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There are no compatible tools that assess bowel function in young children, older children, and adults. This precludes clinical follow-up and longitudinal scientific research. Our aim was therefore to develop and validate a bowel function questionnaire equivalent to the pediatric (8–17 years) and adult (≥ 18 years) Groningen Defecation and Fecal Continence (DeFeC) questionnaires for children from the age of 1 month to 7 years. We developed, validated, and translated the Early Pediatric Groningen DeFeC (EP-DeFeC) questionnaire according to the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN). The EP-DeFeC incorporates different validated bowel function scoring systems, including the Rome IV criteria that are also included in the pediatric and adult DeFeC. We assessed feasibility and reproducibility by a test–retest survey. The study population (N = 100) consisted of the parents/caregivers of children whose median age was 4.0 (IQR 2.0–5.0) years. The mean interval between testing and retesting was 2.7 ± 1.1 months. None of the respondents commented on ambiguities regarding the questions. The overall median time taken to complete the EP-DeFeC was 8.7 min (IQR 6.8–11.8). The overall observed agreement was 78.9% with an overall kappa coefficient of 0.51, indicating moderate agreement.Conclusion: The EP-DeFeC is a feasible, reproducible, and validated questionnaire for assessing bowel function in children from the age of 1 month to 7 years. If used in combination with its pediatric (8–17 years) and adult (≥ 18 years) equivalents, this questionnaire enables longitudinal follow-up of bowel function from infancy to adulthood. What is Known:• Bowel function problems are common among young children.• Unfortunately, there are no compatible tools that assess bowel function in young children, older children, and adults, which precludes clinical follow-up and longitudinal scientific research. What is New:• The Early Pediatric Groningen Defecation and Fecal Continence (EP-DeFeC) questionnaire is validated to assess bowel function in children from the age of 1 month to 7 years.• If used together with its pediatric and adult equivalents, longitudinal follow-up of bowel function from infancy to adulthood becomes possible.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of screen time and sleep patterns on the sleep needs of infants and toddlers. Design and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional data were collected from 304 parents of children aged 6 to 36 months old. The screen use of children and parents was assessed with seven questions and A Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ) was used to assess infant sleep. Results: The results of this study indicate that children's adherence to the recommended sleep standards is poor. The most important criteria that caused poor sleeping were the number of awakenings at night, the duration of sleeplessness at night and the minimum total sleep time of

International audience; Early life is a critical period where gut ecosystem and functions are being established with significant impact on health. For regulatory, technical, and cost reasons, in vitro gut models can be used as a relevant alternative to in vivo assays. An exhaustive literature review was conducted to adapt the Mucosal Artificial Colon (M-ARCOL) to specific physicochemical (pH, transit time, and nutritional composition of ileal effluents) and microbial parameters from toddlers in the age range of 6 months-3 years, resulting in the Tm-ARCOL. In vitro fermentations were performed to validate this newly developed colonic model compared to in vivo toddler data. Results were also compared to those obtained with the classical adult configuration. Fecal samples from 5 toddlers and 4 adults were used to inoculate bioreactors, and continuous fermentations were performed for 8 days. Gut microbiota structure (lumen and mucus-associated microbiota) and functions (gas and short-chain fatty acids) were monitored. Clearly distinct microbial signatures were obtained between the two in vitro conditions, with lower α-diversity indices and higher abundances of infant-related microbial populations (e.g., Bifidobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae) in toddler versus adult conditions. In accordance with in vivo data, methane was found only in adult bioreactors, while higher percentage of acetate but lower proportions of propionate and butyrate was measured in toddlers compared to adults. This new in vitro model will provide a powerful platform for gut microbiome mechanistic studies in a pediatric context, both in nutritional- (e.g., nutrients, probiotics, prebiotics) and health-related (e.g., drugs, enteric pathogens) studies. KEY POINTS: • Development of a novel in vitro colonic model recapitulating the toddler environment. • Specific toddler versus adult digestive conditions are preserved in vitro. • The new model provides a powerful platform for microbiome mechanistic studies.

Introduction: In young children with early onset ataxia (EOA), quantitative rating of ataxia by the Scale for Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) is longitudinally influenced by the physiological age effect on motor coordination. To enable longitudinal quantitative interpretation of ataxia by SARA in children with EOA, the EPNS ataxia working group has previously determined SARA-scores in typically developing children (4-16 years of age). In toddlers, this information is still lacking. We therefore aimed to investigate the feasibility and reliability of SARA-scores in typically developing toddlers. Methods: In 57 typically developing toddlers (2-4 years), we aimed to determine the: 1. feasibility of SARA -scores, 2. age-related pre-requisites to obtain SARA-scores in toddlers over all domains, 3. SARA-score reliability, 4. mathematical age connection of SARA-scores in toddlers and older children. Results: In typically developing toddlers, the feasibility of SARA is strongly age-dependent (p < .000). After computing compensations for two age-related, unfeasible and therefore un-assessable kinetic subtasks and after allowing the videotaping of non-kinetic SARA sub-task performances at home, the SARA was fully reliably assessable in all (n = 57) toddlers (ICC = 0.732). From two to 16 years of age, SARA-scores were mathematically represented by one continuous, exponentially decreasing trend line approaching the adult-optimum at 16 years of age. Conclusion: In toddlers, SARA-scores are reliably assessable, by using two age-compensations and allowing the videotaping of SARA-performances partly at home. In children with EOA, these data enable longitudinal quantification and interpretation of quantitative ataxia-scores by SARA from 2 years of age throughout childhood.

Early parent-child relationship and child negative emotionality have both been studied as contributors to attachment security, but few studies have examined whether negative emotionality can moderate effects of parent-child relationship on security and whether the process is comparable across mother- and father-child dyads and different security measures. In 102 community families, we observed parent-child shared positive affect and infants' anger proneness at 7 months, and attachment security at 15 months, using observer-rated Attachment Q-Set (AQS) and a continuous measure derived from Strange Situation Paradigm (SSP). For mother-child dyads, high shared positive affect and low anger proneness were associated with AQS security. Those effects were qualified by their interaction: Variations in shared positive affect were associated with security only for relatively more anger-prone children. That effect reflected the diathesis-stress model. For father-child dyads, shared positive affect was associated with security. There were no effects for SSP security with either parent.

Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) is a well-known disorder of self-limiting paroxysmal vasospasms occurring in small arteries of the digits, in the order of skin pallor (white), followed by cyanosis (blue), ending with hyperemia (red). These designative triphasic colour changes with exposure to cold, or emotional response is diagnostic in adults. RP is a very rare phenomenon in the young paediatric population as noted by Nigrovic et al with 123 patients

Objective: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in very young children with significant cognitive impairment is difficult to diagnose, depriving them of the earliest opportunities for autism-specific intervention. This study delineated specific symptoms in this group, compared to symptoms in children with Global Developmental Delay (GDD) and in ASD with milder developmental delays.Method: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, 2nd Edition, Toddler Module revealed symptoms in three groups of toddlers, with mean ages of 17-20 months: (1) ASD and cognitive/language functioning below the 12-month level (ASD-MA < 12 mos; n = 28), (2) GDD (n = 27), and (3) ASD and cognitive/language functioning at or above the 12-month level (ASD-MA ≥ 12 mos; n = 29). Logistic regression models were fit to control for developmental level. Results: Items in all domains (social interaction, communication, repetitive movements) discriminated ASD-MA < 12 mos from GDD. The two ASD groups, matched for age but differing on developmental level, showed strikingly similar ASD symptomatology. Conclusion: ADOS-2 symptoms differentiated ASD-MA < 12 mos from GDD, after controlling for cognitive impairment. Symptoms in the two ASD groups were minimally related to developmental level. The ADOS-2 Toddler Module successfully captured ASD symptomatology even in children whose developmental level was below the recommended ADOS-2 cutoff of 12 months, which may increase their access to early ASD-specific intervention.

BACKGROUND: Neurodevelopmental impairment is a significant consequence for survivors of surgery for critical congenital heart disease. This study sought to determine if intraoperative methylprednisolone during neonatal cardiac surgery is associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes at 12 months of age and to identify early prognostic variables associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes. METHODS: A planned secondary analysis of a two-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of intraoperative methylprednisolone in neonates undergoing cardiac surgery was performed. A brain injury biomarker was measured perioperatively. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III (BSID-III) were performed at 12 months of age. Two sample t-tests and generalized linear models were used. RESULTS: There were 129 participants (n=61 methylprednisolone, n=68 placebo). There were no significant differences in BSID-III scores and brain injury biomarker levels between the two treatment groups. Participants who underwent a palliative (vs. corrective) procedure had lower mean BSID-III cognitive (101±15 vs. 106±14, p=0.03) and motor scores (85±18 vs. 94±16, p

Toddler age is a period that lasts quickly and will not be repeated, so it is called the golden age. The incidence of growth and development disorders is currently quite high in Indonesia. The impact of not doing growth and development checks is that they cannot detect growth and development deviations in toddlers so that there are permanent deviations. The research objective was to analyze the relationship between the role of health workers and family support in early detection of toddler song development. This type of quantitative research with analytic survey design. This study used a cross sectional approach, with the sampling used was purposive sampling technique. The results of the research on the variable role of health workers obtained a positive role as many as 49 people (55.1%), while the variable family support for respondents who supported as many as 52 people (58.4%). The statistical test results obtained by the value of p = 0.013, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between the role of health workers and family support in early detection of toddler growth and development. Research on the provision of early stimulation in the first year of life is effective in increasing the mental and psychomotor development index of infants. In addition, the presence of children who experience delays during their growth and development can be caused by a lack of parental care in stimulating their growth and development. The research suggest the need for an increase in training programs in the detection of growth and development, programs routed by families and even visits to PAUD / kindergartens online or in person.

Pneumonia is one of the health problems that contribute to the mortality of toddlers. Pneumonia cases in children are determined by health history. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between age, gender, birth weight, history of breastfeeding, nutritional status, and immunization status with the incidence of pneumonia in toddlers at the Kudus Aisyiyah Hospital. The design of this study was analytic observational with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 102 patients have participated as research respondents, and sampling was done using the accidental technique. The instrument used in this study is an observation sheet prepared for toddler patients with pneumonia. Data analysis was carried out using chi-square and fisher's exact method. The results showed that 48 patients (47.1%) had pneumonia. There was a significant relationship between the age of children under five (p=0.003) and birth weight (p=0.0001) with the incidence of pneumonia. There was no relationship between gender (p=0.399), exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.495), and nutritional status (p=0.141), with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five. The age variable is associated with the pneumonia incidence in toddlers at Kudus 'Aisyiyah Hospital. Mothers are expected to pay more attention to the health of their toddlers due to their vulnerability to a variety of diseases, particularly infectious diseases. Support and counseling programs from health workers were also expected to help mothers' understanding to improve their child's health quality.

Background: Parenting interventions during the first years of life on what and/or how to feed infants during complementary feeding can promote healthy eating habits. Objectives: An intervention promoting repeated exposure to a variety of vegetables [repeated vegetable exposure (RVE); what] and an intervention promoting responding sensitively to child signals during mealtime [video-feedback intervention to promote positive parenting-feeding infants (VIPP-FI); how] were compared, separately and combined (COMBI), with an attention control condition (AC). Primary outcomes were vegetable consumption and self-regulation of energy intake; secondary outcomes were child anthropometrics and maternal feeding practices (sensitive feeding, pressure to eat). Methods: Our 4-arm randomized controlled trial included 246 first-time Dutch mothers and their infants. Interventions started when infants were 4-6 mo old and ended at age 16 mo. The present study evaluated effects at 18 (t18) and 24 (t24) mo of age. Vegetable acceptance was assessed using three 24-h dietary recalls, self-regulation of energy intake by an eating-in-the-absence-of-hunger experiment and mother-report, and maternal feeding behavior by observation and mother-report. Results: Linear mixed model and ANOVA analyses revealed no follow-up group differences regarding child vegetable intake or self-regulatory behavior. The proportion of children with overweight was significantly lower in the COMBI group, compared with the VIPP-FI group at t18 (2% compared with 16%), and with the AC group at t24 (7% compared with 20%), although this finding needs to be interpreted cautiously due to the small number of infants with overweight and nonsignificant effects on the continuous BMI z-score measure (P values: 0.29-0.82). Finally, more sensitive feeding behavior and less pressure to eat was found in the VIPP-FI and COMBI groups, compared with the RVE and AC groups, mostly at t18 (significant effect sizes: D = 0.23-0.64). Conclusions: Interventions were not effective in increasing vegetable intake or self-regulation of energy intake. Future research might usefully focus on risk groups such as families who already experience problems around feeding. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03348176.

