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Maternal mortality ratios in sub-Saharan Africa remain high and worrisome. Moreover, maternal health indicators have remained poor despite large efforts in the last two decades. This study assesses maternal mortality patterns by age and country. The demographic and health survey data were used for the study. Based on the results, countries with the lowest adult female mortality rate include Senegal, Comoros, Rwanda, Mauritania, Sao Tome and Principe, Gambia, and Ethiopia. In addition, Chad (44.7%), Niger (38.7%), the Congo Democratic Republic (34.8%), Nigeria (34.2%), Mauritania (32.0%), Senegal (29.2%), Liberia (28.8%), Benin (27.8%), and Guinea (27.5%), respectively, reported the highest female deaths that are pregnancy-related. Overall, Lesotho (1024; 95% CI: 731–1318), Liberia (913; 95% CI: 638–1189), Chad (860; 95% CI: 728–993), Congo Democratic Republic (846; 95% CI: 690–1003), Sierra Leone (796; 95% CI: 632–960) and Guinea (724; 95% CI: 531–916) had the leading pregnancy-related mortality ratio per 100,000 live births. The study found that the patterns of death vary across different countries. There is a need for concerted efforts to reduce pregnancy-related deaths in sub-Saharan countries.

El presente ensayo tiene como objetivo revisar las tendencias relacionadas al curr?culo escolar y a las caracter?sticas de las tendencias curriculares contempor?neas, adem?s de presentar las nuevas disposiciones curriculares basadas en las tendencias educativas actuales determinadas por las problem?ticas recientes del contexto mundial. Se inicia explicando el recorrido hist?rico que han tenido las tendencias curriculares contempor?neas, posteriormente se plantean cuatro interrogantes: ?Cu?les son las tendencias curriculares contempor?neas? ?Cu?les son las caracter?sticas del contexto actual a la que est?n respondiendo las tendencias curriculares? ?Qu? tendencias curriculares responden a los desaf?os de la sociedad de hoy y a la del ma?ana? y ?Cu?les son sus caracter?sticas?, Luego de la revisi?n documental y en respuesta al primer interrogante se citan distintas tendencias educativas contempor?neas desde la perspectiva de varios autores, y posteriormente, como respuesta al tercer interrogante se establecen como nuevas tendencias: (1) descolonizaci?n del curr?culo, (2) la flexibilidad curricular para una formaci?n educativa multimodal, inclusiva y tecnol?gica, (3) el enfoque por competencias, un aprendizaje para la vida, (4) la inclusi?n de la educaci?n socioemocional, (5) la explotaci?n del potencial de las tecnolog?as digitales en la educaci?n, (6) el enfoque curricular ecol?gico para un planeta da?ado y (7) la inclusi?n de la investigaci?n y la innovaci?n como ejes transversales del curr?culo; a continuaci?n se detallan las definiciones, caracter?sticas y cr?ticas de cada una de ellas en respuesta al cuarto interrogante. This essay aims to review trends related to the curriculum and the characteristics of contemporary curricular trends, in addition to presenting the new curricular provisions based on current educational trends determined by recent problems in the global context. It begins by explaining the historical journey that contemporary curricular trends have had, then four questions are raised: What are the contemporary curricular trends? What are the characteristics of the current context to which the curricular trends are responding? What new curricular trends respond to the challenges of today?s and tomorrow?s society? and What are its characteristics? After the documentary review and in response to the first question, different contemporary educational trends are cited from the perspective of several authors, and later, in response to the third question, new trends are highlighted: (1) decolonization of the curriculum, (2) curricular flexibility for a multimodality, inclusive and technological educational training, (3) competency-based approach, learning for life, (4) inclusion of socio-emotional education, (5) digital technologies potential exploitation in education, (6) ecological curriculum for a damaged planet and (7) inclusion of research and innovation as a transverse axis of the curriculum; Below definitions, characteristics and criticisms of each of them in response to the fourth question are found.

In order to model and forecast exchange rates in both developed and emerging countries, majority of time series analysts have employed various technical and fundamental approaches, the forecast outcome differs depending on the approach chosen or implemented. In this view, this study is about hybridization of Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) with Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (GARCH) model in forecasting exchange rate using monthly data of the Nigerian Naira against the U.S. Dollar for the period of January 2002 to February 2020. The stationarity of the exchange rate series is examined using unit root test of Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and Kwaitkowski-Philips-Schmidt-Shin (KPSS) which showed that the series is non stationary. To make the exchange rate series stationary, the data was transformed by first differencing and appropriate ARIMA models were obtained using Box-Jenkins method. ARIMA (0,1,1) and ARIMA(0,1,2) models were selected using AIC criteria and the residuals of these models were found to be serially correlated and heteroscedastic; hence the need for the hybridization of ARIMA with GARCH model. Therefore ARIMA models were hybridized with GARCH(1,1) to form ARIMA(0,1,1)-GARCH(1,1) and ARIMA(0,1,2)-GARCH(1,1). The results of forecast performance indicates that the best model is ARIMA(0,1,1)–GARCH(1,1) which has the lowest Root Means Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error( MAE).

