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Russian embassy reports are one of the most important sources we have to illuminate the early period of the Crimean Khanate, and the embassy reports must be examined. For this reason, we translated and analyzed two ahidnames prepared between the Moscow Principality and the Crimean Khanate of the Saadet Giray Khan I period, which we obtained from the RGADA (Rosskiyskiy Gosudartstvennıy Arhiv Drevnih Aktov/ Russian State Archive Old Correspondence Department) Archive in Moscow as a result of various difficulties. We wanted to contribute to the work of the Crimean Khanate in Türkiye, even a little bit. However, Saadet Giray Khan I period is briefly described, since we think that it would be wrong to give a direct translation of the documents without explaining the conditions of the period and without explaining why the ahidnames were repeated at short intervals. After giving information about the period, the translation of two ahidnames was added to the end of the study., Rus elçilik raporları, Kırım Hanlığı’nın erken dönemini aydınlatmak için elimizde bulunan en önemli kaynaklardan birisidir ve elçilik raporlarının mutlaka incelenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu sebeple Moskova’da bulunan RGADA (Rosskiyskiy Gosudartstvennıy Arhiv Drevnih Aktov / Rusya Devlet Arşivi Eski Yazışmalar Bölümü) Arşivinden muhtelif zorluklar neticesinde edindiğimiz, Moskova Knezliği ve I. Saadet Giray Han dönemi Kırım Hanlığı arasında hazırlanmış iki ahidnameyi dilimize tercüme edip tahlillerini yaparak Türkiye’deki Kırım Hanlığı çalışmalarına bir nebze de olsa katkıda bulunmak istedik. Lakin dönemin koşullarını anlatmadan, ahidnamelerin neden kısa süre arayla tekrarlandığını ifade etmeden belgelerin doğrudan tercümesini vermenin yanlış olacağını düşündüğümüz için I. Saadet Giray Han dönemi kısaca anlatılmıştır. Dönem hakkında bilgi verildikten sonra iki ahidnamenin tercümesi çalışma sonuna eklenmişti

The article examines the process of the Tatar language teaching formation in Kazan institutes of higher education in the 1920s on the example of institutes in the Humanities sphere: the North-Eastern Archaeological and Ethnographic Institute, the Eastern Academy and the Tatar National Branch of the Eastern Pedagogical Institute. The research is based on a wide range of unpublished sources from the funds of the State Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan. The study examines the curriculum of the disciplines within which the Tatar language was studied, the teaching forms and methods, as well as the formation of a team of specialists who taught the language during that period. Special attention is given to the study of the socio-political conditions in which the Tatar language instruction developed. It has been established that in the first years of the Soviet regime, the Tatar language was taught in Kazan institutes mainly by orientalists. Therefore, teaching this subject was closely related to oriental studies and source studies disciplines. Students mastered not only the spoken Tatar language, but also learned to work with Old Turkic writing manuscripts. Teaching the Tatar language in the second half of the 1920s was aimed primarily at training teachers of the native language. That period was distinguished by the instability of curricula, the introduction of new teaching methods, including the Dalton plan, and also changes in teaching staff.

The article analyzes the documentary materials of the Republic of Tatarstan State Archives on the history of the formation and activities of Kazan University’s Tatar Language and Literature Department in the middle of 1940s – 1950s. The study of the protocols of the department provided an opportunity to identify the academic staff, the main directions of the department's work in the first post-war years, the material and technical equipment and the specifics of organizing the educational process. It was concluded that the activities of the Department of Tatar Philology made a significant contribution to the determination of further ways of developing Tatar philological education and demonstrated the importance of preserving the language for the culture of Tatar people.

The publication examines the scientific activities of the famous archeographer, specialist in the field of oriental manuscripts and Tatar literature Fatkhiev, Albert Saitovich. A. Fatkhi is was born in the Aktanysh region of Tatarstan. His name is listed among the outstanding Tatar archaeographers of the last third of the twentieth century, such as M. Usmanov, M. Nugman, A. Karimullin, M. Akhmetzyanov and others. Albert Fatkhi is the author of four books. They contain descriptions of the manuscripts of Tatar writers and scholars. He wrote scientific articles on the problems of collecting and scientific processing of oriental manuscripts. He has works that discuss the problems of the Tatar literature, the contacts of the Tatars with other Turkic peoples in the field of literature and culture. The purpose of this study is to reveal A. Fatkhi’s contribution to the Tatar archaeography and philology.

The article deals with the history of the Tatar Sloboda in Moscow at the end of the 18th century, when a small Tatar Muslim community of the second Russian capital experienced upheavals in connection with the plague epidemic of 1770–1771. As a result of the epidemic, the number of the community and of the Tatar households in Moscow has significantly decreased; the old cemetery behind the Kaluga Gate was taken from the Tatars. In addition, this group of the population, which developed as an ethnoconfessional one, lost its sacred center — a mosque in Ovchinnaya Sloboda on Tatarskaya Street. The scientific novelty of the article consists in the publication of archival documents from the repositories of Moscow, including the first published document from the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts with the data of the census of the Tatar Sloboda in 1773.

Based on the research results of Russian, Soviet and foreign archaeologists, anthropologists, geneticists and art historians, an attempt has been made to trace the process of formation of the artistic culture and decorative and applied art of descendants, who by the 10th –11th centuries took part in shaping of the Crimean mountain people, the Tats of the Crimea, the ancestors of the ethnographic groups of the modern Crimean Tatar people – the southern coastal and mountain Crimean Tatars, as well as of the Greco-Tatars – the Urums of the Azov region. And also to try to characterize the culture and decorative arts of the aboriginal and immigrant ethnic groups of the Crimean peninsula, who later took part in the process of ancient cultural genesis of the population of the mountainous and southern coastal Crimea. It also shows the initial stage of the process of cultural genesis of the steppe and foothill Crimean Tatars, which was going on parallel to the process of cultural genesis and formation of the artistic culture of the Tats of the mountainous and southern coastal Crimean Tatars.