Objectives The present study, building on cross-sectional research showing links between mothers’ sleep, stress, and parenting, used a longitudinal design to consider (1) the temporal direction of links between mothers’ sleep and stress, (2) whether mother sleep deficits predict change in parenting across time, and (3) whether mother sleep deficits mediate the inverse association between stress and positive parenting. Design The study used repeated measures of stress, mother sleep, and positive parenting at toddler ages 30, 36, and 42 months. Setting Data were collected at 2 sites, one in the Midwest and one in the East. Participants Four hundred thirteen mother-toddler pairs were followed. Mothers were mostly married, college educated, and middle class, but there was also considerable variability between families. Measurements Stress was measured via parenting hassles, CHAOS, and role overload scales. Mother sleep was measured via actigraphy. Positive parenting was observed during the bedtime routine and rated using the HOME scale and other items. Results Mother stress and sleep were inextricably linked across toddlerhood, and worse sleep was predictive of less observed positive parenting, even when controlling for prior levels of stress and parenting. Conclusions Improving mothers’ sleep may be important in efforts to improve their parenting.

Anaphylaxis is a systemic allergic reaction that can be caused by food, drugs, insect bites, or unknown triggers in infants and toddlers. Anaphylaxis rates are increasing. Infants and toddlers may have increased exposure to known and unknown allergens, decreased ability to describe their symptoms, and an expanded differential diagnosis for consideration on presentation. The most common symptoms in these age groups are cutaneous and gastrointestinal. Age-specific language may be helpful for caregivers to identify and describe the symptoms of anaphylaxis in infants and toddlers. Long-term management of anaphylaxis includes allergy evaluation to guide avoidance and assess prognosis and education on allergic reaction management; this incorporates the prescription of epinephrine autoinjector and provision of an allergy emergency plan.

Recent literature has shown that sleep patterns are shaped during the first years of life, playing a relevant role in children’s functioning. We focused on comparing sleep patterns in infants and toddlers in Spain before and during COVID-19 home confinement to assess the immediate impact on sleep patterns. We compared data from two cross-sectional surveys from parents of 1658 children three to 36 months of age from Spain. One conducted before COVID-19 (2017–2018, n = 1380) and another during COVID-19 pandemic (March–May of 2020, n = 254). We used an internet self-administrated questionnaire using the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ) criteria in both surveys. During confinement, infants and toddlers went to sleep later (median bedtime 21:30 before confinement vs. 21:36 during confinement (p = 0.004)). More infants and toddlers showed longer sleep latencies (> 30 min) during confinement median 33.9% versus 12.3% (p 30 min during confinement.• Parental self-reported questionnaire during COVID-19 home confinement reported an overall worsening of their children’s sleep based on the BISQ criteria. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00431-022-04376-0.

Difficulty eating in children cause malnutrition, dehydration, underweight, electrolyte imbalance, impaired cognitive development, anxiety disorders, and in more severe cases can be a life-threatening condition. Tuina massage is a massage technique that can overcome eating difficulties in toddlers. The purpose of this activity is to increase the knowledge and skills of health cadres about nutritional health and Tuina massage. The service was carried out in Pasir Lor village, Karanglewas district, which was attended by 23 cadres. Data collection techniques were carried out using questionnaires about toddler nutrition and observation sheets to assess Tuina's massage skills. The results of the activity showed that the knowledge of cadres before training was mostly in the sufficient category, while the knowledge of cadres after attending the training showed that the level of knowledge of cadres was mostly in the good category. Most of the health cadres have good skills in doing Tuina massage. The training activities were effective and able to increase the knowledge and skills of cadres about toddler nutrition and developmental problems and Tuina massage.

The target number of children in early detection of child development and development in the working area of ??Puskesmas Karangrejo is 1,037 children, with details of 133 infants from 0 - 11 months and 904 children aged 12 - 72 months. Of these, the coverage for early detection until February 2020 is still low, namely at 6.7%. The purpose of the Community Service is to empower families in conducting early detection of toddler growth and development in the Karangrejo Health Center area. The method of activity is health education and empowerment of “active participation” of mothers toddler in stimulating and detecting the growth and development of their children. The result of mentoring was that there was progress in the developmental ability of 1 child who had not been able to walk at the age of 19 months, showing an increase in walking ability after 2 weeks of assistance. There was an increase in the knowledge of mothers / families about growth and development by 12.68 points. There was an increase in the frequency of implementing stimulation for child growth and development by mothers of under-five from 88.2% of mothers who had stimulated to 98.6% after mentoring. Continuity of family empowerment is needed regarding early detection of growth and development and not only involving mothers / families but also involving cadres.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scoring systems are used in the neonatal period to predict outcome in infants with neonatal encephalopathy. Our aim was to assess the relationship between three MRI scores and neurodevelopmental outcome assessed using Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition (Bayley-III), at two years in infants with neonatal encephalopathy.Term-born neonates with evidence of perinatal asphyxia born between 2011 and 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. MRI scanning was performed within the first two weeks of life and scored using Barkovich, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Neonatal Research Network (NRN), and Weeke systems by a single assessor blinded to the infants clinical course. Neurodevelopmental outcome was assessed using composite scores on the Bayley-III at two years. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to assess the association between MRI scores and Bayley-III composite scores, with postmenstrual age at scan and sex included as covariates.Of the 135 recruited infants, 90 infants underwent MRI, and of these, 66 returned for follow-up. MRI abnormalities were detected with the highest frequency using the Weeke score (Barkovich 40%, NICHD NRN 50%, Weeke 77%). The inter-rater agreement was good for the Barkovich score and excellent for NICHD NRN and Weeke scores. There was a significant association between Barkovich, NICHD NRN, and Weeke scores and Bayley-III cognitive and motor scores. Only the Weeke score was associated with Bayley-III language scores.Our findings confirm the predictive value of existing MRI scoring systems for cognitive and motor outcome and suggest that more detailed scoring systems have predictive value for language outcome.

