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The implementation of automation will enable Advanced Air Mobility (AAM), which could alter the human's responsibilities from those of an active controller to a passive monitor of vehicles. Mature AAM operations will likely rely on both experienced and novice operators to supervise multiple aircraft. As AAM constitutes a complex and increasingly autonomous system, the human operator's set of responsibilities will transition from those of a controller, to a manager, and eventually to an assistant to highly automated systems. The development of AAM will require system designers to characterize these three sets of human responsibilities. The present work proposes different human responsibilities across various roles (i.e., pilot in command, system operator, system assistant) in the context of AAM along with pertinent attention-related constructs that could contribute to each of the three identified roles of AAM operators including situation awareness, workload, complacency, and vigilance.

Pathfinder networks are a method to represent mental models from empirically generated pairwise relatedness ratings. This study examined the effects of training exposure on mental model structures based on relatedness ratings collected using the Target Rating method. Forty-eight participants read instruction slides with or without explicit information on the functionality of an autopilot system (Advanced Mental Model or Basic Mental Model groups, respectively). Participants provided relatedness ratings and completed a comprehension test. The Advanced Mental Model group had more common links with the expected model, higher within-group network similarity scores, and higher mental model assessment questionnaire scores than the Basic Mental Model group. Both groups had coherence scores above the minimum threshold for internal consistency. Pathfinder network analysis was sensitive to changes produced by a simple exposure training intervention. In practice, a simple training program may effectively influence operator mental models in novel technological environments such as Advanced Air Mobility.

Background The joint committee of the Japanese Society of Intensive Care Medicine/Japanese Respiratory Society/Japanese Society of Respiratory Care Medicine on ARDS Clinical Practice Guideline has created and released the ARDS Clinical Practice Guideline 2021. Methods The 2016 edition of the Clinical Practice Guideline covered clinical questions (CQs) that targeted only adults, but the present guideline includes 15 CQs for children in addition to 46 CQs for adults. As with the previous edition, we used a systematic review method with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system as well as a degree of recommendation determination method. We also conducted systematic reviews that used meta-analyses of diagnostic accuracy and network meta-analyses as a new method. Results Recommendations for adult patients with ARDS are described: we suggest against using serum C-reactive protein and procalcitonin levels to identify bacterial pneumonia as the underlying disease (GRADE 2D); we recommend limiting tidal volume to 4–8 mL/kg for mechanical ventilation (GRADE 1D); we recommend against managements targeting an excessively low SpO2 (PaO2) (GRADE 2D); we suggest against using transpulmonary pressure as a routine basis in positive end-expiratory pressure settings (GRADE 2B); we suggest implementing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for those with severe ARDS (GRADE 2B); we suggest against using high-dose steroids (GRADE 2C); and we recommend using low-dose steroids (GRADE 1B). The recommendations for pediatric patients with ARDS are as follows: we suggest against using non-invasive respiratory support (non-invasive positive pressure ventilation/high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy) (GRADE 2D), we suggest placing pediatric patients with moderate ARDS in the prone position (GRADE 2D), we suggest against routinely implementing NO inhalation therapy (GRADE 2C), and we suggest against implementing daily sedation interruption for pediatric patients with respiratory failure (GRADE 2D). Conclusions This article is a translated summary of the full version of the ARDS Clinical Practice Guideline 2021 published in Japanese (URL: https://www.jsicm.org/publication/guideline.html). The original text, which was written for Japanese healthcare professionals, may include different perspectives from healthcare professionals of other countries.

PDF file, 87KB, Tissue section stained with hematoxylin and eosin before (left) and after (right) laser microdissection in six representative samples of colorectal cancer. (Part II)

Purpose: Cancer stroma plays an important role in the progression of cancer. Although alterations in miRNA expression have been explored in various kinds of cancers, the expression of miRNAs in cancer stroma has not been explored in detail.Experimental Design: Using a laser microdissection technique, we collected RNA samples specific for epithelium or stroma from 13 colorectal cancer tissues and four normal tissues, and miRNA microarray and gene expression microarray were carried out. The expression status of miRNAs was confirmed by reverse transcriptase PCR. Furthermore, we investigated whether miRNA expression status in stromal tissue could influence the clinicopathologic factors.Results: Oncogenic miRNAs, including two miRNA clusters, miR-17-92a and miR-106b-25 cluster, were upregulated in cancer stromal tissues compared with normal stroma. Gene expression profiles from cDNA microarray analyses of the same stromal tissue samples revealed that putative targets of these miRNA clusters, predicted by Target Scan, such as TGFBR2, SMAD2, and BMP family genes, were significantly downregulated in cancer stromal tissue. Downregulated putative targets were also found to be involved in cytokine interaction and cellular adhesion. Importantly, expression of miR-25 and miR-92a in stromal tissues was associated with a variety of clinicopathologic factors.Conclusions: Oncogenic miRNAs were highly expressed in cancer stroma. Although further validation is required, the finding that stromal miRNA expression levels were associated with clinicopathologic factors suggests the possibility that miRNAs in cancer stroma are crucially involved in cancer progression. Clin Cancer Res; 18(11); 3054–70. ©2012 AACR.

