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This research paper examines the role of cloud computing in promoting sustainable development. Cloud Computing (CC) has emerged as a transformative technology that has the potential to reduce the environmental impact of businesses and organizations, while also enabling economic growth and social development. The paper explores the environmental benefits of cloud computing, including energy efficiency, reduced carbon emissions, and the potential for renewable energy integration. It also examines the economic and social benefits of cloud computing, including cost savings, increased productivity, and improved access to technology. The paper concludes by highlighting the potential challenges and opportunities associated with the adoption of cloud computing for sustainable development and identifies key areas for future research and policy action. Overall, the paper argues that cloud computing has the potential to play a critical role in promoting sustainable development, and that further research and policy action are needed to realize its full potential.

This research paper aims to explore the relationship between water pollution and sustainable development. Water pollution is a significant environmental challenge that threatens the sustainability of ecosystems, human health, and economic development. Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The research methodology involves a comprehensive review of relevant literature on water pollution and sustainable development, including empirical studies, theoretical frameworks, and policy documents. The research will explore the impact of water pollution on sustainable development, the drivers of water pollution, and the policy and regulatory frameworks that promote sustainable water management. The findings of this research paper will contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between water pollution and sustainable development and provide insights into effective strategies and policies that can promote sustainable water management. The research will also highlight the importance of public awareness and education in promoting sustainable practices and behaviors that can help to prevent and mitigate water pollution. This research paper will provide valuable insights into achieving sustainable water management practices that promote environmental sustainability and socio-economic development.

Abstract: Herein, we have reported an efficient synthesis of 2-aryl benzimidazoles by reacting ophenylenediamines and substituting aromatic aldehydes using SO4 2−/ZrO2-TiO2 as a heterogeneous catalyst. This methodology is straightforward to obtain 2-aryl benzimidazoles with good to excellent yields. It has been performed in ethanol as a green solvent. The reported protocol has some advantages such as a safe and reusable heterogeneous catalyst, without any need for column chromatography to obtain desired products. The catalyst can be recovered for up to five catalytic cycles without significant loss in the catalytic activity.

Using a large animal model and employing a comprehensive approach integrating hemodynamic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and immunohistochemical analyses, we examined the early (2 wk) effects of severe PH on the RV. We observed that RV remodeling during PH progression represents a continuum of transcriptionally driven processes whereby cardiac myocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and proremodeling macrophages act to coordinately maintain physiological homeostasis and protect myocyte survival during chronic, severe, and progressive pressure overload.

Internet of Things (IoT) and sensor devices have been connected due to the development of the IoT and Information Communication Technology (ICT). It offers automatic environments in smart city and IoT scenarios and describes investments in advanced resources in futuristic human lives as sustainable growth of quality-wise life with intelligent infrastructure. Nowadays, IoT devices are continuously increasing and utilized in advanced IoT applications, including Smart Homes, Smart Farming, Smart Enterprises, and others. However, security and privacy are significant challenges with Ransomware-based Cyber-attack detection in IoT due to the lack of security design and heterogeneity of IoT devices. In the last few years, various advanced paradigms and technologies have been utilized to mitigate the security issues with Ransomware attack detection in IoT devices and data. This paper comprehensively surveys Ransomware-based Cyber Attacks and discusses solutions based on advanced technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Blockchain, and Software Defined Networks (SDN). Then, we design service scenarios for ransomware-based cyber-attack detection. Finally, we summarize the open research challenges and future directions for ransomware in IoT. &nbsp