This study aims to analyze consumer sentiment during the pandemic in Semarang City. The data analysis techniques used are: (1) Business Intelligence with data visualization using Tableau and (2) to determine the effect or impact of the results of consumer sentiment, the second analysis uses trend analysis to estimate complex future prediction models. Based on the results that have been carried out in research on consumer sentiment and its impact on the retail business in Semarang City, consumer consumption patterns during the pandemic remain unchanged compared to before the pandemic. The conclusion in this study is the projection of time and expectations for retail businesses during the pandemic, which is an average of 6 months after the pandemic subsides they will return to normal. It also adjusts to the financial and operational capabilities of each retailer., Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sentimen konsumen selama pandemi berlangsung di Kota Semarang. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah: (1) Business Intelegence dengan visualisasi data menggunakan Tableau dan (2) untuk mengetahui pengaruh atau dampak dari hasil sentiment konsumen maka analisis kedua menggunakan analisis trend untuk memperkirakan secara kompleks model prediksi yang akan datang. Berdasarkan hasil yang telah dilakukan dalam penelitian mengenai sentiment konsumen dan dampaknya pada bisnis ritel di Kota Semarang, pola konsumsi konsumen saat pandemi tetap ada dan tidak berubah jika dibandingkan sebelum pandemi. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini yaitu Proyeksi waktu dan harapan bagi bisnis ritel dimasa pandemic yaitu rata – rata 6 bulan setelah pandemi reda mereka akan kembali normal. Hal itu juga menyesuaikan dengan kemampuan finansial dan operasional masing masing ritel.

The analysis of the time-series of groundwater level are extremely important to observe the behaviours of groundwater over time and to identify any critical situations. The studied area is an agricultural district characterised by paddy fields, located in the eastern part of Piedmont, on the border with Lombardy. In this area long time-series of groundwater level, starting from the 1960s, have been collected in 16 wells. Water table data have a good completeness (in the majority of the cases >90%). Firstly, the groundwater hydrodynamic behaviour, based on water table levels, was investigated to highlight the response of groundwater to the recharge. A basic statistical analysis was performed (mean, median, standard deviation, maximum, minima), and then trends of water table levels were evaluated in order to better observe the long-term behaviour of groundwater. These analyses allowed to observe a groundwater hydrodynamic behaviour characterised by a repeating annual pattern (minimum in February/March and maximum in August/September) in correspondence to the period of irrigation. Moreover, trend analysis highlighted the presence of both wells with a decreasing water table (with maximum lowering of 4.3 m in 60 years) and wells with an increasing water table (with maximum rises of 2.8 m in 35 years). Furthermore, in most cases, it can be observed that all three trends analysed agree on being positive or negative. Future insights will be the comparison of these long time-series with the meteorological data, and the investigation of other factors (e.g. anthropic withdrawal, variations of cultivation practices and irrigation, geology of the subsoil) to better understand the causes of the water table fluctuations and trends.

Many researchers around the world show interest in forest ecosystems. Because the growth of forest stands depends on many environmental factors, forest stands can serve as study objects in research on climatic conditions and their role in forest architecture regulation. This study seeks to determine taxation indices of different tree stands to establish the possibility of forecasting the further course of forest development. The study sample includes forest stands with trees of different bonitet classes in the Leningrad region. The results show that climatic and other factors affect trees in different ways, depending on their species, age and location. The estimated height of pine in bonitet class II-IV is lower than the tabular one. The estimated diameter is higher than the tabular one in all cases except for one where stands consist of pine in bonitet class I. The biomass increment was smaller than expected in spruce trees of class III bonitet, pine trees of class II bonitet, and birch trees of class I bonitet. © 2022, HARD Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

Aim Amid the global aging, an establishment of healthcare policies for the aged population is a common issue to be addressed. However, few studies on centenarians have reported place and cause of death (PoD and CoD, respectively) as indicators of end-of-life care quality. This study aimed to analyze trends in PoD and CoD among centenarians in Japan. Methods Data from death certificates from Japanese vital statistics were analyzed; 205 513 deaths occurred among centenarians (aged ≥100 years) in Japan during the period from 2006 to 2016. PoD prevalence was calculated for each CoD. Trends in PoD prevalence were analyzed using the Joinpoint regression model. Changing points, annual percentage changes, and average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) were calculated to examine trends. Results The number of deaths more than doubled from 10 340 in 2006 to 26 427 in 2016. PoDs were composed of hospitals (52.7%), nursing homes (31.4%), own homes (13.6%) and others (2.2%). Dementia and old age increased rapidly as CoD. Proportions of hospital and home deaths decreased, with AAPCs of −2.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], −2.6 to −1.9) and −2.3% (95% CI, −3.2 to −1.4), respectively. Conversely, the proportion of deaths in nursing homes rapidly increased, with an AAPC of 6.8% (95% CI, 6.0–7.7). Conclusions The results revealed changes in PoD among centenarians in Japan. Understanding these transitions is indispensable for health policy in aging societies.

We examined whether prevalence of social class discrimination-and its association with psychological distress-has changed between 1990s and 2010s in the United States. Data were from the original Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study with data collections in 1995-1996 (n = 2931) and 2004-2005 (n = 1708), and the new MIDUS Refresher sample from 2011 to 2014 (n = 2543). Socioeconomic status (SES) became more strongly associated with self-rated discrimination over time, with individuals with the lowest SES experiencing more discrimination (B = 0.75, p < .001) and those with the highest SES less discrimination (B = 0.36, p < .001) over time: at baseline, the difference in self-rated discrimination between the highest and lowest SES groups was 15.3% versus 10.8% (4.7% point difference). This difference increased to 20.0% versus 7.4% in the last study wave (12.6% point difference). Association between self-reported discrimination and psychological distress strengthened over time, but the associations between socioeconomic indicators and distress did not change. The results suggest that people with low SES had higher risk of encountering unfair and disrespectful treatment in the 2010s compared to the 1990s.