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PDF file, 69KB, Two-dimensional hierarchical cluster analysis of upregulated miRNAs and samples was performed to generate a heatmap. The distance between every pair of miRNAs was calculated as 1.0 - (Pearson's correlation coefficient in expression signal between these two miRNAs). The heatmaps indicate a high (red) or low (green) level of expression. The Ward's linkage algorithm was used for cluster analysis. A: Results of unsupervised hierarchical clustering of four normal and thirteen cancer stromal samples based on expression of miRNAs. Each column represents a sample and each row a probe set.

PDF file, 69KB, Supplementary Table S: Correlation coefficient of array signals in the components of the miR-17-92a and miR-25-106b clusters; Supplementary Table S2; Supplementary Table. S3: Downregulated microRNAs in colorectal cancer stromal tissue compared with normal stromal tissue; Supplementary Table. S4A: Upregulated microRNAs in colorectal cancer stromal tissue compared with cancer epithelial tissue; Supplementary Table. S4B: Downregulated microRNAs in colorectal cancer stromal tissue compared with cancer epithelial tissue.

Supplementary Figures S1-S9 PDF file - 984K, Representative photomicrographs of tissue sections immunostained for PLS3 (S1); The clinical significance of PLS3 expression in a second independent set of 110 primary colorectal cancer samples (S2); PLS3 expression profiles in various tissues, including peripheral blood-derived cells (S3); EMT induction in CaR-1 cells by TGF-beta1 (S4); PLS3 mRNA expression in LoVo cells expressing stem cell makers (S5); Immunocytochemical staining of PLS3 in rectal cancer cell line CaR-1 and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (S6); Validation of PLS3 expression in PB after recurrence (S7); Survival curves of Dukes stage B CRC patients based on the level of CK19/CK20 mRNA expression in PB (S8); PLS3 expression profiles in several cancer cell lines (S9)

Supplementary Tables S1-S2 PDF file - 41K, CRC Patient characteristics in training set (2000-2004) and validation set (2005-2008) (S1); Gene list of GSEA analysis (S2).

Supplementary Figure Legends PDF file - 49K, Legend for Supplementary Figures S1-S9

Circulating tumor cells (CTC) in blood have attracted attention both as potential seeds for metastasis and as biomarkers. However, most CTC detection systems might miss epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-induced metastatic cells because detection is based on epithelial markers. First, to discover novel markers capable of detecting CTCs in which EMT has not been repressed, microarray analysis of 132 colorectal cancers (CRC) from Japanese patients was conducted, and 2,969 genes were detected that were overexpressed relative to normal colon mucosa. From the detected genes, we selected those that were overexpressed CRC with distant metastasis. Then, we analyzed the CRC metastasis-specific genes (n = 22) to determine whether they were expressed in normal circulation. As a result, PLS3 was discovered as a CTC marker that was expressed in metastatic CRC cells but not in normal circulation. Using fluorescent immunocytochemistry, we validated that PLS3 was expressed in EMT-induced CTC in peripheral blood from patients with CRC with distant metastasis. PLS3-expressing cells were detected in the peripheral blood of approximately one-third of an independent set of 711 Japanese patients with CRC. Multivariate analysis showed that PLS3-positive CTC was independently associated with prognosis in the training set (n = 381) and the validation set [n = 330; HR = 2.17; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.38–3.40 and HR = 3.92; 95% CI = 2.27–6.85]. The association between PLS3-positive CTC and prognosis was particularly strong in patients with Dukes B (HR = 4.07; 95% CI = 1.50–11.57) and Dukes C (HR = 2.57; 95% CI = 1.42–4.63). PLS3 is a novel marker for metastatic CRC cells, and it possesses significant prognostic value. Cancer Res; 73(7); 2059–69. ©2012 AACR.