To date, there has been a lag between the rise in E-cigarette use and an understanding of the long-term health effects. Inhalation of E-cigarette aerosol delivers high doses of nicotine, raises systemic cytokine levels, and compromises cardiopulmonary function. The consequences for muscle function have not been thoroughly investigated. The present study tests the hypothesis that exposure to nicotine-containing aerosol impairs locomotor muscle function, limits exercise tolerance, and interferes with muscle repair in male mice. Nicotine-containing aerosol reduced the maximal force produced by the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) by 30%–40% and, the speed achieved in treadmill running by 8%. Nicotine aerosol exposure also decreased adrenal and increased plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels, and these changes in catecholamines manifested as increased muscle and liver glycogen stores. In nicotine aerosol exposed mice, muscle regenerating from overuse injury only recovered force to 80% of noninjured levels. However, the structure of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) was not affected by e-cigarette aerosols. Interestingly, the vehicle used to dissolve nicotine in these vaping devices, polyethylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG), decreased running speed by 11% and prevented full recovery from a lengthening contraction protocol (LCP) injury. In both types of aerosol exposures, cardiac left ventricular systolic function was preserved, but left ventricular myocardial relaxation was altered. These data suggest that E-cigarette use may have a negative impact on muscle force and regeneration due to compromised glucose metabolism and contractile function in male mice.

Resource allocation is a critical task in 5Gnetworks that determines how network resources are assigned to different devices and services. Traditional methods rely on predefined rules or heuristics, which may not always be optimal. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL)is a promising approach for radio resource allocation in 5Gnetworks as it can learn to optimize resource allocation based on feedback from the network. In DRL, an agent learns to make decisions based on rewards and penalties received from the environment. In radio resource allocation, the agent would learn to allocate resources, such as frequency bands and power levels, to different devices and services to maximize some performance metric, such asthroughput or energy efficiency. The main challenge in applying DRL to radio resource allocation is designing an appropriate reward function that incentivizes the agent to improve the performance metric while avoiding undesirable behavior. Additionally, the radio resource allocation problem is complex, requiring the agent to consider many variables and constraints, such as channel conditions, interference, and QoS requirements. To address this, researchers have proposed various techniques such as hierarchical RL, multi-agent RL, and curriculum learning. Despite the challenges, DRL has shown promising results inradio resource allocation for 5G networks. It has outperformed traditional methods in some scenarios, especially when network conditions are dynamic and unpredictable. However, further research is necessary to explore the scalability and robustness of DRL-based approaches in practical 5G networks. In this method we suggest an algorithm for voice and data carriers in sub-6 GHz and millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies respectively. The mmWave ranges between 30GHz to 300GHz

This project deals with the environmental assessment of the Bagmati River in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Rapid population growth and urban development in recent decades have turned this river into a highly polluted water body. To delineate the contaminant hotspots, water and sediment samples were collected from eleven (11) sites along the river. Water samples were analysed for temperature, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, E. coli, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate, total phosphorus (TP), chloride, and heavy metals in sediments. The data showed considerable degradation of the aquatic system. The TDS increased from 52 mg/L in Sundarijal (near source) to 595 mg/L near Teku (city center). Simultaneously, TSS increased from 43 mg/L to 1233 mg/L, with a contamination hotspot near the Thapathali area. DO quickly dropped below 2 mg/L at all sites near downtown. E. coli increased from 4000 MPN/100 mL in Sundarijal to 46,000 MPN/100 mL in Teku. The high levels of E. coli and the low DO were attributed to the direct disposal of sewage, house-hold trash, industrial effluents, and wastes from hospitals and slaughter houses. In recent years, sediment accumulation of heavy metals has also gone up, namely Cr (35%), Cu (59%), Fe (7%), Pb (7%), and Zn (25%). Phosphorus ranges from 0.2 mg/L at the source to 6.2 mg/L near the city. Phosphorus comes from the area’s wastewater treatment plant, industrial discharges, and sewage. From people’s survey results, 23% said they dispose off part or all of their trash into the river or directly on the street. The urban impact is also evident in the dramatic rise of dissolved Cl in water from the suburbs (26.2 mg/L) to the central city area (73 mg/L). Based on the results, areas near Teku, Thapathali, and Kalimati should be prioritised for immediate remedial measures. Urgent recommendations include dredging of stream sediments, contaminant source cutoff, stringent industrial regulations, and buffer strips and filter beds along the stream banks.

