folds respectively exhibiting the highest yields of 110, 19 and 66 U/g dry substrate.

Micronutrients are essential elements needed in small amounts for adequate human nutrition and include the elements iron and zinc. Both of these minerals are essential to human well-being and an adequate supply of iron and zinc help to prevent iron deficiency anaemia and zinc deficiency, two prevalent health concerns of the developing world. The levels of zinc and, iron were measured in the Banana, Papaya, Rice, Finger millet, Soybean and Urdbean. Standard Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) method was also applied to all the samples for zinc and iron analysis and compared with inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). It was observed that there was no matrix interference affecting the determination of both elements interested in all the samples analyzed. Average concentration relative standard deviation and standard deviation were used for the statistical evaluation of the results for both elements. Correlation coefficient was used as statistical model to compare both the techniques.

Additional file 13. Seropositivity rates of members of Pfs38 complex in Indian and Liberian sera as determined by ELISA.

Additional file 1. Production and purification of R0.6C.

Additional file 2. Intact mass analysis of R0.6C. Mass spectra of full-length antigens by LCâ MS and peptide maps from LCâ MS/MS of trypsin digested antigens. (a) Deconvoluted mass spectra of non-reduced R0.6C. (b) Deconvoluted mass spectra of reduced R0.6C. (c)Tryptic peptide maps of R0.6C. In brackets is the calculated accuracy of the measurement to the predicted mass in ppm. All measurements were done in duplicates.

Additional file 3. Stability of R0.6C. R0.6C was incubated at 4 °C for 0, 15 and 30 days. Three and 1 µg of R0.6C with (+) and without (−) DTT was analyzed by (a) SDS-PAGE coomassie staining, (b) Immune-blotting using mAb 45.1 and (c) Sandwich ELISA. Antigens were captured with mAb45.1 and detected with anti-His-HRP.

Additional file 3. Identification of malarial proteins immunoprecipitated using anti-Pfs12 antibodies by LC-MS/MS.

Additional file 11. Identification of malarial proteins in fraction 5 of glycerol density gradient by LC-MS/MS analysis.

Additional file 4. Identification of malarial proteins immunoprecipitated using anti-Pfs41 antibodies by LC-MS/MS.

Effect of sun drying followed by grinding on the residues of pesticides in chilli is reported. Fipronil 5 SC, λcyhalothrin 5 EC, ethion 40 EC, cypermethrin 5 EC, fenpropathrin 30 EC and fenazaquin 10 EC, applied twice at recommended doses on chilli fruits, revealed that the residues of all the insecticides concentrated by a factor of 5.02 to 8.57 due to the drying followed by powdering process.

Polyphenol oxidase, a copper-containing metalloprotein, catalyzes the oxidation of phenolic compounds to quinones, which produce brown pigments in wounded tissues. This enzymatic mechanism causes post-harvest losses and mainly affects tropical fruits and vegetables. The enzymes purified form different plant sources showed dif ferences in the biochemical properties. The PPO protein structure has been elucidated and reported in few plants. The active site of the enzyme undergoes transitions among met-, oxy-, and deoxy-forms in a cyclic manner for catalysis. In this article, biochemical characteristics of polyphenol oxidase from different plants are reviewed. Biochemical and molecular characterization of the polyphenol oxidase could help to develop or to choose more effective methods for controlling browning of fruits, vegetables and its products.