Monthly rainfall data for Blue Nile Basin (BNB) were obtained from the Ethiopian Meteorological Authority (1950–2018). Long-term trends in the BNB annual and monthly rainfall are investigated in this study. The challenges of the paper were to explore the impact of climate change on the study area using sound practical methods. The paper used the widely used statistical methods to find precisely the significance of the impact of climate change rainfall variability and distribution both spatially and temporally in the BNB. The statistical significance of the trend in the study is calculated by the Mann-Kendall (MK) test. Data were analyzed using the coefficient of variation, anomaly index, and precipitation concentration index. The coefficient of variation is high in Kiremt rainfall which implies more inter-annual variability of Bega rainfall than Kiremt (Coefficient of Variation (CV): Bega˃ Belg˃ Kiremt season). Based on Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) value, the number of moderate concentration years (89.9%) has been increasing through time and the study area has encountered successive years of drought. The results showed that the annual, Bega, Belg, and Kiremt precipitation over the whole of BNB is significantly decreasing except Bega season with a magnitude of 36.38, 3.8, 7.8, and 24.7 mm per decade respectively. The rainfall in the study area is characterized by a high CV. Moreover, prolonged droughts have become common which adversely affects the agricultural system. It was also found that very low values of rainfall anomalies that correspond to severe droughts were associated with El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events.

Highlight ResearchPrices are often a signal for producers to produce or market products, including the price of tuna.Four price behaviors, namely trends, seasonal variation, variability and instability, and market integration, are important to study in designing business development plans.Tuna prices in Indonesia tend to have a statistically positive trend.Tuna prices tend to be stable, or do not have high variability, throughout the observations and indicate a low price risk.The price of tuna fish in each port is formed independently and is not influenced and influences each other between the markets observed.AbstractPrices of agricultural and fisheries products have always been a concern not only by producers and consumers but also by the government in designing policies to control and stabilize these prices to protect the poor. Therefore, a study of price behavior is crucial to be scrutinized more deeply and comprehensively. This research is aimed at examining and analyzing tuna (Thunnus spp.) price behavior in terms of their seasonal, trend, variability, and instability behavior as well as their market integration. For this purpose, monthly data of tuna prices from 2011:1 to 2019:12 in five tuna production centers (provinces) in Indonesia, including North Sulawesi, West Papua, Aceh, North Maluku, and Bali, at the national level were applied. It was found that tuna prices have a positive trend and are statistically significant, excluding in West Papua. The study also found that price variability and instability were insignificant during observations. The study also concluded that the tuna price in every single province in Indonesia is formed independently.

HIV exposure is one of the greatest sexual risks in young people, and condom use is the best protective measure. Despite the preventive efforts, trend in condom use is still unclear. This study examines the trend of condom use by gender in Spanish young people, in different sexual practices (vaginal, oral and anal), relationships (regular and casual) and having sex after drugs consumption during the two past decades (from 1999 to 2020). For this, 14,472 people who ranged from 17 to 40 years old (63.5% women) filled the AIDS Prevention Questionnaire in each year. In general, low condom use remains stable and even gets worse regardless of the type of sexual practice, relationship and the substance consumption. Regarding gender, this trend is worse in women who have been less likely to report condom use than men have. Moreover, older people have reported a minor frequency of condom use than the youngest people have done, except for anal sex. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze why, despite preventive efforts, condom use seems to decrease over time. El VIH es uno de los mayores riesgos en la sexualidad de la juventud, y el uso del preservativo la mejor medida de protección. A pesar de los esfuerzos preventivos, la tendencia en su uso es indeterminada. Este estudio examina la evolución del uso del preservativo según género en jóvenes españoles, en diferentes prácticas sexuales (vaginal, oral y anal), relaciones (estable y esporádica) y al practicar sexo tras consumir drogas, durante las dos últimas décadas (de 1999 a 2020). Para ello, 14.472 personas entre 17 y 40 años (63,5% mujeres) cumplimentaron el Cuestionario de Prevención del Sida cada año. En general, el bajo uso del preservativo se mantiene estable e incluso empeora con independencia del tipo de práctica sexual, relación y consumo de sustancias. Según el género, las mujeres muestran peor tendencia, al informar menor uso que los hombres. Además, las personas más mayores informan menor frecuencia de uso que los más jóvenes, excepto para el sexo anal. Por tanto, es necesario analizar por qué, a pesar de los esfuerzos preventivos, el uso del preservativo parece disminuir con el tiempo Funding for open access charge: CRUE-Universitat Jaume I

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease caused by a virus which is still a public health problem whose number of sufferers is getting higher and its area of distribution is expanding which can cause death. DHF is also still endemic and continues to spread throughout the city of Malang. This research is descriptive qualitative research that aims to see the tendency of DHF cases in Malang City based on the variables of person, place and time of occurrence. The population and samples used were all data on DHF patients in Malang City which were obtained from the Malang City Health Office for the period 2015 - 2020 as many as 1.717 cases. The results of the data analysis of this study indicate that cases of DHF in Malang City always experience an increase from January to June with the highest peak in May every year, mostly 34.8% of DHF cases occur in Lowokwaru District and the majority (54.62%) are women and most (51.81%) are in the age group 15-44 years. There is a need for maximum prevention and control of dengue fever, especially before the increase in cases at the beginning of the year, especially in the Lowokwaru District which is the work area of the Dinoyo Public Health Center, Kendalsari and Mojolangu.