OBJECTIVE Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) is associated with significant morbidity, smaller hippocampal volumes, and impaired neurodevelopment in preterm infants. The timing of temporary CSF (tCSF) diversion has been studied; however, the optimal time for permanent CSF (pCSF) diversion is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine whether cumulative ventricle size or timing of pCSF diversion is associated with neurodevelopmental outcome and hippocampal size in preterm infants with PHH. METHODS Twenty-five very preterm neonates (born at ≤ 32 weeks’ gestational age) with high-grade intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), subsequent PHH, and pCSF diversion with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (n = 20) or endoscopic third ventriculostomy (n = 5) were followed until 2 years of age. Infants underwent serial cranial ultrasounds from birth until 1 year after pCSF diversion, brain MRI at term-equivalent age, and assessment based on the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition, at 2 years of age. Frontooccipital horn ratio (FOHR) measurements were derived from cranial ultrasounds and term-equivalent brain MRI. Hippocampal volumes were segmented and calculated from term-equivalent brain MRI. Cumulative ventricle size until the time of pCSF diversion was estimated using FOHR measurements from each cranial ultrasound performed prior to permanent intervention. RESULTS The average gestational ages at tCSF and pCSF diversion were 28.9 and 39.0 weeks, respectively. An earlier chronological age at the time of pCSF diversion was associated with larger right hippocampal volumes on term-equivalent MRI (Pearson’s r = −0.403, p = 0.046) and improved cognitive (r = −0.554, p = 0.047), motor (r = −0.487, p = 0.048), and language (r = −0.414, p = 0.021) outcomes at 2 years of age. Additionally, a smaller cumulative ventricle size from birth to pCSF diversion was associated with larger right hippocampal volumes (r = −0.483, p = 0.014) and improved cognitive (r = −0.711, p = 0.001), motor (r = −0.675, p = 0.003), and language (r = −0.618, p = 0.011) outcomes. There was no relationship between time to tCSF diversion or cumulative ventricle size prior to tCSF diversion and neurodevelopmental outcome or hippocampal size. Finally, a smaller cumulative ventricular size prior to either tCSF diversion or pCSF diversion was associated with a smaller ventricular size 1 year after pCSF diversion (r = 0.422, p = 0.040, R2 = 0.178 and r = 0.519, p = 0.009, R2 = 0.269, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In infants with PHH, a smaller cumulative ventricular size and shorter time to pCSF diversion were associated with larger right hippocampal volumes, improved neurocognitive outcomes, and reduced long-term ventriculomegaly. Future prospective randomized studies are needed to confirm these findings.

This paper reports on a design oriented study conducted in close collaboration between two researchers and three preschool teachers. Within this study, a play-based interview script was designed in accordance with theoretically driven principles. Based on this script, the preschool teachers conducted interviews with children from three preschools five times over four semesters. The focus of this paper is methodological, aiming to show how sensitive divergence in these play-based interviews lead to a strengthened research quality. Of importance is that this quality improving divergence would not have been realized without the close collaboration between researchers and preschool teachers. DUTTA

Existing literature predominantly viewed and examined the different subsystems within the family system as mediating mechanisms in relation to child outcomes. Even though family systems theory stresses that these different subsystems can offer a buffering capacity, much less attention has gone to the moderating roles that the different subsystems within the family might play. In the current study, we focus on associations between fathers’ and mothers’ sensitivity and toddler's receptive language ability and we investigated whether and to what extent the association between fathers’ and mothers’ sensitivity (i.e. the dyadic parent-child relationship) and children's receptive language ability was moderated by equal parenting involvement (i.e. the triadic coparenting relationship). Our sample consisted of 103 Dutch native families, with 103 fathers, 103 mothers and 103, 3-year-olds. Results demonstrated after controlling for child sex and educational background of the family, neither fathers’ nor mothers’ sensitivity contributed uniquely to children's receptive language ability. Furthermore, we did not find moderation between the dyadic parent-child relationship (i.e., paternal and maternal sensitivity) and the triadic coparenting relationship (i.e., equal parenting involvement) in relation to children's receptive language scores in our study. Possible explanations for our findings and future directions are discussed.

Exuberance, a profile of temperament characterized in toddlerhood by high approach motivation, positive affect, and sociability, is associated with both adaptive and maladaptive socioemotional outcomes. The aims of the current study were to introduce a novel approach/avoidance-eliciting social task, as well as longitudinally extend our understanding of toddlerhood exuberance to outcomes in middle childhood. Specifically, affect and social behavior at age seven during a high-intensity game were compared to that observed during a low-intensity freeplay task. As part of a longitudinal study, 291 infants were selected at 4 months for a wide range of reactivity to novelty. The sample was assessed repeatedly across early childhood (9, 24, and 36 months of age) and at 7 years of age. A high exuberance profile was formed with approach, positive, and sociable behaviors observed in the laboratory from 4 to 36 months. At 7 years of age, affect and social behavior were assessed during high- and low-intensity interactions with an unfamiliar peer in the laboratory. Path Analyses using structural equation models demonstrated that a high exuberance profile was associated with greater positive social behavior at age 7 during a high-intensity game, but not negative social behavior or behavior during a low-intensity freeplay task. These results illuminate the need for targeted methodology, such as high-intensity approach/avoidance-eliciting social tasks, in order to clarify the links between early temperament and adaptive or maladaptive socioemotional outcomes across development.

This study is a follow-up to Bacon and Saffran (2022), a pre-registered study testing whether 22- to 24-month-old toddlers used the perceptual cue of speaker voice to predict which object a speaker is referring to when the object is prototypically gendered (made to appear more masculine or feminine using colors, designs, and patterns). On each trial, the gender design of the target object was either Consistent (matched) or Inconsistent (mismatched) with the speaker’s voice. Bacon and Saffran (2022) found that 22- to 24-month-olds were using speaker gender and object gender; they significantly increased their looks towards the target object post-target-onset on Consistent trials compared to the Inconsistent trials (p

As child obesity rates have increased in recent decades, sleep has become an increasing prevalent area of focus in obesity research. Shorter and dysregulated sleep have been identified as risk factors for elevated weight in children (Golley et al., 2013; Snell et al., 2007; Taveras et al., 2008); however, research on how these components present within the family context is limited. To address this knowledge gap, the current study provides a descriptive approach toward understanding family sleep and toddler weight status.