The article analyzes some results of free associative experiments conducted by the author on the material of cognate languages and languages of different systems. The dynamics of the word meaning development in the Russian, Tatar and Bashkir languages in different age groups are considered in the article. The analysis of the quantitative parameters, such as the degree of relevance of the same word meaning, the number of values that were updated in the process of recognizing the word, the level of stereotyped responses is given. The interlingual analysis of the experimental data revealed constant changing and developing of child’s vocabulary in all studied languages but there is a difference between the Tatar and Bashkir examinees in the ways of word meaning identification and development. In the Tatar language the so-called "horizontal development of the child's vocabulary" is observed, when most of the polysemantic stimulus words’ meanings were not actualized and there is an extension within one and the same meaning. In the Bashkir language, on the contrary, many meanings of the polysemantic stimulus words were actualized, therefore we observe the so-called "vertical filling of the child's vocabulary", when new words enter the child's vocabulary with all the semantic features which adults already have.

The article considers scholarly interpretations related to the urbanization process and its periodization, which may be different for Western and Eastern Europe and depend on the peculiarities of the society. The approaches and assessments common in Ukrainian historiography regarding the emergence and evolution of cities and the participation of the gentry in these processes are analyzed. It has been established that most of the city-founding initiatives in the early modern period in Volhynia were related to the activity of the nobility. The stages of founding cities, mutual influences during this process of the city and the village and the importance of the market as a factor that directly revived the new city are considered.In the article, based on the source material of the Volhynian record books of the 16th–17th centuries and previously published documents, several documents that certify the active participation of the gentry in the process of creating cities in the early modern Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) are analyzed. It is discovered that the process of founding a new city by a nobleman was quite a troublesome task and required great effort and maximum assistance, starting from finding a place in their own land for a new city and help in obtaining Magdeburg rights, ending with getting people in there, giving them “freedom” and the internal organization of a city’s life. It has been investigated that various factors could be the motivation for such initiative, such as those related to the external Tatar threat, and personal beliefs, when, according to the source, the locator realized that the functioning of the city would be better for him and his area. It was traced that besieging new cities, the nobles were interested not only in their appearance, but also cared for the population that had to live in them, as evidenced by the privileges granting exemptions from taxes for a long period of time (“freedoms”), which deprived the gentry of a theoretical profit. No less important in this sense was also the organization of economic life in the city and the constant mentioning in the location privileges of the right to hold auctions and fairs.

The article identifies linguistic "initial phenomena" of lyrical genres, forming the core of genre identity of the work and having universal character - supernatural and supranational. It has been concluded that the non-literary "other" in relation to which artistic speech, first of all its lyrical subsystem taken in the aspect of its genre structure, is self-determined, is deixis. On the basis of the analysis of the philosophical lyrics of Russian and Tatar poets of the XIX-XX centuries, it has been established that the genre of "definitions" goes back to the deuttic elements of language. In Russian and Tatar literatures it has similar features: the focus on the process of knowledge (dominance of the hermeneutic code), the reflection in the subject architect of the works of the processes of identification and self-identification of the lyrical subject, the use of tropical and mythopoetic figurative "languages." At the same time in Tatar poetry this genre has distinctive features related to the specifics of the manifestation of personal origin in Tatar literature, its characteristic forms of authorship, procedures of meaning inherent in this type of culture.

Тhis article discusses the location of Tatar settlements in the lower and middle reaches of the Tara on maps of the Tarsky Uyezd (1784 and 1798) and on topographic plan of the Kartashevskago and Bergamotskaya districts of the Tarsky Uyezd (1798). These maps had not been previously used for reconstructing the history of the region. To test their accuracy, other sources are used, including the Inventory Book of the Tarsky Uyezd, Gerhard Miller’s itineraries, etc., as well as the results of archaeological and ethnographic studies. Based on the analysis of maps, patterns in the locations of Tatar settlements are reconstructed. They were situated between the mouth of Tara and its confl uence with the Chertalinka River on the right bank, and between the Chertalinka and Kalinka rivers on the left bank. The reliability of the late 18th century maps as sources of information about the winter and summer settlements of the Tatars of the Middle and Lower Tara is assessed. These maps do not suggest that the settlements were still seasonal rather than permanent at that time. The winter camps were situated on the Tara high terrace, away from the valley, and summer camps were on the fl ood plain, close to the villages. The general pattern was that people settled along the river, often close to the places where the Tara tributaries fl owed into it. Place names are suggestive of seasonal settlements. Comparison with modern maps suggests that the current settlements pattern on the Lower and Middle Tara emerged in the late 18th century.

Having been studying the natural movement of the population of the Tatar ASSR since 1935 (fertility, general and infant mortality, causes of death, natural population growth) and having comparative data for a number of previous years, we set ourselves the task of analyzing the most important demogra Physical processes in Tataria over a 50-year period of time (1910-1960, with the exception of all war years).

The relevance of the topic under study is associated with interest in the problem of the formation of the Muslim ethno-confessional identity of the Kazakh people through the school system of education. The article is aimed at identifying the goals of the Russian autocracy in limiting the Tatar educational system in the Steppe Territory. The leading approach to the study of this problem was the problem-chronological method, which allowed to identify and consider various aspects of the policy in the field of education of non-Russian peoples of the empire in chronological sequence. The article was written on the basis of documents from the State Archive of the Orenburg Region and published sources. Thus, by the end of the 19th century, missionaries themselves began to realize the futility of their activities. Russian missionaries could not charm the foreigners with their culture. Most Kazakhs gave their children to Muslim schools, and the connection with the Muslim Tatars developed by itself. The materials of the article can be useful for further development of the research topic, as well as during the teaching of special courses at the philological and oriental faculties of universities and the teaching of history in higher and secondary educational institutions of the country.

The article includes the translations of some fragments from the biographical work “Wafi yyat al-aslaf wa tahiyyat al-akhlaf” (“Devotion to the ancestors and greetings to descendants”) of the outstanding Tatar theologian Shihab al-Din al-Marjani (1818–1889), dedicated to the Arabian preacher Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792) and his religious teachings. The texts from the specifi ed source were compared with the other available sources in order to fi nd out which books and which authors Marjani relied on. The author of the article tried to fi nd out Marjani’s assessment of the teachings of Ibn ‘Abd-al-Wahhab and the actions of his followers. As a result, it was revealed that the Tatar scholar used such historical works as “al-Ta‘ribat al-shafi yya” (“Convincing translations into Arabic”) by Rifa‘a al-Tahtawi (1801-1873) and “al-Mir’a al-wadhiyya” (“The Clear Mirror”) by Van Dyck Cornelius (1818-1895), theological treatises such as “Sulh al-ikhwan” (“Reconciliation of the brothers”) by Ibn Jirjis (1816-1882) and “Fath al-mannan” (“Disclosure of the Giver”) by al-Hazimi (d. 1866). Presumably, he also relied on “Tarikh ‘ajaib al-athar” (“History of the amazing heritage”) by al-Jabarti (1754-1822) and “Radd al-mukhtar” (“The answer to the bewildered”) by Ibn ‘Abidin (1784-1836). Marjani, assessing the teachings and activities of Sheikh Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab, kept himself rather restrained and cautious, though he admitted the negative consequences of Abd al-Wahhab preaching that came in the form of Muslims accused of disbelief (takfir) destruction.