Introduction:Since the 1960s, the stroke morality rate in Japan has declined significantly. Although several risk factors for stroke have become more evident due to increasingly Westernized lifestyle, there have been no population-based registry data on recent time trends in stroke incidence in Japan. The purpose of this study is to determine these trends in stroke incidence using a population-based registry., Methods:Data were obtained from the Takashima Stroke Registry, which covers approximately 50,000 residents in Takashima City, Japan. The age- and sex-standardized stroke incidence rate was estimated using the direct method. Average annual relative changes of stroke incidence were estimated using Poisson regression models., Results:We identified a total of 2,371 patients with first-ever stroke during the period 1990-2010. Crude incidence rates of total stroke (per 100,000 person-years) were 225 in the early period (1990-2001) and 187 in the late period (2002-2010), and the mean age at onset of stroke increased from 71.9 years in the early period to 74.8 years in the late period. Age- and sex-standardized incidence rates of stroke (per 100,000 person-years) decreased from 327 in the early part of this study period and 206 in the later period. During the 21-year period, age- and sex-standardized average annual relative reduction in stroke incidence was statistically significant (-3.7% per year). When stratified into early and late periods, the adjusted annual relative reduction in stroke incidence was observed during the early period (-2.1% per year), and there were no significant changes during the late period., Conclusions:In this population-based registry, there was a significant reduction in incidence of stroke from 1990 to 2010. Although the speed of reduction in stroke incidence appears to have slowed down after 2000, continuous public health measures are required to provide further protection against stroke.

O artigo propõe um estudo da publicidade audiovisual da cerveja espanhola La Brava, lançada em dezembro de 2015. A importância desse anúncio se deve ao fato de ele romper com as estruturas publicitárias costumeiras para as publicidades de cerveja na Espanha. Temos, nesta pesquisa, o objetivo de: (i) explicitar os aspectos culturais encontrados e transpostos para a publicidade, a qual revelam a visão de mundo e os valores históricos e sociais do país a partir do estudo do plano do conteúdo, níveis narrativo, discursivo e fundamental; e (ii) analisar as categorias cromáticas, eidéticas e topológicas para verificar como o anúncio cria um efeito de sentido. Como arcabouço teórico nos apoiamos na semiótica discursiva, principalmente nas pesquisas de Greimas e Courtés (2008), Floch (1985, 1995ª, 1995b), Oliveira (2004) e Oliveira & Teixeira (2009) para compreendermos os efeitos de sentido construídos e produzidos no texto-enunciado e (re)passados ao leitor-enunciatário-destinatário. A metodologia utilizada neste artigo é a descritiva, e o método empregado é o hipotético-dedutivo. Os resultados pretendem demonstrar que os elementos verbais, sonoros e visuais tornam a propaganda significativa para o seu leitor/receptor (enunciatário/ destinatário), que é influenciando a comprar e a consumir a cerveja. The article proposes a study of the audiovisual publicity campaign of the Spanish beer “La Brava”, launched in December 2015. The importance of this advertising is due to the fact that it breaks with the normal advertising structures for beer advertising in Spain. In this research, we want to achieve the following objectives: (i) to explain the cultural aspects found and transposed for the advertising, which reveals the world view and the country’s historical and social values from the study of the content plan, the narrative, discursive and fundamental levels; and (ii) to analyze the chromatic, eidetic and topological categories and to identify how the ad creates a sense of effect. As a theoretical framework, we rely on discursive semiotics, mainly in the researches of Greimas and Courtés (2008), Floch (1985, 1995a, 1995b), Oliveira (2004) and Oliveira & Teixeira (2009) to understand the effects of meaning constructed and produced in the text-enunciated and (re)transmitted to the reader-enunciate-recipient. The methodology used in this article is the descriptive one, and the method used is the hypothetical-deductive. The results intend to show that the verbal, audible and visual elements make advertising meaningful to its reader/receiver (enunciate/recipient), who is influenced to purchase and consume beer.

Accuracy and random selection of seeds when testing the 1000 seeds weight in the laboratory is of great importance in order to ensure the representativeness of the sample and precise information for further packaging process. The aim of this research was to check whether the laboratory seed counter selects seeds by shape and size and whether there is a trend during operation at maximum and reduced speed. Ten species of different seed sizes were used. Ten replicates of 100 seeds were counted by counter, the number of seeds was manually checked and the weight measured. The analysis of the obtained results showed that the counter is precise, but weight results showed selection of smaller seeds (Capsicum annuum and Glycine max) at maximum counting speed. Trend of larger seed selection was observed in Medicago sativa and pelleted Beta vulgaris. Slower counting (50% of the maximum speed), is ensured precise counting without trends. Praćenje i kontrola rada laboratorijske opreme je jedan od zahteva akreditacionih standarda za laboratorije za ispitivanje semena. U dosadašnjoj praksi nije se obraćala pažnja da li prilikom rada brojača dolazi do selektivnog izbora semena koje se broji. Preciznost i slučajan izbor semena kod ispitivanja mase 1000 semena u laboratoriji je od velike važnosti kako bi se obezbedila reprezentativnost uzorka. Cilj ovog istraživanja je provera da li laboratorijski brojač semena u toku svog rada, pri maksimalnoj i smanjenoj brzini selektuje seme po obliku i veličini i da li postoji trend. U radu je ispitivano 10 vrsta različite krupno će semena (Capsicum annuum, peletirano seme Beta vulgaris, Brassica napus, Medicago sativa, Raphanus sativus, Sinapis alba, Triticum aestivum, Helianthus annuus, Glycine max i Zea mays). Analizom dobijenih rezultata utvrđeno je da brojač precizno broji. Na osnovu rezultata izmerene mase uočeno je da se na maksimalnoj brzini brojanja pojavljuje trend selektovanja prvo sitnijeg, a zatim krupnijeg semena kod vrsta Capsicum annuum i Glycine max. Nasuprot tome, kod semena Medicago sativa i peletiranog semena Beta vulgaris, uočen je trend selektovanja semena od krupnijeg ka sitnijem. Prilikom sporijeg brojanja (50% od maksimalne brzine), postiže se slučajan odabir semena tj. ne pojavljuje se trend prilikom rada brojača, kod gore navedenih vrsta semena. Za ostale vrste nije uočen trend postepenog smanjenja niti pove ćanja vrednosti mase u okviru ispitivanih 10 ponavljanja. Rezultati ovih analiza ukazuju na važnost provere opreme kako u smislu tačnosti brojanja tako i selektovanja semena u cilju dobijanja tačnih rezultata ispitivanja mase 1000 semena.