Nutrition is one of the determinants of the human resources’ quality. Food served daily have to fit nutrients as needed, so it may support optimal growth and can prevent deficiency diseases, prevent poisoning, and also help prevent diseases that can interfere to children's growth. The attitude of mother in providing nutritional supplementary for children is something that can determine how to behave in providing food supplementary and family nutrition, especially for toddlers. Toddler period is characterized by a very rapid growth and development process and is accompanied by changes that require more nutrients in high quality. Food consumption has an important role in the physical growth and intelligence of children so that food consumption has a major effect on the nutritional status of children to achieve the physical growth and intelligence of children. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship among knowledge, attitudes and behavior of mothers to the nutritional status of children under five/toddlers at (Unit of Technical Implementation) UPT Public Health Centre (Puskesmas) Ajangale. This type of research is descriptive correlational research. The number of samples was 40 mothers who had toddlers. The research analysis used bivariate test. Based on the results of the study showed that there was a relationship between mothers’ knowledge in nutrition and the nutritional status of toddlers with the chi square test results obtained p-value = 0.001 p

Background: Returning to work can impact breastfeeding duration; limited data exist on how this may impact a lower income population. Methods: Data from U.S. Department of Agriculture's longitudinal study WIC Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2 were used to assess breastfeeding duration ( 1 to 3 months after birth had lower odds of breastfeeding ≥12 months. Conclusions: Returning to work within 3 months after birth had a negative impact on breastfeeding for ≥12 months, particularly for those who returned full time. Efforts to support maternity leave and flexible work schedules could prolong breastfeeding durations among a low-income population. This study was a registered study at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02031978).

There are still many parents who do not have sufficient understanding in terms of toddler disease. One way to provide education is the availability of a system that can be used for consultation based on the symptoms of illness experienced by toddlers and the actions needed to overcome them. The system that will be built is an expert system that can relatively provide suggestions for solutions to children's health problems using the Case Based Reasoning (CBR) method. namely an expert system that uses case-based reasoning methods, namely looking for similarities of a disease compared to a disease that has existed before. In this study, the CBR method was combined with a weighting process using the pairwise comparison method which was within the scope of the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method. In comparing consultations with old diseases that already exist in the system, and looking for similarities from the comparison results, the Sorensen similarity algorithm is used. This study resulted in weights with 3 symptom categories, namely mild symptoms with a weight of 0.09, moderate symptoms with a weight of 0.24 and severe symptoms with a weight of 0.67 and will recommend several diseases with a similarity above 0.5 and diseases with a similarity below 0.5 will be entered into the revise table to find a solution.

How parents support social learning at the preverbal level for toddlers with autism is rarely reported, limiting the field’s understanding of factors that may influence early development of social competency. As a central challenge in autism that is resistant to intervention, preverbal social initiating is an important indicator of social motivation. This study explored parents’ application of mediated learning principles. Mediated learning theory is based on active engagement in the learning process or “learning to learn” and the Joint Attention Mediated Learning intervention applied the principles to child and parent learning. The investigation explored associations between parents’ application of mediated learning principles with unprompted initiation of joint attention for 119 toddlers with autism. Postintervention videos of unstructured parent–child interaction were used to analyze parents’ application of the principles and child initiation of joint attention. Significant differences were found between intervention and control conditions in parents’ mediation of child learning. In a multiple regression analysis of associations between parents’ application of the principles and toddler initiation of joint attention, parents’ success in applying mediated learning principles predicted toddlers’ initiation of joint attention gains. Considered individually, the strongest predictor of initiation of joint attention was the principle Giving Meaning with the principle Encouraging also showing significance. Lay abstract Little is known about what parents can do to promote initiating joint attention for their toddlers with autism. Initiating joint attention is important because it is an indicator of social motivation and is associated with later communication ability. In this study, parents applied mediated learning principles to help their toddlers engage with them socially. The principles included helping their child focus on social interaction, giving meaning to the social elements of interaction (and de-emphasizing nonsocial elements), and helping their toddlers understand their own social ability by encouraging. At the end of the intervention period, we compared two groups. One group received the Joint Attention Mediated Learning intervention and the other received community-based early intervention services. We found that the Joint Attention Mediated Learning participants applied mediated learning principles more often than the other group. Then, we explored how parents’ application of mediated learning principles related to toddler initiating joint attention and found that parents who were successful in applying the principles had toddlers who were more likely to show initiating joint attention. Our findings indicate that the mediated learning process shows promise as a way to promote early social learning, although other elements of the Joint Attention Mediated Learning intervention, such as actively engaging parents in the learning process, may have also contributed to both child and parent learning.

Young children’s communication is dependent upon caregivers’ responsiveness to their behaviors; however, little is known about the responsiveness of toddler teachers to children in their classrooms...

Early intensive behavioral interventions (EIBI) for children at elevated likelihood for a later diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (EL-ASD), are often delivered through parent-mediated models. An area of current exploration is whether changes in caregiver behaviors are a mechanism through which to improve and track child behaviors in these interventions. Toddlers and their caregivers participated in an intervention trial (randomized controlled trial) and were randomized to either a parent-mediated intervention (adapted responsive teaching; ART) or a control condition (referral to early intervention and monitoring; REIM). Changes in toddler social communication (SC) behaviors and characteristics of caregiver responsiveness (CR) were quantified over 8 months. Analyses were conducted to assess whether changes in CR mediated the relation between group (ART vs. REIM) and changes in child SC. Results of the current study indicated that caregivers who participated in a parent-mediated intervention improved in three domains of CR (contingent verbal sensitivity, responsivity, affect). CR was also found to be a mechanism through which children's SC skills improved. This work provides evidence that qualities of CR serve as mechanisms through which to improve and monitor child behaviors over the course of EIBIs. These results may lead to novel intervention targets, methods for tracking change, and tailored treatment planning for toddlers with EL-ASD. The data used in this study comes from a clinical trial that was prospectively registered with the Registry of Efficacy and Effectiveness Studies (Registry ID: 316.1v1). LAY SUMMARY: Interventions for toddlers with high likelihood for a later diagnosis of autism often include the caregiver as an active participant in the intervention. In this study, we aimed to understand qualities of caregiver responsiveness (CR) that facilitate improvements in child behaviors during intervention. Results show that increasing verbal CR and affect are ways to improve child social skills over the course of intervention.