The relevance of the research topic is due to the interest in urban space and its cultural and symbolic meaning. The city, perceived as a text, helps in interpreting to understand its specifics and represent it at different levels, which increases, among other things, its tourist attractiveness. The purpose of the study is to analyze the metaphor of Kazan-a woman through the prism of the gastronomic culture of the Tatars. Materials and Methods of Research. The methodological basis of the research consists of the cosmosophical ideas of G. D. Gachev, as well as the books of K. F. Fuchs, K. Nasyri, F. Ibragimova, S. Lutfullina, in which there are characteristics of the gastronomic culture of the Tatars. In the original metaphor, analyzed from the point of view of G. D. Gachev’s cosmosophy, where Kazan represents the Cosmos, and a woman represents Psyche, a missing link is found – the Logos. It is this link that, while remaining an open structure, accommodates various spheres of manifestation of the national mind in the field of culture and art, which helps to identify the feminine qualities of the city when interpreting the metaphor. Results. A stable association associated with Kazan is its Tatar national cuisine. This is no coincidence. The very history of the city according to some extant legends and legends is associated with the cauldron, which is a mandatory attribute of the cuisine. Despite the primacy of the man in the family, the mistress of the kitchen is a woman. It is on her that a huge number of duties are assigned to prepare food and create a spiritual atmosphere during the meal. Gastronomic culture, acting as a Logo, allows us to identify such qualities of Kazan, interpreted as an image of a woman-hostess, as hospitality, cordiality, respect, sensitivity, creativity, rationalism, skillful and careful handling of products. Discussion and conclusion. Clarification of the meaning of the Kazan-woman metaphor requires further study. At the same time, other spheres of culture and various texts of art can act as Logos.

The article is devoted to the charitable work of an authoritative Muslim theologian of the Middle Volga region, Sheikh, Akhun Nurgali Khasanov (1852–1919). This part of his life is revealed on the basis of the pre-revolutionary Tatar newspapers the Koyash, the Yoldyz, the Azad, the Mаglumat magazine, the memoirs of contemporaries, published documents and his work “Al-Gauatyf al-Hamidiya fi ssayakhati nuriya” (Commendable Feelings of Light Travels), dedicated to pilgrimage. The events described cover the period from 1886 to 1917. On the example of charitable activity of this bright personality, it seems possible to perceive the historical processes of that time, to understand what diffi culties Muslim religious fi gures, theologians of the Middle Volga region of the late XIX – early XX centuries encountered in life.

Settlements of yesso scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis in the northwestern Tatar Strait (within the waters of Khabarovsk Region) are considered on the data of scuba (< 20 m depth) and dredge (> 20 m depth) surveys conducted in 2001–2018. To 2018, only two settlements remain in this area from 9–12 ones in 2010–2014; both remained settlements have no commercial value. Trend to decreasing of the settlements density is shown: the mean density was 3.0 ind./m2 in 2001, 0.20 ind./m2 in 2010, and 0.0005 ind./m2 in 2018. Commercially valuable scallops with the shell height > 120 mm prevailed in the settlements (86–100 %), whereas juveniles were rare or absent (1.6 %, on average) in all years of surveys. CPUE decreased from 200 kg/diver/hour in 2001–2003 to 10 kg/diver/hour in 2018. These changes are obviously reasoned by overexploitation of the population using dredging and scuba gathering. Total commercial stock of yesso scallop dropped to the minimal value in 2018: 200 t, that was in 4.5 times lower than the established limit. Thus, 5 years ban is established for M. yessoensis landing in the area.

Research and commercial trawl catches of humpback shrimp Pandalus hypsinotus from the Tatar Strait (Japan Sea) in 2004–2020 were investigated, with bioanalysis of about 45 thousand specimens. Average timing of group molting, spawning, and eggs laying are determined, terms of gonads and eggs development are estimated. Prespawning and molting of the females occur between January-April, with the peaks in early February and middle February, respectively. All oviparous females have 30–40 days to lay eggs, and molt during 50–55 days; the peak of the eggs laying occurs in late June. The males molt in July-August, afterwards the largest individuals change gender and new intersexes are formed. The males have the second molting in October-December, with the peak in late November. In January, after finish of the males molting, a new annual reproduction cycle starts from the prespawning molting of females. Both vitellogenesis and embryogenesis are observed through the year, though females with developing gonads prevail from August to January (because of a long time span between winter and summer moltings while the egg carrying continued 15 months) but oviparous females — from February to July. The individual reproductive cycle of Pandalus hypsinotus in the Tatar Strait lasts 24 months, with 9 months of vitellogenesis (quick growth of gonads) and 15 months of embryogenesis. During the 2-year reproductive cycle, most of females pass through the following stages: i) gonads development (just after eggs laying) when almost all oviparous females (up to 95 % in May) have green gonads under carapace that corresponds to the stage of development «eggs laid — gonads weakly developed»; ii) summer molting from August when females lose hairs on pleopods and the gonads growth accelerates; iii) respawning in January-March (together with the firstly spawning intersexes, with slight delay of the latter); iv) initial developing of eggs during summer; v) stage of «eyed eggs» from December to March; and vi) eggs laying and molting from late March to late May; then the 2-year reproductive cycle repeats.

The results of a comparative analysis of the images of giants in the mythological traditions of geographically close unrelated peoples — the Ob Ugrians (Khanty and Mansi) and the Zabolotny Tatars are presented in the article. It is noted that the assimilation and leveling of the features of the giants images in original cultures did not occur, despite the fact that the myths of the West Siberian peoples were subjected to processes of mutual influence. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between the external features and the origin of mythological characters (giants) with the specifics of the geoclimatic landscapes inhabited by the peoples that form the epic. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that for the first time the genesis, attributes and functions of the mythological heroes of unrelated peoples living in adjacent territories — the Ob Ugrians and the Zabolotny Tatars — are compared. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the image of a giant has significant prospects in the reconstruction of an ethnic cultural space, since, being one of the most archaic characters in myths, at the same time it remains a part of modern cultural consciousness. The author’s vision of the common and unique features of giants as distinctive characters of the Ob-Ugric and Siberian Tatar mythological systems is presented in the article. The research materials were myths and legends of the peoples of Western Siberia, records of oral stories of the indigenous inhabitants of the region, collected by the authors during field expeditions.