Aim: Population aging has profoundly reshaped demographic landscapes in all South Eastern European (SEE) countries. The aim of this study was to provide a thorough comparative inter-country assessment on the speed of population aging in the entire SEE region for the period 1950-2010. Methods: Descriptive observational analysis of long-term trends on core primary and composite indicators of population aging across seventeen countries of the wider SEE region, with panel data sets at a national level. Results: During the past six decades, the entire SEE region has experienced a rapid increase in the median age (from 25.2 years in 1950 to 37.9 years in 2010), with a simultaneous fall of fertility rates for two children per woman (from 3.55 children per each childbearing woman in 1950 to 1.49 in 2010), coupled with significant rise in the population of elderly citizens. The speed of population aging has vastly accelerated (with a 2.5 fold increase) over the past three decades. The percentage of individuals over 65 years has doubled from 7% in 1950 to 14% in 2010. Conclusion: Complex national strategies are needed to cope with the shrinking labour force coupled with the growing proportion of the older population. With all likelihood, population aging will further accelerate in the near future. This profound long-term demographic transition will threaten financial sustainability of current health systems in all SEE countries., South Eastern European Journal of Public Health (SEEJPH), Volume III, 2015

BackgroundIn China, improving mental health has been far behind its accomplishments for other diseases. With depression as one of the most prevalent mental disorders, the aim of this study was to evaluate temporal trends in the prevalence and treatment of those who screen positive for depression in China, by age, gender, and province.MethodsWe used data from three nationally representative sample surveys: the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), and the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Depression was judged by the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Access to treatment was judged by two items: if respondents received any treatment like anti-depressants, or if respondents received counselling from a mental health professional. Survey-specific weighted regressions were fitted to estimate the temporal trend and subgroup disparities, and then pooled by meta-analysis.ResultsIn total 168,887 respondents were investigated. The overall prevalence of China populations who screen positive for depression was 25.7% (95% CI 25.2–26.2) during 2016–2018, decreased from 32.2% (95% CI 31.6–32.8) during 2011–2012. The gender gap increased with age and had no significant improvement from 2011–2012 to 2016–2018. The prevalence of depression in developed areas is more likely to show a lower value and decreasing trend, while the prevalence in underdeveloped areas is more likely to show a higher value and increasing trend, from 2011–2012 to 2016–2018. The overall proportion of those who received any needed treatment or counselling from a mental health professional slightly increased from 2011 (0.5%, 95% CI 0.4–0.7) to 2018 (0.9%, 95% CI 0.7–1.2), and mainly occurred for older adults aged 75 and above.ConclusionThe prevalence of those who screen positive for depression decreased by about 6.5% from 2011–2012 to 2016–2018 in China, but only tiny improvements were made in accessibility to mental health care. Corresponding disparities were identified in age, gender, and province.

Transportation plays an important role in the day to day activities of human race. Road, rail, water and air are the four major forms of transportation in Nigeria. Road transportation is the most common means of movement in Oyo State and this has raise the likelihood of the occurrence of road traffic accident even posing a serious problem that needs serious attention. Road traffic accidents would Continually increase if tangible efforts are not made to tackle is problem. In Oyo state, the epicenter of the western Nigeria, road transportation is the most popular means of transportation. Of concern is the accidents recorded daily on the roads. This study takes into account the series of accidents caused on the state roads due to vehicle types. Seven vehicle types were considered due to the data available. Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA), a variable selection approach, was used to handle uncertainty in the model selection process. Several classical approach like time series have been used in analysing road accidents but few had explored the Bayesian approach via BMA route. A uniform model prior was used with a numeric g-prior to improve the predictive performance. The trend of accidents were observed for a period of 15 years from (2006 2020). 78% of the models were visited and using the Posterior Inclusion Probability results (99.546%), it was seen that the accidents that occurred via private cars was the predominant. It is the most important in modeling vehicle type accidents in Oyo State Nigeria. Also, accidents for 2023 and 2024 were predicted using the posterior predictive distribution. It is imperative for concerned authorities (Federal Road Safety Corps amongst others) in the state to look into the issue of private car owners in the state.