Background:Myasthenia gravis is an extremely rare autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular junction. The incidence rate is 0.9-2.0 cases per 1 million children per year.Ocular myasthenia gravispresents as ptosis with extraocular motility restriction and is prone to be misdiagnosed as third nerve palsy and is difficult to diagnose in very young children. Case: A girl aged 2 years 6 months with clinical features with bilateral ptosis and was diagnosed as juvenile ocular myastenia gravis based on history, physical examination and other diagnostic proceduressuch as chest X-raywithin normal limit and no thymoma, the ice test showed positive result, electromyography (EMG) showed decrement response >10%,progstigmin test showed positive result, andserum acetylcholine receptor antibody levels was 0.43 nmol/L (reference range : positive as >0.40 nmol/L). Conclusion:Juvenile ocular myastenia gravis diagnostics can be established using simple examinations such as ice tests,prostigmin test to sophisticated examinations as systemic acetylcholinesterase antibodies. Management begins with a first-line drug, pyridostigmine, that is safe and effective. Disease monitoring and looking for etiology are very important for successful treatment.

Background: Stunting often called stunted or short, is a condition of failure to thrive due to chronic malnutrition and psychosocial stimulation and exposure to repeated infections in the First 1000 Days of Life (from fetus to child aged 2 years). Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with the incidence of stunting in the working area of the Tikson Raya Public Health Center, Banggai Laut District. The quantitative study with a case-control research design was applied. The number of samples used was 90 people with the Stratified Random Sampling technique. The data was collected by a questionnaire and analyzed by using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. Results: An association between breastfeeding (p=0.009), the timing of complementary feeding (p=0.009), history of infectious disease (p=0.001), basic health practices (p=0.000), environmental sanitation hygiene (p=0.000), knowledge of maternal nutrition (p = 0.000) with the incidence of stunting in the working area of the Tikson Raya Public Health Center, Banggai Laut District. The environmental sanitation hygiene variable was identified as the most related to the value of OR = 17.367. Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding, complementary breastfeeding, infectious diseases, basic health practices, environmental sanitation, and knowledge of maternal nutrition are associated with the incidence of stunting in toddlers in the working area of Tikson Raya Public Health Center, Banggai Laut District.

The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated nutritional problems for children under five and many Posyandu for toddlers are not operating, thus increasing delays in preventing stunting and stunting growth for toddlers. This health cadre empowerment activity is carried out because health cadres are a team in the toddler posyandu. This is done by increasing the knowledge and skills of cadres so that they can perform early detection of stunting and make referrals. This activity goes through 7 steps of serial activities, namely Preparing, Participatory Program, Asset Reinventing, Designing, Communicating, Implementing, Evaluating. Activity results: knowledge of cadres about stunting increased from a score of 70 to 90, understanding the interpretation of measurement results for toddlers so that cadres' skills in early detection of stunting increased Implication: the application of digital applications that make it easier for cadres to detect stunting early to prevent and refer.

Pneumonia toddlers is a contagious disease that are commonly found in West Sumatera Province. The purpose of this study is to determine causes of Pneumoniain Toddlers in the. The type of this study is analytic by using Spear Correlation with a non-reactive approach. The population is all sub-districts in West Sumatra Province; the samples are Pneumonia patient in toddlers in 80 sub-districts of 7 districts / cities. The results of the study shows that there is a correlation between population density (p = 0,000), exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0,000), immunization status (p = 0,000), healthy house (p = 0,000) and nutrition status (p = 0.018) toward Pneumoniain toddler in West Sumatra Province. But, there is no correlation between clean and healthy life behavior toward pneumonia.

Many toddlers are still malnourished. Poor parenting style causes the growth and development of toddlers which is also not good. Poor nutritional status of children under five, lack of or obesity is associated with poor parenting. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between maternal parenting and the nutritional status of children under five in Tarung Village, Waikabubak City, West Sumba Regency. The research design used cross sectional. The population is mothers who have 34 children under five with a sample of 31 people taken by Simple Random Sampling Technique. The research instrument uses the Google Form application and KMS Book. The results of the study prove that almost half of mothers have poor parenting and most toddlers have poor nutritional status. The results of the statistical test obtained pvalue = (0.047) < (0.05) so that it was concluded that there was a relationship between maternal parenting and the nutritional status of children under five in Tarung Village, Waikabubak City, West Sumba Regency. For further researchers, it is recommended to consider the determinant factors of nutritional status that have not been studied.

Stunting is one of the problems that hinders human development globally. In Indonesia, the incidence of stunting is around 30.8%, Banten Province 36.9% and in Tangerang Regency 38% where this is still far from the target set by WHO, which is 20%. The objective of this study is to identify the analysis of stunting among toddler in Mauk Public Health Center Tangerang District. This was an analytical survey with a case control design. The sample of this study was 132 people consisting of 66 cases and 66 control groups. Quota sampling sampling technique. The research instrument used a questionnaire. Data analysis used chi-square test. The results show that majority of respondents who did not experience stunting was 84.2%, good knowledge of the mother was 55.3%, the mother's height was not short 64.4%, not given exclusive breastfeeding was 51.5%, did not experience LBW was 72.7%, the small number of family members was 57.6%, and a low family income was 64.4%. The results of the bivariate analysis obtained knowledge (p = 0,000), history of exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0,000), number of family members (p = 0,000), family income (p = 0.029), and history of LBW (p = 0.079). The variable most associated with stunting in children under five mong toddlers was maternal height (OR = 6.00). Therefore, it is hoped that health workers will improve the MCH, Family Planning and Nutrition programs to be better in the future, with more emphasis on the stunting locus program (special stunting locations), by increasing the fulfillment of balanced nutrition during the first 1000 days of life.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children has been shown to have lower morbidity and mortality in children as compared with adults. The neurological complications related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are increasingly reported in children, yet the cerebrovascular complications are rare. We report a case of a toddler who presented with right-sided hemiparesis and motor aphasia, with an antecedent history suggestive of COVID-19 infection. The child tested negative on the nasopharyngeal swab for real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), but the serology for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay was positive. The neuroimaging showed an acute infarct in the left middle cerebral artery territory. A detailed evaluation for causes of childhood stroke was unrevealing, except for the presence of severe iron deficiency anemia (IDA). The child was diagnosed as acute ischemic stroke (AIS) most probably secondary to mild COVID-19 infection. The objective of this case report is to explain the possibility of AIS after a mild COVID-19 infection, complicated by the underlying severe IDA. Therefore, an association between COVID-19 and stroke in children needs to be emphasized and RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 as well as serological assay must be included in the workup of stroke in the young.