The purpose of the research was to analyze the work on the creation of new varieties of apple, cherry and plum, carried out from 1938 to 2020 in the Tatar Research Institute of Agriculture, as well as the identification of promising crossbreeding combinations and genotypes for use in breeding and transfer to the State variety testing. In the apple breeding orchard, promising seedlings in hybrid families were identified by productivity, taste and size of fruits: Anis Novy×Plodovitoe (1-6-48), Anis Novy×Vityaz(1-7-26, 1-7-27, 1-7-57,1-7-70, 1-7-97), Anis Novy×Ural Souvenir (1-8-88) . In 2021, 4 apple varieties were entered into the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation: Renet Tatarsky, Volzhskaya Krasavitsa, Tenkovskaya and Kamskaya. The apple variety Renet Povolzh’ya is undergoing state variety testing. Promising hybrids 1-1-11, 1-2-11, 1-2-14, 1-10-30, 1-11-6, 1-11-31, 2-2-75,2-2-93 have been selected in sour cherry breeding orchards. In 2015, a new self-fertile variety of Shelangovskaya sour cherry was accepted for State variety testing in the Middle Volga and Volga-Vyatka regions. In 2021, 8 varieties of sour cherries were included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation: Krasa Tataria, Zarya Tataria, Shakirovskaya, Truzhenitsa Tataria, Sevastyanovskaya, Tveritinovskaya, Pamyat Sakharova and Obilnaya. In the plum breeding orchard promising hybrid seedlings 1-1-11, 1-1-20, 1-1-47, 1-1-75, 1-1-84, 1-2-36, 1-2-49, 1-2-57, 1-2-60, 1-3-19, 1-3-58, 1-3-86, 1-8-43 and others were selected according to important economic and biological characteristics. In 2021, the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation, admitted for use, included 8 varieties of home-breeding plums of the Tatar Research Institute of Agriculture: 2 varieties of early ripening — Sverkh Rannya, Sineokaya; 6 varieties of medium ripening — Rakitovaya, Renklod Tenkovskiy, Volzhanka, Tenkovskaya Golubka, Kazanskaya and Pamyat Khasanova.

The article is devoted to the problem of the «plaiting» presence on the Lithuanian, Lithuanian-Rus and the Golden Horde coins of the 14th century. The coins with portrait and the beast lion (or the leopard) with a «plaiting» over its head and the coins with the beast lion (or the leopard) with a «plaiting» and Arabic (or Cyrillic legend (?)) are analyzed. The Kyivan Rus coins of Vladimir Olgerdovich (1362—1394) with princely sign and «plaiting» (around which is the inscription with the name of the prince) and the Golden Horde coins with «plaiting» are also examined. Many researches associate the «plaiting» with the Tatar «tamga», and the coins with such a symbol might have indicated the Golden Horde dependence. However, this ornament («ornamentum monetale» by Ch. M. Fraehn) may have a special meaning related to the Juchid monetary coinage. The Golden Horde coins with «plaiting» were the most important instrument of payment and taxation realization on the greater part of the Lithuanian and Lithuanian-Rus principalities. After the Syni Vody River battle of 1362 many the Golden Horde centers and trade routes in the basins of the Dnipro, Dnister and Southern Buh rivers were significant sources of the monetary silver arrival. Many qualitative (also with «ornamentum monetale» — «plaiting») silver coins of Abdallah Khan (1363—1370) and Muhammad Bulaq Khan (1370—1380), were minted in the western mints of the Mamai Horde (Azak, Ordu, Shehr al-Jedid). The silver coins of the Golden Horde were the source for the oldest Lithuanian and Lithuanian-Rus coins and bars of Olherd (1345—1377) and his sons. The oldest Lithuanian and Lithuanian-Rus coins made of approximately 900-standart silver corresponded to silver coins of the Golden Horde. The Golden Horde silver coins (also with «ornamentum monetale» — «plaiting») are one of the most constant parts of money circulation in Ukrainian territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the 1360-ies till the first quarter of the 15th century.

The Tatar breed of horses is a historical heritage of the Tatar nation, its national pride, so the revival of the Tatar breed is of great importance for the entire Tatar people and is the national policy of the Republic of Tatarstan. Breeding Tatar horses has a great future and high demand of the population.

The article provides information regarding the biological features of Central Russian bees and the analysis of the external signs of apiary bees of the Baltasinsky population of the Republic of Tatarstan in beehives from expanded polystyrene.

Uzbek and Tatar nations have had strong literary relations since the beginning of XX century. In building such a good friendly bonds, particular individuals play a significant role with their attempts. Dr. Sherali Turdiev did a lot in the development of literary relations between Uzbek and Tatar nation. It can be proved by his written works also exchanged letters. In this article, request, gratitude and invitation letters by Tatar scholars towards Dr. Sherali Turdiev will be discussed. KEY WORDS: literary relations, correspondences, publication, mutual literary supports

The article is dedicated to extracurricular activities in Muslim women’s schools in Russia in the period before the October Revolution. These events were aimed at the comprehensive development, raising the cultural, intellectual level of students. They served the formation and preservation of religious-moral and national-cultural values among young Muslim women. The paper considers various types of activities that complement the curriculum of Muslim women’s schools in the early twentieth century. They contributed to the socialization of Muslim women in the new realities of the time. The article first introduced into scientific circulation new sources on the topic (materials of Tatar newspapers and magazines of the early twentieth century on the Arabic schedule).

