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When compared to the accuracy of nanoscale control, the resolution of current positioning sensors is relatively low. Because of this, the output from low-precision sensors normally includes quantization errors that could degrade control performance. As a result, in this paper, a method of quantization error estimation based on the least square method is examined. In the proposed method, estimation accuracy is improved by taking into account the effect of input disturbances. Furthermore, a bias adjustment method is proposed that is expected to satisfy the constraints on quantization error. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by simulations and experiments.

The optical nonlinearity in a GaAs/AlGaAs asymmetric triple-quantum-well structure (ATQW) is observed in the transmittance as a function of the incident light intensity at 77 K. As the origin of the nonlinear behaviour, we have assumed the mixing/resonance of the electronic states by the internal built-in field induced by the temporal separation of the electrons and holes, which are injected by the absorption of laser light followed by the tunnelling transfer between the three quantum wells. The internal built-in field is also investigated and estimated in the photoluminescence spectra as a function of the incident light intensity.

The resolution of positioning sensors becomes low relative to the control accuracy in nanoscale control. In this case, the output of the low precision sensor includes quantization error, and the error may degrade the control performance. Thus, in this paper, an estimation problem of the quantization error based on least square method is considered. In the proposed method, the estimation accuracy is improved by taking account the effect of an input disturbance. Moreover, a bias adjustment method is proposed to satisfy the constraints on the quantization error. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by simulations and experiments.

In 25 patients operated on for idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) associated with primary lung cancer, we clinically examined the predictive factors related to the acute exacerbation of IIP preoperatively and during operation. Most were male heavy smokers. Ages ranged 57 to 78 years. Standard surgery was performed in 11 patients, extended resection in 4 patients and limited resection in 10 patients. The incidence of postoperative acute exacerbation of IIP was 40% (10 patients). These patients were treated with steroid pulse therapy, 3 patients died due to acute exacerbation but 7 patients recovered. It seemed difficult to anticipate postoperative exacerbation of IIP based on preoperative patients evaluation and the degree of surgical invasiveness. Seven patients were alleviated with erythromycin before and after the operation and 4 patients were alleviated with high-dose steroid during or after surgery, with these patients not developing exacerbation of IIP. From these results, it was suggested that high-dose steroid administration during or after surgery and erythromycin before and after the operation were effective to avoid postoperative exacerbation of IIP.

A case of solitary hemangioma which occurred in the rib. Tumor located in the right seventh rib, incidentally taken X-ray film demonstrated bone tumor, but she had no symptoms. Four years after, chest pain occurred and taken X-ray film, tumor size was inceeced. Computed tomography (CT) showed an expansile, well demarcated lesion, with thin corices and fine trabeclae. Chest wall, from the sixth rib to the eighth rib resection was performed and surgical margin was 4 cm. This case were diagnosed hemangioma of the rib. Hemangiomas of the bone are rare benign vascular tumors that account for less than 1% of all bony neoplasms. These lesions are most often occurring in the vertebral column or in the skull. The localization to the ribs is even more rare, with only sporadic case reports in the literature.

We report a 26 year-old male patient who had floaters and hyperemia in his left eye following uveitis due to gnathostoma that had migrated into the vitreous cavity. Severe iridocyclitis and mild opacity of the vitreous body were observed, together with whitish-yellow subretinal tracks accompanied by dot and blot hemorrhages in the fundus. Slit lamp microscopic examination revealed a worm which writhed in the vitreous cavity. We performed vitrectomy to remove the worm from the anterior vitreous uneventfully, followed by prompt subsidence of the inflammatory signs. The worm was identified as a third instar larva of Gnathostoma doloresi. Eosinophilia and creeping eruption did not appear throughout the follow-up period. The patient was accustomed to eat live roaches and whitebait, as well as sliced raw beef liver.