[In order to contribute to the knowledge of the spatio-temporal progression of post-nuptial migration of birds across the Italian Alps, we present in detail the results of the analysis carried out for 69 species (4 non-Passeriformes; 65 Passeriformes) of the 191 ringed within the Progetto Alpi. Data were collected in 40 ringing stations located in different habitats and at different altitudes (mountain passes, slopes and valley floors) and active in the post-breeding migratory period (1 August - 30 November). Among these, those (n=15) with continuous activity (at least one month) and known sampling effort (daily capture effort described as product of net area in square meters by operating time in hours) were selected. Data from the 6 stations that operated continuously over the years (2001-2017) and with standardised capture effort were used for trend analyses. Species covered refer to those with more than 100 birds ringed within the first eight hours after sunrise (excluding local retraps). Species accounts contain detailed data from datasets from all stations participating in the Alps Project (1997-2017)]. [Article in Italian]

This study was done to provide an analytical overview on the latest malaria infection clusters by evaluating temporal trends during 2010-2019 in Korea. Incheon was the most likely cluster (MLC) for all cases of malaria during the total period. MLCs for P. falciparum, vivax, malariae, ovale, and clinically diagnosed malaria without parasitological confirmation were Jeollanam-do, Incheon, Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, and Jeollabuk-do, respectively. Malaria was decreasing in most significant clusters, but Gwangju showed an increase for all cases of malaria, P. vivax and clinically diagnosed cases. Malaria overall, P. falciparum and P. vivax seem to be under control thanks to aggressive health measures. This study might provide a sound scientific basis for future control measures against malaria in Korea.

The objective of this study is to mine and analyze large-scale social media data (rich spatio-temporal data unlike traditional surveys) and develop comparative infographics of emerging transportation trends and mobility indicators by adopting natural language processing and data-driven techniques. As such, first, around 13 million tweets for about 20 days (16 December 2019–4 January 2020) from North America were collected, and tweets closely aligned with emerging transportation and mobility trends (such as shared mobility, vehicle technology, built environment, user fees, telecommuting, and e-commerce) were identified. Data analytics captured spatio-temporal differences in social media user interactions and concerns about such trends, as well as topics of discussions formed through such interactions. California, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, New York are among the highly visible cities discussing such trends. Being positive overall, people carried more positive views on shared mobility, vehicle technology, telecommuting, and e-commerce, while being more negative on user fees, and the built environment. Ride-hailing, fuel efficiency, trip navigation, daily as well as shopping and recreational activities, gas price, tax, and product delivery were among the emergent topics. The social media data-driven framework would allow real-time monitoring of transportation trends by agencies, researchers, and professionals.

Clinical evaluation and management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is one of the most widely researched topics in orthopedic sports medicine, giving providers ample data on which to base their practices. The ACL is also the most commonly treated knee ligament. This study reports on current topics and research in clinical management of ACL injury, starting with evaluation, operative versus nonoperative management, and considerations in unique populations. Discussion of graft selection and associated procedures follows. Areas of uncertainty, rehabilitation, and prevention are the final topics before a reflection on the current state of ACL research and clinical management of ACL injury. Level of evidence V.

Introduction Head and neck cancers (HNCs) are increasing in Nepal and have become a major public health issue. This study aims to describe the trend of HNCs in a national tertiary cancer hospital in Nepal. Methods This was a cross-sectional study with secondary data analysis conducted at B.P Koirala Memorial Hospital, Chitwan, Nepal. The data were obtained from the medical record section and included all new HNC cases registered from 2012 to 2017. Analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 17. Subgroup analysis was done according to age, gender, site, and year. Results A total of 4,582 new HNCs were registered, of which 3,097 (67.6%) were males and 1,482 (32.4%) were females. Lip and oral cavity cancers (46.5%) were the most common HNCs followed by tonsil and pharynx (18.0%) and larynx (15.8%). The trend of HNCs shows a steady rise in incidence with difference according to the sites. HNCs were more common among males than females except for thyroid cancer. The most common age group was 60 to 74 years. Conclusions The trend of HNCs is increasing in Nepal especially oral cancers. Awareness of risk factors, effective screening programs, and comprehensive treatment should be focused to decrease the burden of HNCs.

To better prepare the Department of Defense (DOD) against the negative effects of late appropriations and their resultant continuing resolutions (CRs), our research covers three primary areas: 50 years of Presidential Budget (PB) submissions, Congressional Budget Resolutions (BR), and DOD Authorization and Appropriation Act data. First, our research conducts a historical trend analysis intended to highlight positive, negative, and neutral tendencies. Second, our research aims to determine which federal budgetary deliverable has the strongest correlation to appropriation timeliness. Finally, our research examines how CRs have evolved over time across six basic characteristics: frequency of CRs, CR anomalies, supplemental appropriations and anomalies, CR duration, CR page length, and funding rates. Our research indicated significant evidence to support that budgetary deliverable timeliness is getting worse, that political variables are both strongly correlated and highly influential throughout the data, and that CRs have dynamically shifted in funding structure, length, and frequency throughout the years covered by this research. Captain, United States Army Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

An event encountered for the first time can become a common phenomenon in a population through transmission over time. This study focuses on nonparametric partially sequential test statistics in order to early detect such events. For this purpose, firstly, the partially sequential test statistic given in Mukherjee [1] is considered. Then, with a modification of this statistic, a new nonparametric partially sequential test statistic that works at almost the desired alpha level of significance is revealed. Also, based on Monte-Carlo simulations, the proposed test statistic is shown to be more powerful than Mukherjee's statistic. Lastly, two illustrative numerical examples are also given.