The development of international cooperation in the field of culture is extremely important, since it ensures wide and in-depth interaction between states and peoples, makes a real opportunity for dialogue, unites the cultures of the peoples of the world. Two fraternal countries have actively taken root in international cultural exchange; Azerbaijan and Tatarstan. Azerbaijan is a multicultural country that is home to many peoples and ethnic minorities. Representatives of the peoples inhabiting this region are full citizens of the Republic of Azerbaijan, including the Tatars. The radical transformations that befell these countries at the end of the twentieth century influenced future events and their development. The Azerbaijani and Tatar peoples, whose relations have a long history, are linked by a common origin, similarity of language, culture and traditions. The relationship between the two peoples has strengthened even more during the years of independence. Key words: Tatars in Azerbaijan, activities of the Tatar community, cultural exchange, Tugan-Tel, Yashlek, Ak-Kalfak

How are the human rights pertaining to the freedom of conscience/religion, health, and distinct culture intersect in the context of a global pandemic in the Muslim-minority areas? How do Russia’s Muslims make sense of the challenges to those rights caused or exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic? In this paper, I focus on diverse Muslim Tatar communities, primarily of the Middle Volga region, who have recently witnessed numerous political and socioeconomic challenges infringing on their human rights. Attending on the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, in this paper I gauge the nature of human rights in the areas of health and religion by interrogating how the general Muslim publics and elites understand, justify, and explain those challenges in an environment of creeping authoritarianism. I call for a conceptual shift from the elite-driven traditional security perspectives to those of human rights as quotidian/everyday experiences while considering these vital issues. I use the Tatar-language Internet forums for the empirical analysis, offering and delineating the discursive repertoires and categorizing the areas of public concern in the new pandemic world.

Severe forms of rickets, as you know, often entail other serious illnesses and leave consequences for life.

The study of interrelation between folklore and literature is one of the most relevant trends in literary studies. Folk poetic symbols as the genetic memory of the nation infiltrate consciousness not only as artistic material, but also as a emotions that awaken the writer’s imagination, giving rise to various associations. The subject of this research is the creative activity of folklore is in the works of the Crimean Tatar children's writers. Examination of the folklore-mythological context, determination of the peculiarities of transformation of folklore motifs in a literary reveals the creative laboratory, allowing determining the specificities of personal reflection of the writer, as well as tracing the psychological patterns of the creative process, and the evolution of artistic thinking overall. The scientific novelty is defined by the absence within Russian literary studies of monographic and significant critical works on determination of the folklore-mythological context, transformation, functionality, and interpretation of folklore elements in works of the writers. The conclusion is made that folklore as part of the culture of a particular nation, is an organic element of the artistic world of the Crimean Tatar writers, such as E. Amit and T. Khalilov. The novel by E. Amit presents the new comprehension of myths, paroemias, and legends. An example of interaction of the mythological views and modern perspective in the novel “Last Chance” is the folk legend on the “happy and unhappy stars”. It also encompasses such ancient forms of folklore as cursing and benevolence, as well as the elements that take roots in the ancient taboos, the period of totemism. In the psychological prose by T. Khalilov, an important role is played by the symbolism of birds and plants. The ancient legend of the winged horse Duldul organically intertwines with the author's creative idea without losing its specificity.

Türküler, kültürel belleğin oluşumu ve korunmasında önemli rol oynayan folklor ürünlerinden biridir. Mensup olduğu halkın hayat felsefesini, tarihî, siyasi, coğrafi koşullarını; üzüntülerini, kederlerini, mutluluklarını yansıtan ve ezgiler eşliğinde günümüze ulaştıran sözlü kültür ürünleridir. İş, oyun, düğün, bayram vb. törenler olmak üzere hayatın her alanında, her döneminde karşılaşılan türküler, insana ve yaşanan çevreye dair çeşitli unsurları bünyesinde barındırır. Bu unsurlardan biri de yazılı ve sözlü edebiyatta geniş yer tutan toplumun ve bireyin etrafında sıklıkla karşılaştığı hayvanlardır. İnsanlık tarihinin başından beri doğanın bir parçası olarak görülen hayvanlar, aynı zamanda insanla da yakın ilişki içerisindedir. İnsan hayatının vazgeçilmez unsurlarından biri olan hayvanlar, türküler aracılığıyla kimi zaman imgesel kimi zaman da gerçek anlamlarıyla duygu ve düşünceleri ifade ederek kültürün yansıtılması ve gelecek kuşaklara aktarılmasında büyük rol oynar. Bu çalışmada Tatar Türklerinin önemli sözlü edebiyat ürünlerinden biri olan türkülerde de geniş yer tutan hayvanlar, yurt konulu türküler bağlamında değerlendirilmiştir. Bu amaçla ele alınan örnekler çerçevesinde 1552 yılından günümüze kadarki süreçte Rusya’nın hâkimiyeti altında yaşayan Kazan Tatar Türklerinin yurt algısı, vatanlarına karşı hissettikleri duygu ve düşünceleri yorumlanmıştır. Türküler temelinde hazırlanan bu çalışmada türkülerde yer alan unsurlardan biri olan hayvanların metin bağlamında üstlendikleri işlev ve görevler ele alınmıştır. Türkülerde hem mitolojik ve kültürel hem de gerçek anlamlarıyla yer aldığı tespit edilen bu hayvanların -bu bağlamda- Kazan Tatar kültüründeki rolü ve ifade ettiği anlamlar ortaya konmuştur. Elde edilen tespitlerin ardından bu hayvanların türküler bağlamında Kazan Tatar kültüründeki rolü ve ifade ettiği anlamlar açıklanmıştır.