During the period 1984-1993, we experienced 11 operated cases of spontaneous hemopneumothorax, which correspond 7.3% of total 150 cases of operated spontaneous pneumothorax. All cases were male, 19-36 years of age. From admission to the end of operation, 6 cases with hemorrhagic shock had bleeding of 2,305-6,670 ml, the average 3,708 ml, whereas 5 cases without shock had bleeding of 1,209-2,405 ml, the average 1,979 ml. In 9 cases operated within 5 days after admission (6 cases with shock and 3 cases without shock), the source of bleeding was detected, but in 2 cases operated over 6 days after admission, the source was not detected. For the emergency operation of hemopneumothorax, we employed axillary thoracotomy by half lateral position in order to avoid the blood pressure depression due to position changing of the patient. The operation performed safely with enough exposure, and all the patients recovered without severe complication.the treatment of spontaneous hemopneumothorax is better to choose early operation by axillary thoracotomy with half lateral position.

Electronic linear-scanning ultrasonic diagnostic equipment so far has suffered from low resolution. In the study presented here, improvement in resolution was obtained by electronic focusing and improved image quality by small-angle deflection. Electronic focusing is a method obtaining a narrow ultrasonic beam by means of phase control. Small-angle deflection is a method to increase scanning line density by deflecting slightly the ultrasonic beam also by means of phase control and thus to obtain information existing between the successive scanning lines of a conventional linear scanning system. Both experimental investigation and clinical application have shown that these techniques are highly effective in increasing lateral resolution and image quality. It has been confirmed that the equipment is practical for routine use.

A new spectoscope recording continuously the amplitude-frequency spectrum of VLF atmspherics has been developed. The receiver sweeps the frequency giving complete coverage of the band of 5-70kc/s repeatedly and the output is displayed on an intensity modulated cathode-ray tube, which is photographed on a slowly moving film.Observations have been carried out and it appears that the result provides an excellent experimental base for the mode theory of VLF ionospheric propagation. It is found that the frequency-spectrum of distant atmospherics shows a broad intensity maximum around 10kc/s and decreases its intensity towards higher frequencies with undulating peaks. Marked selective absorption bands appeared in the spectrum are variable according to the time of day, and they might be assoiated with cut-off frequencies of the waveguide bounded by the earth and the ionosphere. The solar flare effect on VLF atmospherics propagation is also revealed, which indicates a sudden shift of the spectrum to higher frequencies owing to the increase of ionization and the lowering of a reflecting height of the ionosphere.

It is important to know the characteristics of the acoustic impedance of a living tissue in order to diagnose with ultrasonic equipment or to design the equipment. Especially, in the immersion method of ultrasonic diagnosis, if strong reflections are produced from mis-matched interface between the skin and the water-bag and that between transducer and water, reverberations occur. The echo from the deep portion of body is disturbed by the reverberation and the strong echo from the mis-matched interface between the skin and the water-bag masks the weak echo from just under the skin. In these cases, it is difficult to make the diagnosis from the echo.

The plasma exchange using Carcino embryonic Antigen (CEA) value as an index was performed for 3 colonic cancer patients with liver metastasis. A remarkable regression of hepatomegaly in two cases with rectal cancer was obtained and a significant decrease of CEA was observed in all patients.

Pharmacokinetic studies were carried out on cefbuperazone ( CBPZ ) in 9 patients undergoing postoperative drainage. The concentration of CBPZ in serum and peritoneal exudate after one shot intravenous administration of 1 g was measured by bioassay and calculated respectively by two- and one-compartment open model. The results obtained were as follows: The pharmacokinetic parameters calculated from the serum levels were compared to those reported previously; T1/2 = 101 min., Vd = 4.06 L and Cl = 76 ml/min. The simulation curve of the peritoneal exudate level fit fairly with the mean values of 6 patients. It appeared that CBPZ penetrated somewhat slowly into peritoneal exudate with the peak value of 27.05 micrograms/ml at about 1 hour after the administration. The exudate levels thereafter declined more slowly than the serum ones (T1/2 = 134 min.). IT was 6.2 micrograms/ml even at 6 hours after the administration.