INTRODUCTION Small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is common in children from low-income countries and has been cross-sectionally associated with growth stunting. We sought to determine whether SIBO was associated with poor growth and neurodevelopmental in a longitudinal analysis. METHODS We measured SIBO by glucose hydrogen breath test (GHBT) at 18, 52, 78, and 104 weeks of life in a prospective longitudinal birth cohort of Bangladeshi children. Sociodemographic information and measures of enteric inflammation were analyzed as covariates. Diarrheal samples were tested for enteropathogens using polymerase chain reaction. Regression models were created using standardized mean GHBT area under the H2 curve (AUC) to determine associations with linear growth and cognitive, language, and motor scores on the Bayley-III Scales of Infant and Toddler Development at 2 years. We also investigated associations between GHBT AUC and enteropathogen exposure. RESULTS A 1-ppm increase in standardized mean GHBT AUC was associated with a 0.01-SD decrease in length-for-age Z score (P = 0.03) and a 0.11-point decrease in Bayley language score (P = 0.05) at 2 years of age in adjusted analysis. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Giardia, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi were associated with increased GHBT AUC, whereas Clostridium difficile, norovirus GI, sapovirus, rotavirus, and Cryptosporidium were associated with decreased GHBT AUC. None were consistent across all 4 time points. DISCUSSION SIBO in the first 2 years of life is associated with growth stunting and decreased language ability in Bangladeshi infants and may represent a modifiable risk factor in poor growth and neurodevelopment in low-income countries.

Aim: To assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge and attitude regarding prevention of swine flu among mothers of toddler. Objectives: (i) To assess the knowledge and attitude regarding prevention of swine flu among mothers of toddler. (ii)To evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge and attitude regarding prevention of swine flu among mothers of toddler. (iii)To find out the association between the post test knowledge and attitude regarding prevention of swine flu among mothers of toddler with the selected socio-demographic variables. Methodology: A Pre experimental research design was carried out in this study. 100 samples were selected by using purposive sampling technique. The pre and post test level of knowledge was assessed by using structured knowledge questionnaires. Results: The level of knowledge pre test mean and SD score were 12.68±1.71respectively and in post test mean and SD were 17.58±1.46 respectively. The calculated t value was 23.1 which were greater than the tabulated value p < 0.005. The level of attitude in pre test mean and SD score were 4.75±1.44 and in post test mean and SD score were 7.95±1.52 respectively the calculated t value was 13.13, Which was greater than the tabulated value p

Despite findings demonstrating the importance of parental present-centered awareness, factors undermining mindful parenting have received less attention. Increasingly, evidence points to parental psychopathology as a salient risk factor for parenting difficulties. Thus, the goal of the present study was to investigate specific dimensions of parental trauma-related distress and general negative affectivity during pregnancy as predictors of mindful parenting during toddler age. Parental psychopathology, parent–infant bonding, and mindful parenting were assessed in a sample of heterosexual couples (N = 159) across four waves of data collection spanning pregnancy to child age two. Data were analyzed using path analysis within a dyadic framework. Results demonstrated the unique impact of maternal trauma-related distress during pregnancy (e.g., intrusions and avoidance) on facets of mindful parenting more than two years later. Further, among both mothers and fathers, general negative affectivity common across internalizing disorders undermined mindful parenting through impaired parent–infant bonding. Findings highlight the need for early intervention efforts that incorporate mindfulness strategies to reduce subthreshold symptoms of prenatal psychopathology, promote healthy bonding, and improve parental awareness and self-regulation, thereby enhancing the overall parent–child relationship.

Stunting is a disorder and problem for children's growth and development if it is handled early so that. This study aims to determine the relationship between stunting and the development of toddlers. The study used a cross-sectional research design. This research was conducted in Panjang District, Bandar Lampung City. The subjects of this study were toddlers aged 1-3 years with stunting with a total sample of 84 children. The chi-square test was used to analyze the relationship between stunting, mother's education, mother's occupation, and toddler development. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between stunting and the development of toddlers p = 0.002, while education (p = 0.371) and mother's occupation (p = 0.229) had no relationship with the development of toddlers. The conclusion is that the status of efforts that can be made to deal with stunting toddlers is to improve the abilities and skills of mothers and cadres in providing stimulation to the development of stunting children optimally and strive for the child's developmental body to take place in harmony both in terms of physical, mental and psychosocial and improve sanitation. environment and hygiene as a preventive effort against infectious disease attacks in stunting toddlers.

Foreign body (FBA) in the airway is a common cause of sudden onset of respiratory distress in children. Prompt recognition and early intervention is required to minimize the potentially serious and sometimes fatal consequences.

Background: Nutritional parenting is part of the parenting style which includes household practices which are realized by the availability of food as well as health care and other sources for the child's survival, growth and development. One of the causes of malnutrition is the pattern of mother's care for toddlers, especially in terms of family nutritional intake, from food preparation, selection of food ingredients, to food menus. The purpose of this study was to obtain in-depth information about how nutrition parenting for malnourished toddlers in the working area of Sungai Parit Public Health Center, Indragiri Hulu Regency. Method: This is a qualitative analytic study with a phenomenal design. The data were collected by conducting in-depth interviews, observation and document review. The number of informants in this study amounted to 13 people, divided into 4 main informants (main caregiver / mother), and 9 supporting informants (4 families, 4 people in charge of the nutrition program, 1 cadre). Result: The mothers' lack of knowledge about nutritional care, the practice of giving complementary breastfeeding and dietary arrangements for children is still low, the implementation of health services utilization and poor sanitation implementation is still not good. Conclusion : The implementation of nutrition parenting in the ditch river community health center is not good, this is due to the low knowledge of mothers about nutrition parenting, the low level of exclusive breastfeeding for toddlers, the inaccurate practice of giving complementary breastfeeding to children, less varied dietary arrangements, application of utilization of health services that are not yet good and the implementation of environmental sanitation is still poor.