Общество древних тюрков с кочевым укладом жизни требовало всегда смелости, смекалки, героизма. Слава мужчины определялась тем, сколько врагов он убил. Но все же в древнетюркских рунических надписях на первое место ставится ум и только потом сила. Тенгре дарит каганам разум, только после этого он их ставит править над тюркским народом. В данной статье на основе комплекса источников рассматриваются представления тюрко-татар – предков татарского народа о мудрости в ее различных проявлениях. Эти представления, сформировавшиеся в древности, сохранив свою суть, дошли до поздних времен и играли важную роль в традиционной культуре татар. Материалы статьи могут быть полезными для более глубокого понимания, осмысления жизни, духовного мира тюрко-татар. Библиографические ссылки Арциховский А.В. Древнерусские миниатюры как исторический источник. М.: МГУ, 1944. 213 с. Əхмəтҗанов М.И. Нəрсə ул “җир кəсе”? (Что такое «җир кэсе»?) // Татарстан. 1992. № 7−8. Б. 72−73. Бичурин Н.Я. [Иакинф]. Собрание сведений о народах, обитавших в Средней Азии в древние времена. Т. I. М.–Л.: АН СССР, 1950. 328 с. Борынгы татар əдəбияты (Древняя татарская литература). Казан: Таткитнəшр, 1963. 580 с. Валеев Ф.Х. Орнамент казанских татар. Казань: Таткнигоиздат, 1969. 205 с. Валеев Ф.Х. Древнее и средневековое искусство народов Среднего Поволжья. Йошкар-Ола: Марийск. кн. изд-во,1975. 214 с. Валеева Д. Искусство волжских булгар периода Золотой Орды (XIII–XV вв.). Казань: Фикер, 2003. 240 с. Валеева Д.К. Искусство волжских болгар. Казань: Таткнигоиздат, 1983. 132 с. Войтов В.Е. Древнетюркский пантеон и модель мироздания в культово-поминальных памятниках Монголии VI–VIII вв. М.: Изд-во Государственного музея Востока, 1996. 152 с. Гумилев Л.Н. Древние тюрки. М.: Товарищество «Клышников, Комаров и Кº»,1993. 526 с. Давлетшин Г.М. ̒Очерки по истории духовной культуры предков татарского народа (истоки, становление и развитие). Казань: Татарское книжное издательство, 2004. 430 с. Казахские сказки / Сост. и ред. В.М. Сидельников. Алма-Ата: Казах. гос. изд-во художественной литературы, 1964. 430 с. Кляшторный С.Г. Древнетюркские рунические памятники как источник по истории Средней Азии. М.: Наука. 1964. 215 с. Ковалевский А.П. Книга Ахмеда Ибн Фадлана о его путешествии на Волгу в 921–922 г. Харьков: Изд-во Харьков. гос. ун-та, 1956. 347 с. Кошгари М. Девону лугатит турк (Сборник тюркских наречий): В 3-х т.̓ Ташкент: Фан, 1960. Т. 1. Малов С.Е. Памятники древнетюркской письменности: тексты и исследования. М.: Изд-во АН СССР. 1951. 452 с. Мəхмүд əл-Болгари. Нəһҗел-фəрадис (Открытый путь к раю) / Əсəрне басмага əзерлəүче, кереш мəкалə авторы Фəнүзə Нуриева. Казан: Таткитнəшр, 2002. 384 б. Мəхмүтов Х.Ш. Борынгылар əйткəн сүзлəр (VIII-XVII йөз төрки-татар ядкярлəрендə афоризмнар) (Слова, сказанные древними (тюрко-татарские афоризмы VIII-XVII вв.). Казан: Фикер. 2002. 255 б. Медведев А.Ф. Ручное метательное оружие (лук, стрелы, самострел) VIII-XIV вв. / САИ. Вып. Е1-36. М.: Наука, 1966. 184 с. Мифологический словарь / Гл. редактор Е.М. Мелетинский. М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1991. 736 с. Нинди иркен минем туган илем (Широка моя Родина). Казань, 1970. Сейидов М.А. Заметки о гуннской мифологии. (VII в.) // Советская тюркология. 1970. № 2. С. 107−116. ПСРЛ. Т. I. Лаврентьевская летопись и Суздальская летопись по Академическому списку. М.: Вост. лит-рa, 1962. 580 с. Татар педагогик фикере антологиясе: ике томда / 1 т. (борынгы төрки чор – ХХ гасыр башы. (Антология татарской педагогической мысли в двух томах. Том 1. (древний тюркский период – начало ХХ века) / Ф. М. Солтанов (баш мөх.)/ Казан: Татар. кит. нəшр., 2004. 408 б. Татар халык əкиятлəре. Беренче китап (тулыландырылган икенче басмасы) (Татарские народные сказки. Первая книга (дополненное второе издание). Казан, 1958. Татар халык иҗаты: Əкиятлəр. Томнарны төзүчелəр, кереш мəкалə һəм искəрмəлəрне əзерлəүчелəр Гатина Х.Х., Ярми Х.Х.: 3 томда (Татарское народное творчество: Сказки / Составители, подготовители вводной статьи и комментарий Гатина Х.Х., Ярми Х.Х. / В 3-х тт. Казан: Таткитнəшр.,1978. 2 т. 447 б. Татар халык мəкальлəре. (Татарские народные пословицы) / Кереш сүз һəм аңлатмалар белəн җыючысы һəм төзүчесе Н.Исəнбəт (Соб. и сост. с вводным словом и пояснениями Н. Исанбет). Казан:Таткитнəшр, 1970. 568 б. Татар халык табышмаклары. (Татарские народные загадки) / Кереш мəкалə һəм аңлатмалар белəн җыючысы һəм төзүчесе Н.Исəнбəт (Соб. и сост. с вводным словом и пояснениями Н. Исанбет). Казан: Таткитнəшр, 1970. 568 б. Халиков А.Х. О столице домонгольской Булгарии // СА. 1973. № 3. С. 82–99. Червонная С.М. Искусство татарского Крыма. М.: Российская академия Художеств, 1995. 352 с. Чувашские сказки / Перевод и сост. С. Г. Григорьева; Предисл. В. Б. Микушевича; Ил.: М. Карпенко. М.: Худож. лит.1971. 222 с. Шерефи Х. Зафер наме-и Вилайет-и Казан. Публикация А.Мелек Узйетгин. Предисловие и перевод с турецкого на русский язык Ф.С. Хакимзянова. // Гасырлар авазы=Эхо веков. 1995. Май. С. 83–92.

The article deals with pilgrimage stories of two prominent Islamic figures, the Malay writer, publisher and teacher Abdullah Munshi (1796/7-1854) and the Tatar theologian and educator Shihabuddin Mardjani (1818-1889). Their Hajj travel diaries dating respectively from 1854 and 1880 allow us to reveal the kinship of their views and interests and the dissimilarity of the cultural and confessional contexts in which they lived and worked. For the Muslims of insular Southeast Asia, an equal problem was both comprehension of the subtleties of the Arabic language, understanding the meanings of the Koran - and mastery of the Malay literary language. There were no schools where both of these subjects would be taught, where religious preaching would go hand in hand with the study of secular disciplines and the achievements of modern science, just as it was practised in the so-called “new method” madrasahs of the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, the herald of which was Shihabuddin Mardjani. Until now, the situation in the Malay world has not changed: the “liberal” Islam is opposed to the “literal” Islam, with its inherent rigorism of the Middle Eastern type.

The purpose of the research is to identify the functioning features of Ornek, a traditional Crimean Tatar ornament in modern culture, art and design. The research methodology is based on the application of art history, comparative and semiotic analysis. The novelty of the research is to identify the functioning of the Crimean Tatar ornament in modern times, to determine special symbolic and graphic structures in the visual system Ornek, which allow not only to develop in modern Crimean culture but also show the high communicative ability to establish a cross-cultural dialogue. Conclusions. The study of Crimean Tatar ornament in modern art and design testifies to its high ability to adapt to new conditions, which allows us to talk about the flexibility of its visual system. In modern art and design projects, it appears as a phenomenon that can abstract from archaic forms and organically combine not only with the latest materials and techniques but also to create unity with the phenomena of other national cultures.