We conducted the experiment to evaluate the effect of plasma exchange in treatment of cancer. Donryu rats of 8-10 week old female were used: 1 X 10(6) AH109A were inoculated subcutaneously in the back of rats. We performed comparative study on four groups: 1) untreated group; 2) plasma exchanged group; 3) MMC treated group; and 4) plasma exchange + MMC treated group. Plasma exchange was conducted from 8th day of the tumor inoculation for three consecutive days. The plasma contained in 6ml blood was taken out from the tumor-bearing rats and same volume of fresh frozen normal serum was replaced. MMC (0.5 mg/kg/day) was administered intraperitoneally from 13th day of the tumor inoculation for five consecutive days. Efficacy of plasma exchange therapy was evaluated by tumor inhibition effect as well as by 50% survival time. Plasma exchanged group showed no tumor inhibition effect, however a considerable extention of survival of 36 days was observed compared with the untreated group (29.3 days). Five out of 14 cases of MMC treated group showed tumor inhibition effect and survived for 36.5 days. Six out of 10 cases of plasma exchange + MMC treated group showed tumor inhibition effect and the survival time was 49 days. The above findings indicate: plasma exchange therapy has effects on prolongation in survival time, but has no effects on tumor inhibition and; a combination of plasma exchange and chemotherapy (MMC) produces greater tumor inhibition effect and longer survival compared to plasma exchange therapy alone and chemotherapy alone.

As useful antibiotics for biliary tract infections, smooth transmigration to lesion and potent antibacterial activities will be demanded. Usually the antibiotics having potent antibacterial activities against E. coli and Klebsiella, which are considered to be main causative organisms of biliary tract infections, will be used for treatment. The concentrations of cefotiam (CTM) in bile and gallbladder wall tissue were investigated, and CTM showed very high concentrations in these tissues for several hours. And very good correlation between concentration of CTM in bile and laboratory findings, especially ICG R15 value, was obtained. CTM showed also very potent antibacterial activities against E. coli and Klebsiella. These results suggest that CTM will be useful agent for the treatment of biliary tract infections.

Plasma exchange was performed in patients with recurrent colon cancer with evaluable liver metastasis or abdominal tumor with dissemination. This therapy was undertaken a total of 19 times in 11 cases. The cases were divided into effective and ineffective cases according in terms of the clinical effects, and changes in blood parameters and prognosis were examined in each case. Subjective symptoms, such as increase in appetite and disappearance of general fatigue or pain, were remarkably improved in 6 cases, and these patients were allowed to be discharged from the hospital. Marked regression of hepatomegalia was observed in 2 cases out of these 6 cases, but no remarkable effect was noted in patients with abdominal dissemination. In the effective cases the following parameters were significantly improved; beta- and gamma-globulin of serum protein fractions, IgG, IgA and IgM of immunoglobulin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, ceruloplasmin, and transferrin. However, since these effects are temporal and short-lived, one must consider applying plasma exchange therapy in conjunction with anticancer drugs, and the like. Plasma exchange seems applicable to cases of colon cancer with metastasis in the liver, because this therapy showed improvement in clinical symptoms, decreased hepatomegaly and prolonged survival.

With anticipation of potentiation of the regional effect of bleomycin on the lesion of esophageal carcinoma, 12 patients with esophageal carcinoma were medicated orally with 5 ml of a paste-like mixture of 1 g of Sodium polyacrylate (PANA Kayaku) and 30 mg of oil bleomycin every day for 7 to 43 preoperative days. These 12 patients were further medicated with the mixture 1 hour before operation, and in 9 of them, bleomycin levels in the tumor and normal tissue of the resected portion of the esophagus and also in the regional lymph nodes were determined. The level in the normal tissue was on average concentration of 1.2 micrograms/g, while the level in tumor showed a tendency to higher level, being an average concentration of an being 4.4 micrograms/g. Bleomycin was found being efficiently transferred into the regional lymph nodes, where it was detected the average concentration of 1.7 micrograms/g. It may be anticipated that this mixture will be effective against preoperative and inoperable esophageal carcinoma and for ther studies on dosage and administration schedule is desirable.

Nineteen patients with solitary minute carcinoma (single cases) and 16 with foci of minute cancer, found as a component of multiple early gastric carcinoma (multiple cases) were studied. The results were as follows; 1) The histological type of the single cases was the differentiated type in 95%. 2) All lesions of the multiple cases were mucosal invasive carcinoma, while 16% of the single cases (3/19) had submucosal invasive carcinoma. 3) As for the distribution of the single and multiple cases according to the surrounding mucosal atrophy, the single eases were in the pyloric gland zone, the multiple cases in the intermediate zone.