A power operated maize stalk harvester was designed and developed in the Dept. of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan during 2018-19. The objective of this study is to optimize the operational parameters of the maize stalk harvesting by using the RSM techniques. The effects of independent parameters i.e., blade speed (2000, 4000 and 6000 rpm) and stalk moisture content (38, 42 and 46%) on cutting efficiency (%) and fuel consumption (l/h) were studied. To correlate the independent parameters with the dependent parameters, the central composite rotatable design (CCRD) method with a quadratic model was used. The findings indicated that the variations in blade speed and stalk moisture content affected the cutting efficiency (%) and fuel consumption (l/h). To assess the statistical significance of the model, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, which showed good agreement between the experimental data and data predicted by the model. The blade speed of 4000 rpm and stalk moisture content of 46.0% was found to be the optimum for power operated maize stalk harvester with the 96.52% cutting efficiency and 0.72 l/h fuel consumption.

The Government of Nepal (GoN) has approved the Malaria Strategic Plan with the aim of 'Malaria free Nepal by 2025'. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with the mosquito bed nets and its determinants of the ownership with reference to the households' wealth status in Nepal. The study used the secondary data from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016. The households' characteristics were considered independent variables and ownership of the mosquito nets as the dependent variable. We used IBM SPSS Statistics 22 to analyse the data. The data showed that three fourths of the total households had such nets, where 80 percent were urban households as compared to 68 percent rural households, 95 percent from the Terai region of Nepal as compared to 34 percent from the mountain region, 91 percent were of middle income, as compared to 39 percent the poorest wealth status of households, 84 percent of households that had TV as compared to 66 percent of the households with no TV used the nets. The poorest households were 52 percent less likely to own the nets as compared to the richest households (a OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.39-0.60, p

The relationship between Sustainable Development (SD) and Global Warming (GW) is a critical issue that has implications for the future of our planet. This research paper explores the ways in which SD can help address GW and the ways in which GW can impact SD. The paper argues that SD can help mitigate the negative impacts of Climate Change (CC) by promoting the use of renewable energy, reducing waste and pollution, and promoting sustainable land use practices. However, achieving SD in the context of GW requires a holistic approach that balances economic, social, and environmental concerns. Furthermore, the paper discusses the ways in which GW can impact SD by disrupting ecosystems, reducing the availability of natural resources, and increasing the risk of natural disasters. It also highlights the importance of adopting policies and practices that address the root causes of GW, while promoting SD practices that benefit all people and the planet. The research paper concludes that achieving SD and addressing GW are two interconnected issues that must be prioritized to ensure a healthy and prosperous future for all people and the planet. It calls for urgent action and collaboration among governments, businesses, and individuals to adopt SD practices and reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHGE).

Background Of all the tissue or cellular grafting techniques used in the treatment of vitiligo, melanocyte transplant/transfer through ultrathin skin grafting (UTSG) provides rapid onset of regimentation. The regimentation process is further accelerated with a combination of psoralen and ultraviolet A radiation, or psoralen and ultraviolet A obtained by sunlight or narrowband ultraviolet light B, or excimer laser/lamp (308 nm). Aims We assessed the efficacy of carbon dioxide laser ablation followed by melanocyte transplant/transfer through ultrathin skin graft sheet/sheets and further treated by excimer lamp therapy in patients with stable vitiligo. Methods One hundred ninety-two patients with stable vitiligo were treated with UTSG following carbon dioxide laser ablation and patients were then put on excimer lamp therapy. Primary efficacy was determined in terms of grades of regimentation and colour match at the end of 1-year. Results A total of 192 stable vitiligo patients with a mean age of 32.71 ± 8.55 years were recruited. Of the total 410 lesions, 394 showed excellent regimentation indicating a success rate of 96.1% at 1-year follow-up, whereas 16 (3.9%) lesions present on fingertips and toe tips showed poor or no regimentation at 3-month and 1-year follow-up. With regards to colour match, 394 (96.1%) lesions had achieved excellent colour match, and 16 lesions (3.9%) had poor or no colour match at 1-year follow-up. Limitations This was a single-center study with a small sample size. Conclusion The effectiveness of carbon dioxide laser ablation followed by melanocyte transfer/transplant through ultra-thin skin graft sheet/sheets when combined with excimer lamp therapy provides favourable cosmetic outcomes with rapid onset of regimentation in stable vitiligo.

Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major oilseed crop and holds an important place in the Indian agricultural economy. Odisha occupies 6th place in the major groundnut-producing states of the country with a total production of 0.388 MT and is grown in both Kharif and Rabi seasons. Harvesting is one of the major unit operations in groundnut cultivation and is mechanically harvested by tractor-operated diggers but their use is limited because of small land holdings and high capital costs and is not economical for small and marginal farmers of the state. However, the groundnut diggers to match with power tillers are not commercially available, therefore, efforts were made to develop a single-row groundnut digger operated by a power tiller. The study was conducted to relate the soil and crop parameters for the digger design, which influences the harvesting of groundnut. The design of a power tiller-operated groundnut digger to harvest a single row of groundnut requires the data of soil parameters (soil type, bulk density, cone index and soil moisture content) and crop parameters (plant population, plant height, pod zone, pod spreading radius, taproot length, taproot diameter, pod-vine ratio), suitable for different groundnut varieties. It was found that the majority of groundnut varieties were grown in sandy soils and harvested at 12-15 % soil moisture for more yield with a minimum power requirement. It was observed that for all types of groundnut varieties the plant population, plant height, pod zone depth, pod spreading radius, taproot length, taproot diameter and the number of pods per plant varies from 24-29/m2, 31-49.18 cm, 5.79-6.86 cm, 5.87-9.15 cm, 11.70-13.78 cm, 4.64-5.84 cm and 11-27/plant, respectively.

Background The utility of preoperative and perioperative dermoscopy in standard surgical excision for radical excision of primary basal cell carcinoma remain unexplored. Aims To evaluate the use of preoperative and perioperative dermoscopy for precise mapping of margins during standard surgical excision of primary basal cell carcinoma. Methods In this retrospective, observational study, 17 patients clinically diagnosed with various morphological subtypes of basal cell carcinoma were included. Data about previous history, clinical examination of lesions and regional lymph nodes and preoperative dermoscopy were retrieved. After standard surgical excision had been carried out as per mapping of lateral margins, all the excised surgical specimens were subjected to perioperative dermoscopy and later reconfirmed with histopathology. Results Seventeen patients with mean age of 60.82 ± 9.99 years and median disease duration of 14 months were analysed. Clinically, basal cell carcinomas were of pigmented superficial subtype [6 (35.3%)], followed by pigmented nodular [5 (29.4%)], nodulo-ulcerative [4 (23.5%)] and micro nodular [2 (11.8%)]. Mean extension of clinical margin after dermoscopy was 0.59 ± 0.52 mm. Mean pre-assessed depth of tumour and mean depth of tumour were 3.46 ± 0.89 mm and 3.49 ± 0.92 mm, respectively. No recurrence was reported. Frequently found pre-operative dermoscopic features were maple leaf like structures [6 (35%)], blue grey dots and globules [6 (35%)] and short fine telangiectasias [6 (35%)]. Commonly observed perioperative dermoscopic features were: (1) irregular band with brown–grey pigmentation of dots, globules, streaks and pseudopodia like extensions [3 (50%)]; (2) irregular band of pseudo granulomatous structureless vascular areas in psoriasiform pattern with diffuse white streaks in pseudopodia like manner [1 (50%)]; (3) irregular band of pseudo granulomatous structureless vascular areas in psoriasiform pattern with streaks of white pseudopodia like structureless areas [1 (50%)]. Limitation This was a single-centre study with a small sample size. Conclusion This study highlights significance of preoperative and perioperative dermoscopy for precise planning and radical excision of primary basal cell carcinoma by standard surgical excision.