A model that introduces surface tension as a pressure boundary condition, named the surface tension as pressure (STP) model, was developed for free surface flow analyses by the moving particle simulation (MPS) method. The STP model assigns to surface particles the liquid pressure of Laplace’s formula. The model is an alternative to previous models that apply surface tension as volume force such as the continuum surface force model. Problems that appeared when using the volume force models, such as the dependencies of calculation results on particle resolution and pressure gradient accuracy, were solved by using the STP model. Calculations predicted the theoretical values of the internal pressure of a 3D spherical droplet and the oscillation period of a 2D elliptic droplet over a wide range of surface tension coefficients and droplet sizes with errors less than 10%. Since the STP model is easy to implement, does not increase computation cost from previous models, and does not require surface reconstruction or additional marker particles, the model is suitable for practical and large-scale free surface flow problems that involve violent deformation of the liquid surface such as liquid atomization.

In this study, several nanometer-thick transition metal overlayers (M) were formed on an Fe–Cr–Al metal (SUS) foil by pulsed cathodic arc-plasma deposition. The thin-film materials prepared, exhibiting a full-coverage M overlayer (M/SUS), were applied as catalysts for NH3 oxidation in the presence of excess O2 (300 ppm NH3, 8% O2, and He balance). Under dry conditions (0% H2O in the gas feed), the observed NH3 oxidation activity decreased in the order of Ir > Pt > Co > Pd > Cu > Rh when the product selectivity was not taken into consideration. The activities of the materials composed of Co and Cu decreased significantly in the presence of 10% H2O, while those of the catalysts containing Pt and Ir remained nearly unchanged. Based on the kinetic analyses and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry experiments conducted, it was determined that the contrasting effect of H2O on the activity of M/SUS was related to the ease of oxidation of the non-precious metals studied. The resulting hydrophilic oxide surface was more susceptible to the competitive adsorption of H2O and thus inhibited the NH3 reaction than a metallic surface. The negative effect of H2O was evident by the decrease in the NH3 concentration in the gas feed. Notably, the metallic surface of the Pt overlayer was stable even under oxidizing reaction conditions; therefore, the oxidation of NH3 was less susceptible to the effects of high H2O concentrations.

Cobalt oxide nanoparticles modified electrodes with great sensing properties for easy determination of phosphate ions have been developed.

In this paper, the authors investigate whether airbreathing engines have useful application to vertical takeoff and vertical landing systems, which currently represent the mainstream for reusable l...

Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) is the most widely used method for analyzing genome-wide DNA-protein interactions. Because there is considerable variation in the modes and strengths of DNA-protein interactions, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) protocols have been diversified and optimized for different needs. Here, we describe protocols for detecting histone modifications and modifiers using various crosslinking and immunoprecipitation conditions. We provide a complete ChIP-seq workflow covering sample preparation, immunoprecipitation, next-generation sequencing (NGS) library preparation, and data analyses.

Adversarial computations are a widely studied class of computations where resource-bounded probabilistic adversaries have access to oracles, i.e., probabilistic procedures with private state. These computations arise routinely in several domains, including security, privacy and machine learning. In this paper, we develop program logics for reasoning about adversarial computations in a higher-order setting. Our logics are built on top of a simply typed $\lambda$-calculus extended with a graded monad for probabilities and state. The grading is used to model and restrict the memory footprint and the cost (in terms of oracle calls) of computations. Under this view, an adversary is a higher-order expression that expects as arguments the code of its oracles. We develop unary program logics for reasoning about error probabilities and expected values, and a relational logic for reasoning about coupling-based properties. All logics feature rules for adversarial computations, and yield guarantees that are valid for all adversaries that satisfy a fixed resource policy. We prove the soundness of the logics in the category of quasi-Borel spaces, using a general notion of graded predicate liftings, and we use logical relations over graded predicate liftings to establish the soundness of proof rules for adversaries. We illustrate the working of our logics with simple but illustrative examples., Comment: Full version of ICFP 21 paper

Understanding the thermal-fluid characteristics of boiling hydrogen is of great significance for applications of liquid hydrogen, such as alternative clean energy and space vehicles. The boiling temperature of liquid hydrogen under atmospheric pressure is 20.3 K; thus, it is easy to boil to form a gas–liquid two-phase flow. Fuel transfer under the boiling state has been avoided in the space industry because of its unstable flow characteristics; precise control of the fuel, including the boiling flow, is necessary to improve the space-vehicle performance. This study aims to understand the flow-regime transition characteristics of boiling hydrogen through experimental investigation. The experimental conditions were as follows: the flow direction was horizontal, the inner diameter of the heating pipe was 15 mm, the mass flux ranged from 50 to 110 kg/m2s, and the pressure ranged from 250 to 300 kPa A. The flow-regime transition characteristics were obtained by a high-speed camera. Fully liquid phase (LP), dispersed bubbly flow (DB), intermittent flow (IN), and annular flow (AN) were observed during the experiment. Each flow-regime boundary model is constructed using two dominant forces from the experimental result based on a Taitel–Dukler model. For the DB/IN boundary, a large-bubble sustainable condition is derived by the balance between the shear and buoyancy forces acting upon the bubble; for the IN/AN boundary, a droplet-sustainable condition is derived in terms of the force balance between the drag and gravity acting on the droplet. The semi-theoretical model predicts the experimental data with 96.7% accuracy.