Purpose : Research has shown worsening physical and mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Trends in general and mental health inequalities during the pandemic in the US have not been analyzed in detail. Methods : Using Census Bureau's nationally representative pooled Household Pulse Survey (HPS) from April 2020 to May 2021 (N = 1,144,405), we examined monthly trends and disparities in health status by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES). Logistic regression models and disparity indices were used to analyze trends and inequalities. Results : During the pandemic, the adjusted odds of fair and/or poor health were, respectively, 33%, 157%, 398%, 22% higher for non-Hispanic others, adults with

Study of rainfall pattern and trend in the long term is essential from climatic change and socioeconomic perspectives. In the present study, monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall of semi-arid regions (Madhya Maharashtra, Marahwada and Vidarbha) of the Godavari basin is evaluated for the period of 1871–2016. The innovative trend analysis (ITA), Mann–Kendall test (MK) and Sen's slope estimator methods are used to check gradual change. A significant increasing or decreasing trend is not detected in the seasonal and annual rainfall series for any of the regions. The rainfall variability index indicates Madhya Maharashtra has received normal rainfall for 40% of the time, Marathwada for 36% of the time and Vidarbha region for 41% of the time. Very dry and very wet conditions are experienced by all three regions for 15% of the time. The spatial and temporal variation in the seasonal and annual rainfall is not significant in these regions. The results obtained from the study will be useful for water resource management of the Godavari basin. HIGHLIGHTS Increasing trend in rainfall of August and decreasing trend in September is observed for all the regions.; Significant upward or downward trend is not found for any season and for annual rainfall.; All the regions receives the normal rainfall for 39% of the time.; All the regions experiences very dry and very wet situation for 15% of time.; The results are matching with the rainfall trend for all India.

Purpose: Since the start of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in March 2020, ∼40% of U.S. adults have experienced delayed medical care. Rates of uninsurance, delayed care, and utilization of mental health services during the course of the pandemic have not been analyzed in detail. We examined monthly trends and disparities in access to care by household income levels in the United States. Methods: Using Census Bureau's nationally representative pooled 2020 Household Pulse Survey from April to December, 2020 (N=778,819), logistic regression models were used to analyze trends and inequalities in various access to care measures. Results: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the odds of being uninsured, having a delayed medical care due to pandemic, delayed care of something other than COVID-19, or delayed mental health care were, respectively, 5.54, 1.50, 1.85, and 2.18 times higher for adults with income

To produce food for a growing world population, irrigated areas have increased from approximately 0.63 million km2 of land in 1900 to 3.1 million km2 of land in 2005. Despite this massive expansion, irrigation is still overlooked in most state-of-the-art Earth system models (ESMs) involved in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6). To our knowledge, only three CMIP6 models represent irrigation activities: CESM2, GISS-E2-1-G, and NorESM2-LM. Here, we investigate the role of irrigation on historical climate at global and regional scales by analyzing trends of key surface climate variables in CMIP6 simulations during 1900?2014. The three models including irrigation show distinct behavior from the 15 models without irrigation over intensively irrigated areas (i.e., >50% of grid cell area is equipped by irrigation): both annual (months that correspond to monthly air temperature higher than 274 K) mean latent heat flux (LHF) and soil moisture increase over time, in contrast to the modelswithout irrigation that show no trend or even a negative trend. The positive LHF trend over intensively irrigated areas in the irrigation-on models is consistent with three satellite-based LHF products. While annual (considering the warmest month in a year) warming trends are found in these regions for most of the no-irrigation models, the increase in LHF induces a cooling trend for the models with irrigation, which was not confirmed by observational air temperature data sets. These findings, supported by satellite data, indicate the importance of improved representation of land management in the next generation of ESM.

Background: Cancer has been one of the most significant health problems in recent years. Stomach cancer is the sixth most common type of cancer worldwide with 1.09 million new cases in 2020, according to data published by the WHO (World Health Organization). A significant decrease has occurred in the number of individuals diagnosed with stomach cancer following the identification of many foods that may increase the risk of developing the disease. In this study, the aim was to evaluate the trends and change points related to new cases and numbers of deaths related to stomach cancer.Material and methods: The aim of the study was to make a time-dependent evaluation of the decreasing trend for stomach cancer in Turkey. For this purpose, change points of stomach cancer were determined with Joinpoint Regression method. The data in the study were obtained between 1990–2016. Results: The trend changes for new cases and deaths in both women and men were found to be statistically significant between 1990–2016.For women, a decrease in new cases of 2.6% was determined, while for men the decrease was 2.4%.A significant 3.2% decrease was observed in the number of deaths for women during the same period with a decrease of 2.4% for men (for all p, Giriş: Kanser, son yılların en önemli sağlık sorunlarından biri olmuştur. Mide kanseri ise, WHO (Dünya Sağlık Örgütü) tarafından yayınlanan verilere göre 2020 yılında 1,09 milyon yeni vaka ile dünya genelinde en sık görülen altıncı kanser türüdür. Mide kanserine yakalanma riskini artırabilecek pek çok besinin belirlenmesinin ardından mide kanseri teşhisi konulan kişi sayısında önemli bir azalma meydana gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada mide kanserine bağlı yeni vaka ve ölüm sayılarının zamana ilişkin eğilimlerin ve değişim noktalarının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve yöntem: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'de mide kanserinde azalma eğiliminin zamana bağlı olarak değerlendirilmesidir. Bu amaçla Joinpoint Regresyon yöntemi ile mide kanserinin değişim noktaları belirlenmiştir. Çalışmadaki veriler 1990-2016 yılları arasında elde edilmiştir.Bulgular: 1990-2016 yılları arasında hem kadınlarda hem de erkeklerde yeni vaka ve ölümlerdeki eğilim değişiklikleri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur. Kadınlarda yeni vakalarda %2,6, erkeklerde düşüş %2,4 olarak belirlenmiştir. Aynı dönemde kadınlarda ölüm sayısında %3,2'lik anlamlı bir düşüş gözlenirken, erkeklerde %2,4'lük bir düşüş gözlenmiştir (tümü için p