The present study is an effort to explore some low molecular weight chemical entities quinazolinone incorporated naphthyl chalcones for their cytotoxic potential and, that can act smartly by inhibiting the mutated molecular targets EGFR (T790M mutation; PDB Id: 5Y9T), and mutated K-RAS(G12D mutation; PDB Id: 4EPT). The in-vitro cytotoxic studies were done by the MTT assay method. For the lung cancer cell lines (A549), N1-N4 were found as more potent than the reference erlotinib (IC50:44.4μg/ml), and among them, the most potent compound is N3 (IC50:11.29 μg/ml). Against the colorectal cancer cell lines (Caco2), the same compound N3 was found as most potent (IC50:10.79 μg/ml). Molecular docking by autodock-4 revealed that all the title compounds have high affinity for both the molecular targets, as they have high negative binding energies. The inhibition constants obtained in docking studies are in nanomoles, The title compounds can be used as a template for developing more potent, selective and dual targeted drugs to treat lung cancer and colorectal cancer.

With the goal of achieving universal health coverage (UHC), Karnataka, a national leader in healthcare, launched the Arogya Karnataka scheme in March 2018. It was later integrated with the government of India's national health protection scheme Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) to help with financial protection for accessing curative care at the secondary and tertiary levels through collaboration with the public and private sectors. The AB-PMJAY is a rare opportunity to enhance the health of hundreds of millions of Indians and get rid of a significant cause of the country's poverty. The study intends to define the State's distinctive characteristics with relation to AB-PMJAY-ArK and to highlight the State's top initiatives through the scheme. Karnataka has a unique scheme even if it is integrated due to various striking features. The country has an opportunity to address persistent and deeply ingrained issues with governance, quality assurance, and stewardship owing to AB-PMJAY-ArK. The complete approach used by the AB-PMJAY-ArK cell of the department of health and family welfare, government of Karnataka has enhanced the performance of public health institutions and can be adopted as a model by all the Indian States. Access to care, compliance, and timely assistance have all drastically enhanced. This has improved national health indices, but more crucially, it has led to the development of a bigger and stronger public health system, leading the road to UHC.

Background: We aimed to understand the current practices of Indian practitioners in the management of hypertensive patients with ischemic heart disease. Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey involving 145 cardiologists and consulting physicians who each saw 10 patients with hypertension and IHD in their clinical practice was conducted. The questionnaire consisted of 35 questions divided into three sections on prevalence and treatment of hypertension and IHD and role of fixed-dose combinations in therapy. Results: In all, 49.0% of physicians treated 25%-50% patients with hypertension and IHD in their routine practice, majority of whom were in the age group of 40-60 years regardless of gender. Telmisartan (97.0%) and metoprolol (86.0%) were the most preferred angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) and beta-blocker, respectively, and 91.0% of physicians preferred a combination of metoprolol with telmisartan when monotherapy fails. In the opinion of the physicians, prevention of new cardiovascular events (63.0%) and improvement in quality of life (61.0%) were the leading benefits of telmisartan and metoprolol FDC, and all agreed that this FDC improves patient compliance and adherence to therapy. Furthermore, 97.0%, 90.0%, and 40.0% of physicians agreed/strongly agreed that the FDC could be prescribed to hypertensive patients with IHD, heart failure, and IHD and diabetes, respectively. Conclusions: In this pan-India survey, it was observed that FDCs of telmisartan and metoprolol could help in improving blood pressure, heart rate, patient compliance, and adherence to therapy. Nevertheless, large-scale, prospectively designed studies are warranted to validate these findings.