The objective of the work is to study the oldest period in the history of town of Kremenchuk through the coverage of circumstances of obtaining the right of self-government in the 30s of 17th century. The scientifi c novelty lies in the introduction into scientifi c circulation of the location privilege, according to which King Vladislav IV granted the Magdeburg rights to Kremenchuk in 1635. The document was found by accident in the 1647 Halych castle court records. This privilege was considered either lost or such that it was probably never granted until now, given the specifi cs of Kremenchuk as a defence cell. The document of granting the place of Kremenchuk (1633) to the future town locator, the rittmeister of the crown army Stefan Rucki (Rudzki) for lifelong possession is also published in the article for the fi rst time. The methodological basis of the research is based on the principles of objectivity and historicism. Historical-critical (analytical and synthetic critique of sources), historical-legal and historical-comparative methods are involved. The methods of archaeography are also used for the publication of the documents. The prospects of further research is in active involvement of the castle court books to identify valuable documents relating to the history of the spread of Magdeburg law in the Ukrainian lands. Such documents are accumulated in large numbers in these books. Conclusions. The privilege of granting the Magdeburg law we found specifi es the data of formation of Kremenchuk as a complete town (January 8, 1635). According to the document, Kremenchuk received the right of self-government (all town offi cials – voit, burgomaster and seven councilors – were to be appointed by town lease-holder), weekly auctions (every Friday) and annual fairs (twice a year – on the day of John the Baptist and on the Candlemas). The analysis of text of the document points to a number of borrowings from another two-year-old Magdeburg privilege granted by Vladislav IV to Nowe Miasto on the outskirts of Wschowa (Freistadt) in the Poznan Voivodeship. Identical wording is found in the passages about duty exemption, about other freedoms granted for the development of trade, the obligation to gather in the castle and defend the town in the event of enemy attacks etc. References: 1. [Anonim]. (2011). Kremenchuku – 440 rokiv [Commemorating the 440-year anniversary of Kremenchuk]. Kraieznavstvo, 4(77), 58. [in Ukrainian].2. Arkhiv Yugo-Zapadnoj Rossii, izdavaemyj vremennoj komissiej dlya razbora drevnikh aktov, vysochajshe uchrezhdennuyu pri Kievskom Voennom, Podolskom i Volynskom general-gubernatore. (1863). In Akty o kozakakh (1500–1648) [Archives of South-West Russia, published by the temporary commission for the analysis of ancient acts, imperially established under the Kyiv Military, Podolia and Volyn General-Governor. In Cossack Acts (1500–1648)]. (Part 3, vol. 1, pp. 28–31). Kyiv. [in Russian and Polish].3. Bobinski, W. (2000). Wojewodztwo kijowskie w czasach Zygmunta III Wazy: studium osadnictwa i stosunkow wlasności ziemskiej [Kyiv Voivodeship in the times of Sigismund III Vasa: a study of settlement and estate relations]. Warszawa. [in Polish].4. Litwin, H. (2000). Naplyw szlachty polskiej na Ukraine: 1569–1648 [The influx of Polish nobility to Ukraine: 1569–1648]. Warsaw. [in Polish].5. Markevich, N. (1842). Istoriya Malorosii [The history of Little Russia]. Moscow. [in Russian].6. Mikhalon Litvin. (1994). O nravakh tatar, litovcev i moskvityan [On the customs of Tatars, Lithuanians and Moscovites]. Moscow. [in Russian].7. Smereka, B. (2017). Poniattia «urochysche» v aktovykh i fiskalnykh dokumentakh Ruskoho voievodstva u XV–XVIII st. [The term «urochyshche» («natural boundary»), represented in the acts and fiscal documents of the Ruthenian Voivodeship in the 15th–18th centuries]. Naukovi zapysky Natsionalnoho universytetu «Kyievo-Mohylianska akademiia»: istorychni nauky, 194, 11–16. [in Ukrainian].8. Solovyev, S. (1989). Sochineniya (vol. 5–6). In Istoriya Rossii s drevnejshikh vremen [Literary works. The history of Russia since ancient times] (Vol. III). Moscow. [in Russian].9. Stadtebuch des Landes Posen: Codex diplomaticus; allgemeine Geschichte der Stadte im Lande Posen; geschichtliche Nachrichten von 149 einzelnen Stadten [The city register of the land of Poznan: codex of manuscripts; general history of the cities in the land of Poznan; historical news from 149 selected cities]. (1864). Leipzig. [in German and Latin].10. Vyrsky, D. (2011). «Ukrainne misto»: Kremenchuk vid zasnuvannia do roku 1764-ho [«Ukrainian city»: Kremenchuk from its foundation to 1764]. Kyiv. [in Ukrainian].11. Vyrsky, D. (2011). Kremenchuk: pochatky istorii (1571–1648) [Kremenchuk: the foundations of history (1571–1648)]. Kraieznavstvo, 4(77), 59–84. [in Ukrainian].12. Lipinski, W. (1912). Z dziejow Ukrainy: ksiega pamiatkowa ku czci Wlodzimierza Antonowicza, Paulina Świecickiego i Tadeusza Rylskiego [From the history of Ukraine: a commemorative book in honor of Volodymyr Antonovych, Paulin Świecicki and Tadey Rylsky]. Kyiv. [in Polish].13. Jablonowski, A. (Comp.) (1877). Źrodla dziejowe. Polska XVI wieku pod wzgledem geograficzno-statystycznym. Lustracye krolewszczyzn ziem ruskich Wolynia, Podola i Ukrainy z pierwszej polowy XVII wieku [Historical sources. Poland in the 16th century in terms of geography and statistics. Inspections of the Crown domains of the Ruthenian Lands of Volhynia, Podolia and Ukraine from the first half of the 17th Century]. (Vol. 5). Warszawa. [in Polish].