The formation of carbonyl complexes using atom-at-a-time quantities of short-lived transition metals from fusion and fission reactions was reported in 2012. Numerous studies focussing on this chemical system, which is also applicable for the superheavy elements followed. We report on a novel two-chamber approach for the synthesis of such complexes that allows spatial decoupling of thermalization and gas-phase carbonyl complex synthesis. Neutron induced fission on 235U and spontaneous fission of 248Cm were employed for the production of the fission products. These were stopped inside a gas volume behind the target and flushed with an inert-gas flow into a second chamber. This was flushed with carbon monoxide to allow the gas-phase synthesis of carbonyl complexes. Parameter studies of the transfer from the first into the second chamber as well as on the carbonyl complex formation and transport processes have been performed. High overall efficiencies of more than 50% were reached rendering this approach interesting for studies of superheavy elements. Our results show that carbonyl complex formation of thermalized fission products is a single-atom reaction, and not a hot-atom reaction.

形態: カラー図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations, Accepted: 2020-09-10, 資料番号: PA2120009000

In the present study, we prepared a 12 nm thick Ir overlayer via pulsed cathodic arc plasma deposition on a 50 μm thick Fe-Cr-Al metal (SUS) foil. Using this thin-film catalyst made NH3-O2 reactions more environmentally benign due to a much lower selectivity for undesirable N2O ( 70-fold greater than that observed with conventional Ir nanoparticle catalysts supported on γ-Al2O3. We found that the high-TOF NH3 oxidation was associated with the stability of the metallic Ir surface against oxidation by excess O2 present in simulated diesel exhaust. Additionally, we found that the Ir overlayer structure was thermally unstable at reaction temperatures ≥400 °C and at which point the Ir surface coverage dropped significantly; however, thermal deterioration was substantially mitigated by inserting a 250 nm thick Zr buffer layer between the Ir overlayer and the SUS foil substrate (Ir/Zr/SUS). Although N2O formation was suppressed by NH3 oxidation over Ir/Zr/SUS, other undesired byproducts (i.e., NO and NO2) were readily converted to N2 by coupling with a V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalyst in a second reactor for selective catalytic reduction by NH3. These results demonstrated that this tandem reactor configuration converted NH3 to N2 with nearly complete selectivity at a range of 200-600 °C in the presence of excess O2 (8%) and H2O (10%).

Automation is used to complete a variety of everyday and professional tasks. Trust has been shown to be a critical factor that contributes to successful human-automation interaction. Modern theories of automation trust adapted theories of interpersonal trust and have been tested in a variety of domains. Specifically, a triadic model of trust, with performance, process, and purpose as factors, has emerged. From this theory, Chancey et al. (2017) adapted Madsen and Gregor’s (2000) trust scale to align with Lee and See’s (2004) trust framework. Conversely, Jian et al. (2000) developed a scale empirically with trust and distrust as factors. This study aims to use questionnaire data from previous experiments to explore the relationship between the empirically driven Jian et al. trust scale and the theoretically driven Chancey et al. trust scale. We will perform a multilevel confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test the distinctiveness of the two trust measures, as well as their structures and the correlation between the measures. The findings of this work will help researchers understand the relationship between the two trust scales, assess if Jian et al.’s scale contains a three-factor structure, and provide more information about the psychological structure of automation trust.

A "whitelist network switch (WLS)", which can monitor and filter packets based on a whitelist, is particularly effective for stronger information security in closed network environments, such as in factories. This paper focuses on the base network environment for a nurse call system within a large hospital. This network environment is of particular importance to security, and the types of network protocols used are limited. We note important points regarding the practical operation and effectiveness of WLS through two approaches: (i) test introduction into an existing, actual hospital network system; (ii) test introduction in an experimental nurse call system environment.

While designing deuteron accelerator neutron sources for radioisotope production, nuclear data for light elements such as Li, Be, and C have been systematically measured in the deuteron energy rang...

Multicomponent 3d transition metal nanoparticles supported on Al2O3 were prepared using a complex polymerization process and a post H2-reduction treatment at 900 °C. Catalysts in a binary system we...

形態: カラー図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations, Accepted: 2020-03-04, 資料番号: PA2020006000