The study was conducted in Sahiwal cattle for genome wide identification and annotation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions and deletions (INDELs) in Sahiwal cattle. The double digest restriction-site associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing, a reduced representation method was used for the identification of variants at nucleotide level. A total of 1,615,211 variants were identified at RD10 and Q30 consisting of 1,480,930 SNPs and 134,281 INDELs with respect to the Bos taurus reference genome. The SNPs were annotated for their location, impact and functional class. The SNPs identified in Sahiwal cattle were found to be associated with a total of 26,229 genes. A total of 1819 SNPs were annotated for 209 candidate genes associated with different production and reproduction traits. The variants identified in the present study may be useful to strengthen the existing bovine SNP chips for reducing the biasness over the taurine cattle breeds. The diversity analysis provides the insight of the genetic architecture of the Sahiwal population Studied. The large genetic variations identified at the nucleotide level provide ample scope for implementing an effective and efficient breed improvement programme for increasing the productivity of Sahiwal cattle.

The resource over-exploitative, waste-burdening, linear developmental model has transgressed the planetary safe operating limits of the earth systems engendering climatic emergencies and also exacerbated socioeconomic imbalances. The only way of mitigating these planetary and social crises is to formulate and strictly enact ecofriendly, resource recycling, circular economic, equitable, decentralized and peoples´ participatory developmental policies and practices. The objective of this review is to contribute to the discourse on transformative agriculture-centred, circular economic policies and practices that foster nature-based solutions and prudent extraction, use, re-use, and recycling of resources while minimizing waste and environmental externalities. The review highlights Nepal’s geophysical, agroecological and socioeconomic realities, their manifestations and policy implications. It also explores how past development policies have been mismatched with these realities, eroding the indigenous resource bases and knowledge systems, and thereby, disrupting the agriculture-based, self-reliant, and food sovereign livelihoods systems. The article argues that agroecology, as a science, practice and movement envisions a nature-based, circular economic and socially just transformative pathway towards sustainable agri-food systems embracing food sufficiency, safety and sovereignty. This pathway contributes to healthy people, healthy animals and healthy ecosystems, hence strengthening the vision of One Health. Building on the agroecological perspectives, this article presents the resynthesized eight operational elements referred to as “8-S-elements” for agroecological transformation. These elements pertain to the prudent management of space (S1), species (S2), seeds (S3), soils (S4), seasonality (S5) and stress factors (S6) through the synergistic integration of agroecosystems and livelihood systems components (S7) with socioeconomic rationality (S8). In the Nepalese context, as an agriculture-based economy, agri-food and livelihoods are viewed as complementary facets. This study recommends the transformative policy options based on the principles of ecological stewardship and socioeconomic objectivity.

Background: Motivated by the exciting biological potential for the use of hybrid molecules in medicine and therapy. It is anticipated that the coumarin-chalcone hybrids for skeletal muscle and antianxiety action will be investigated using a chemical hybridization technique. Objective: Due to its numerous benefits, including high effectiveness, mode of action at receptors, minimal adverse effects, and improved pharmacokinetic features, naturally occurring and synthesized hybrid compounds are prospective sources for novel drug development techniques. In opinion of these applications, we here designed some coumarin-chalcone hybrids and explored them for skeletal muscle and antianxiety potential. Methods: Using a chemical hybridization strategy, coumarin-chalcone hybrids have been synthesized and evaluated for skeletal muscle and antianxiety activity. The target compounds were synthesized by reaction of 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarion with haloalkane to afford 7-(2- bromoethoxy)-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one which was further treated with hydroxychalcones. The structures of target compounds were confirmed on the basis of their Melting Point, Thin Layer Chromatography, IR, 1HNMR and Mass studies. The computational properties of target compounds were also determined through online software. Skeletal muscle and antianxiety potential were performed in Swiss albino mice. Results: The coumarin-chalcones hybrids showed skeletal muscle and antianxiety potential in Swiss albino mice and computational properties of the target compounds were also showed similarity as compared with diazepam. Conclusion: Among the target compounds, the fluoro group containing compound was found to be more potent as compared to the standard drug diazepam.