The main mechanism for the consolidation of the Turkic peoples into a superethnos is the study of the continuity of modern Turkic languages that grew out of a single common Turkic language, and the features of the formation of patterns inherent in each language in the context of “language and ethnos”, “language and society”, “language and culture”. These issues will contribute to bringing the intercultural relations of the Turkic-speaking peoples to a qualitatively new level, preserving and promoting common Turkic language and cultural values in the context of globalization. In this regard, the development of a theoretical substantiation of the comparatively synchronous lexicology of the modern Kypchak and modern Oghuz languages with linguistic expertise of scientific and theoretical provisions and conclusions related to the vocabulary of the Turkic languages, based on the materials of the Kazakh, Nogai, Bashkir, Tatar, Kumyk, Kyrgyz, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Turkmen languages is of great importance. After all, in the process of combining conceptual scientific knowledge on individual and general issues of lexicology, a single body of theoretical knowledge about the lexical composition of the Turkic languages will be created, and the commonalities and differences at the current level of development of the Turkic languages will be clearly defined. This circumstance leads to a complete study of two, three or more Turkic languages or comparative-historical, comparative-descriptive between language groups and language subgroups. The article reveals the semantic features of the vocabulary of modern Turkic written languages.

Tatar population, represented by Kasimov Tatars and Mishars, traditionally lives in the eastern districts of the Ryazan region (the former districts of Ryazan and Tambov provinces), with a total number of about five thousand people. The area Tatars residence was traditionally adjacent to the Russian, which formed early ethnocultural contacts and mutual perception, lead to the observation of the ritual practices of each other. Funeral and memorial rituals, ritual food became the most vivid impression of the “Tatar faith” for Russian neighbours (this is how Islam is designated in this area), and Muslim cemeteries are perceived as the border of someone else›s sacred space. The research is based on materials from expeditions to Tatar and Russian (Russian-Tatar) villages of the Ryazan region within the framework of the project “The Shadows of the Kasimov Khanate”, carried out in 2015–2020.

The article describes a manuscript by an unknown Tatar theologian-jurist scholar of the 17th century, found in the collection of Arabic manuscripts of G. Ibragimov Institute of Language, Literature and Art. This is one of the oldest extant literary monuments of Tatar theological and legal thought. The treatise is a collection of fatwas written in the Old Tatar language on various issues of cult, family and marriage, financial, economic and criminal practice. The work also presents a Russian translation of selected fatwas, analysis of which made it possible to draw conclusions about the author’s good education and about the availability of classical works on Hanafi Law. The paper also demonstrates the existence of close relations within the Arab-Muslim World.

The article is devoted to the little-studied Northern European sources of Russian plays on the plot about Tamerlane and Bayazet of the late 17th — early 18th centuries. The material was the play “Temir-Aksakovo Action” in 1675, a not preserved version of the play of the early 18th century “The Clear History of Tamerlane, the Tatar Khan how he defeated Saltan of Tursk Bayazet”, plays from the repertoire of “English comedians” of the 17th century, plays by the German playwright Andreas Gryphius and the English playwright Nicholas Roe. It is shown that the interludes of the play “Temir-Aksakovo Action” could be taken from the little-known play “The Comedy of Tamerlane”, staged in Nuremberg in 1667. Analysis of the play by German playwright Andreas Gryphius “The Armenian Leo” in 1656 makes it possible to talk about general formulas in constructing the theme of the overthrow of tyranny, the baroque theme of the mutability of life in the German and Russian drama of the 17th century. The play “The Clear History of Tamerlane ...”, staged at the court of Peter I in the 1700s, has been brought into consideration. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the typological commonality of the Russian play with the play by the English playwright Nicholas Rowe “Tamerlane” in 1701, containing real historical allusions to the present.

The article deals with the lithology and geochemistry of organic matter of Upper Devonian-Lower Carboniferous deposits (Carbonate Devonian) of the eastern part of the South Tatar arch. Rocks of this age have a high generative potential due to increased concentrations of organic matter (OM) and its phytogenic and zoophytogenic composition. They refer to non-traditional sources of hydrocarbons. The generative potential depends on the facial environment and the transformation of OM. The highest potential have carbonate-siliceous and siliceous-carbonate rhythmites domannic horizon.

The problem of demographic processes in Crimea is acutely relevant in the light of recent political events. Besides, this issue is gaining more scientific importance due to the fact that during the Soviet period, Crimea conducted special demographic and migration policy, different from all adjacent regions. The consequences of the Soviet demographic and migration policy now impact the elaboration of a stable position and action plan of Ukraine on the deoccupation of the peninsula, the development of state policy towards the indigenous peoples of Crimea, etc. It is worth mentioning that Crimea was of special strategic importance for the USSR, and therefore the demographic structure of the population of the peninsula constituted a subject of particular attention as for the Union leadership so for the heads of local executive and party bodies. In addition, Crimea had special conditions for economic activity, different from other regions, and thus migration processes within the peninsula were to be planned and carried out according to the policy of the Soviet government and the Crimean socioeconomic situation. The scholarly research has not yet properly reflected the problem of the migration policy of the USSR in Crimea in the 1920s, so this blank space must be filled. The article considers the policy pursued by the Bolshevik Party and its subordinate Soviet authorities on the issue of relocation and resettlement of the Crimean population within the peninsula. The research is based on the analysis of materials of the State Archives of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, which are currently inaccessible to Ukrainian scholars due to the occupation of the peninsula. The article also provides the analysis of the Soviet leaders’ plans on relocating the population to Crimea and its settlement, the prerequisites and factors that influenced the development and implementation of local demographic and migration policies. It studies some aspects of the Soviet leadership plans on resolving the national question in the USSR in general due to the resettlement policy in Crimea, namely creating there a Jewish republic. Special attention is paid to the resettlement of Tatar families to Crimea. It is noted that the migration policy of the Soviet government within the Crimean peninsula had a contradictory character, which led to the overall failure of the developed large-scale plans.

The paper proposes a methodology for analyzing the syllabic structure of Tatar words using fiction text data. Syllable construction rules are unique for each language as they are determined by the laws that govern its specific internal structure. However, the issue of the syllable finds a rather superficial description in Tatar grammars. Thus, possible correlations of the syllable structure with morphological features of the language will be examined in this paper. We analyze the distribution of syllable types in Tatar texts and represent their ranked frequencies and theoretical values fitted by means of the Zipf Mandelbrot distribution. The main part of the study is devoted to inquiry into the structure of initial and final syllables. We proceed from the hypothesis that distributions of syllable structures in word-initial and word-final positions should be marked by statistically important differences due to discriminative structural features of stems and affixal chains. The study is based on a selection of obstruent and sonorant consonants. To evaluate statistical significance of these differences, the well-known chi square test is applied.