Background: The development process occurs simultaneously with growth, so that every growth is accompanied by a change in function. Development is the result of the interaction of the maturity of the central nervous system with the organs it affects. The development of the early phase in the form of cognitive, motor, emotional, social, and language functional abilities, is a determinant of the development of the next phase. If there is a deficiency in one aspect of development, it can affect other aspects, so there is a need for early detection of toddler growth and development.Purpose: This study aimed to find out the need for KPSP applications in monitoring the growth and development of toddlers.Methods: This research uses a descriptive-analytic design, cross-sectional approach. The population of this study amounted to 36 respondents, with a purposive sampling technique. The research site is in the Surabaya area by distributing questionnaires in the form of Google Form. Analyze data with Descriptive Analysis.Results: The results of this study stated that before the pandemic monitoring of toddler growth and development was carried out at the Posyandu using the KIA Handbook Instrument/Tool, while during the pandemic monitoring of toddler growth and development could not be carried out directly because of a policy. In this regard, respondents need an instrument/tool that can be used for independent monitoring of growth and development.Conclusion: Monitoring the growth and development of toddlers during the pandemic by utilizing technological advances and being up to date

BACKGROUND Developing food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) for infants and toddlers is a complex task that few countries have attempted. OBJECTIVES Our objectives are to describe the process of food pattern modeling (FPM) conducted to develop FBDGs for the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025 for infants 6 to

Masalah Gizi merupakan penyebab sepertiga kematian pada anak. Stunting menjadi indikator kunci dari kekurangan gizi kronis, seperti pertumbuhan yang melambat, perkembangan otak tertinggal dan sebagai hasilnya anak penderita stunting lebih mungkin mempunyai daya tangkap yang rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat gambaran faktor risiko kejadian stunting pada balita di Wilayah Kerja UPTD Puskesmas Cangadi Kabupaten Soppeng. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analitik observasional yang dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari hingga Maret 2020 di wilayah UPTD Puskesmas Cangadi Kecamatan Liliriaja Kabupaten Soppeng dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 85 anak balita berumur 23 – 59 bulan yang menderita stunting. Variabel yang diteliti pada penelitian ini adalah pemberian ASI ekslusif dan Berat badan lahir rendah (BBLR). Hasil penelitian menggambarkan bahwa meski pemberian ASI eksklusif cukup tinggi dan berat badan lahir rendah (BBLR) relatif rendah tetapi angka kejadian stunting masih cukup tinggi.

Swimming is a common pastime and important developmental activity for toddlers. The aim of this research was to explore changes in swim routines for toddlers due to the COVID-19 pandemic. An online survey asked 448 caregivers of toddlers about changes they made to their swimming routine due to the pandemic. Many participants reported swimming less often and delaying swimming lessons for their toddlers. Compared with typical routines, during the pandemic, there were significant differences in how often caregivers swam with their toddler and in the percentage of caregivers who reported swimming with their toddler in open water, at public pools, and at friends’ or relatives’ pools, but not in home pools. Results highlight a reduction in access to water, swimming opportunities, and swimming lessons for toddlers as a result of COVID-19. Future research should identify long-term consequences the changes may have on water familiarity and competency, physical activity, and drowning risk.

The predominant breastfeeding coverage rate in Jombang Regency is 9 percent, which is the highest in the province of East Java. Furthermore, according to the Jombang Health Profile in 2019, the exclusive breastfeeding rate was 82.9 percent. The exclusive breastfeeding coverage rate is 0.23 percent lower than the rate of 83.03 percent in 2018. Mother's knowledge, mother's education level, environment and family, and socio-cultural support are all factors that contribute to the lack of exclusive breastfeeding. According to several researchers, a mother's level of education and knowledge has the greatest direct influence on breastfeeding. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between education level, mother's knowledge, and breastfeeding status with motor skills and nutrition status of toddlers in Diwek District, Jombang. This study used a cross-sectional study design with an observational analytic approach. The total population of this study, which included all children aged 0-4 years in Diwek District, Jombang Regency, was 9,264 children, with 200 samples obtained from calculations using the S. Lemeshow. The findings of this study from three independent variables (x) revealed that only one had a p-value greater than 0.05 or had a significant relationship with toddler motor skills. At the same time, the dependent variable nutritional status demonstrates that all factors in the independent variable have a p-value greater than 0.05 or indicate a link.

Background. Inappropriate anthropometric measurements of infants and toddlers lead to a misclassification in nutritional status and loss of important interventions. Considering the practice conducted in this program within a country, its impact on millions of children must be considered. This study assesses the ability of community health volunteers (CHVs) before and after anthropometric training on infants and toddlers. Methods. This study used a quantitative approach with a quasiexperimental and pretest-posttest design. The pre- and posttraining assessments of CHVs were conducted by standardized trainers using instruments developed according to WHO standards. There were 11 and 13 statement items for infants’ and toddlers’ indicators of assessment in anthropometric measurements, respectively. The result of the assessment was then analyzed using Rasch modeling with stacking and racking data analysis techniques. Results. The CHVs’ skills before training were far from adequate. Although widely varied, all trainees improved their abilities. Stacking analysis showed that the skills of all CHVs in measuring infants and toddlers increased by 2.68 and 3.34 logits ( p < 0.01 ), respectively. Racking analysis showed a decrease in the perceived difficulty of all items by 2.61 and 3.07 logits for infant and toddler measurements, respectively ( p < 0.01 ). The results of the racking analysis showed that the difficulty in measuring the anthropometrics of infants decreased more than that of toddlers. Conclusions. CHVs’ capacity to monitor child growth must be refreshed regularly. Standardized and proper training and assessment were developed to make CHVs reliable in taking anthropometric measurements of infants and toddlers.

TARAMAWOS WOS:000698208300001 TARAMAPUBMED TARAMASCOPUS This study investigated the associations between incarcerated mothers’ sensitivity and their co-residing children’s attachment security. Furthermore, the moderating role of children’s temperament on the associations between maternal sensitivity and children’s attachment security was examined. The study sample consisted of 84 incarcerated mothers (Mage = 29.9, SD = 5.6) and their 12- to 43-month-old (M = 25.3, SD = 8.3) children who co-resided with them in prison facilities. Maternal sensitivity and child’s attachment were assessed by observation of mother-child interaction using the Maternal Sensitivity Scale and the Turkish Toddler Attachment Sort-60, respectively. Mothers reported their children’s temperamental features (i.e. negative emotionality and effortful control) using the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire. Results showed that maternal sensitivity was related positively to children’s secure attachment and negatively to children’s disorganized attachment. Furthermore, children’s negative emotionality and effortful control moderated the associations between maternal sensitivity and children’s attachment. Specifically, maternal sensitivity negatively predicted children’s avoidant attachment only for children with low negative emotionality and with high effortful control. Additionally, maternal sensitivity negatively predicted children’s anxious attachment only for children with low effortful control. Results are discussed in terms of sample-specific experiences, contextual factors, and the differential susceptibility hypothesis. Society for Research in Child Development