In India, large rivers are experiencing serious threat to aquatic biodiversity, and therefore flagship projects are being executed on freshwater biodiversity conservation using various methods and strategies. Ganga River is the largest and longest river of India supporting rich commercial and artisanal fisheries for decades. Periodical and systematic assessments of fish biodiversity of the large river ecosystem are important for effective conservation planning. Although over the years, the ichthyofaunal diversity of the river has been assessed under different programmes, however current assessment of fish diversity across different zones are not adequately studied and reported. In the present study systematic re-explorations were carried out and changing pattern of fish diversity and distribution during the period 2016–19 was recorded. We described a total of 190 fish species (182 indigenous and 8exotics) belonging to 133 genera, 62 families and 23 orders from upper Ganga (Harsil) to the river mouth of Hooghly estuary (Fraserganj). The assessment of native species revealed about 10% and 14.21% of the total species are listed under threatened status of IUCN Red List (version 2020) and CAMP (1998) threatened category respectively. Among the exotics, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was found dominated in upper, middle and part of lower stretch. The study showed considerable dominancy of major and minor catfish followed by small indigenous fishes. The evaluation of species richness through biodiversity matrices resulted the lower stretch to be the richest zone forming a strong cluster relationship (>0.71) among all the stations. The analysis of similarity percentage (SIMPER) of all the stations revealed an average similarity of 4.59% between all the stations. Shift in distribution pattern of few fish species was also recorded in certain sections of the river. The study indicated drastic decline of commercially important major carps and catfishes in comparison to previous records. The present paper also discussed about the potential threats and important guidelines concerning sustainable fisheries of River Ganga. The comprehensive information presented in this paper on fish diversity, distribution, abundance, production trend of major fish group of the river in different zones have highlighted relative change as compared to previous studies that will be useful for monitoring biodiversity and future conservation planning of the river basin.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic created a nation-wide lockdown with hospital services resorting only to the emergency sections. Dermatology out-patient was closed with majority of services being deferred for a later date or through online platform. Here, we try to find whether Nepalese dermatologists were contributing to sciences through research. Methods: A Google Scholar search using certain key words to search for publications done by Nepalese dermatologist during the pandemic was done for year 2020-2021 described as pandemic period. Similar search was conducted for year 2018-2019 for the same time frame called as pre-pandemic. All the publications were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. Results: A total of 197 publications were retrieved for pandemic period as compared to only 106 published articles in the non-pandemic period. Among 197 publications, 81 (41.11%) were published in PubMed indexed journal as compared to only 40 (37.73%) publications out of 106 total publications during the earlier period. However, the increase in the number was not statistically significant. Conclusion: An interest among Nepalese dermatologists for academic publications was noted during the pandemic period. This might be due to the proper use of time during the lockdown and closure of out-patient department.

Background: Evaluation and perception of MBBS first year students regarding early clinical exposure (ECE). The goals of ECE are to provide significance to basic sciences along with expansion of medical knowledge so as to establish the cognitive component of professional learning. Medical council of India has given new curriculum for MBBS for undergraduate medical education in which ECE is one of the reforms to improve quality of medical education. Methods: The study was conducted in the department of physiology, Peoples college of medical science and research centre Bhopal. The study duration was one year, 150 students of MBBS first year were included in study. All didactic lecture on systems was delivered mainly on respiratory physiology. It was vertically integrated with department of medicine and is followed by hospital visit. During hospital visit students was divided in 6 groups of 25. Clinicians was exposing the students to the relevant patients and discuss important symptoms and examination/findings on the patients. To assess whether the skills gained through ECE helped the students in the physiology classes of clinical examination, OSCE (Objectively structured clinical examination) was arranged before and after the intervention. Results: The post OSCE scores are better than pre OSCE scores. Perception of students toward ECE they have better understanding and retention of topic. Conclusions: ECE is a good tool for teaching and learning for first year MBBS.