IntroductionThe study aims to examine the trends of 4 metabolic NCDs risk factors including raised blood pressure, increased blood glucose, elevated blood lipids and overweight/obesity over the last 10 years in Vietnam as well as examine these trends among different sub-population by geographical area, gender, and age groups.MethodsThe study combined the national representative data from three rounds of STEPs survey in Vietnam conducted in 2010, 2015, and 2020 on people aged 25–64 years. The overall prevalence of each metabolic factor together with 95% CI for each time point as well as the stratified prevalence by rural/urban, male/female, and 4 separated age groups were calculated and considered the sampling weight. Cochran–Armitage test for trend was used to test for the differences in the prevalence over time.ResultsThe prevalence of hypertension, overweight/obesity, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia among the population aged 25–64 years old was 28.3, 20.57, 6.96, and 15.63%, respectively in the year 2020. All NCD metabolic risk factors examined in this analysis show significantly increasing trends over time. For most age groups, the increasing burden of NCD metabolic risk factors was more significant during the period 2015–2020 compared to the period 2010–2015. Male population and population aged 55–64 experienced the most dramatic changes in the burden of all NCD metabolic risk factors.ConclusionTo reverse the increasing trend of NCD metabolic factors in Vietnam, intervention, and policy need to apply a comprehensive life course approach.

In the research, it is aimed to examine the postgraduate theses on curricula in Turkey in terms of different variables. For this purpose, content analysis method, which is one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the research. The data source of the research was taken from the archive of the National Thesis Center of the Council of Higher Education. Document analysis technique was used in the data collection process. Descriptive analysis technique was used in data analysis. Based on the research findings, 231 graduate theses prepared for the education/training program between 2010 and 2022 were accessed. Theses were prepared in 56 different universities. The most studies on the subject were carried out in 2019. Although it is seen that the theses prepared mostly for the education programs and teaching branch, the theses are mostly Asst. Assoc. Dr. / Dr. Instructor It has been seen that those who are members of the title are thesis advisors., Araştırmada, Türkiye’de öğretim programları üzerine yapılmış lisansüstü tezlerin farklı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden olan içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın veri kaynağı, Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi arşivinden alınmıştır. Veri toplama sürecinde doküman incelemesi tekniğinden yararlanılmıştır. Veri analizinde betimsel analiz tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularından hareketle erişilen sonuçlarda 2010 ile 2022 yılları arsında eğitim/öğretim programına yönelik hazırlanan 231 lisansüstü teze erişilmiştir. Tezler 56 farklı üniversitede hazırlanmıştır. Konuyla ilgili olarak en fazla 2019 yılında çalışma yapılmıştır. Hazırlanan tezlerin en fazla eğitim programları ve öğretim branşına yönelik hazırlandığı görülmekle beraber tezlerin danışman unvanlarına göre en fazla Yrd. Doç. Dr./ Dr. Öğr. Üyesi unvanındakilerin tez danışmanlığı yaptığı görülmüştür.

Global change affects precipitation and small modifications in rainfall regimes could compromise water availability, especially in areas characterized by a strong seasonality and a climate ranging from dry sub-humid to semi-arid. Drought, in particular, is a creeping phenomenon defined as an important temporary decrease in water availability below the expected value in a certain period and a specific area. Among the different methodologies for analysing drought periods, one of the most used is the evaluation of dry spells. The aim of this study is to investigate spatial and temporal changes in dry spells in Tuscany during the period 1955-2017, by using daily precipitation data. Changes in the number of dry days, maximum duration and 75th percentile of the duration of the dry spells were investigated. Three precipitation thresholds were selected: 1, 5 and 10 mm. The analyses were carried out at annual, September-May, September-November and December-May level. Theil-Sen nonparametric method was used to estimate the slope; Mann-Kendall test and a modification of it, which applies a trend-free pre-whitening (TFPW) method to the series having a serial correlation, were applied to look for statistically significant trends. The drought indicators showed increasing trends (some significant) especially at December-May and to a lesser extent at the annual and September-May level; the most pronounced increases were found in the southernmost areas of Tuscany. During September-November period, on the other hand, a prevalence of decreasing trends (rarely significant), with less pronounced decreases in the south of the region, were observed. Mediterranean area is considered a climate change "hot-spot" from the viewpoint of vulnerability. An increase in long-lasting dry spells, especially in southern Tuscany, can exacerbate the problems linked to water management and demand.

Background and purpose Despite decades of improved sanitation and hygiene measures and vaccine introduction, hepatitis A has been spread through numerous outbreaks globally. We used data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study to quantify hepatitis A burden at the global, regional and national levels. Methods Annual incident cases, deaths, age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs), and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) of hepatitis A between 1990 and 2019 were derived from the GBD study 2019. Percentage changes of cases and deaths, and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) of ASIRs and ASMRs were calculated to quantify their temporal trends. Results Global hepatitis A incident cases increased by 13.90% from 139.54 million in 1990 to 158.94 million in 2019. ASIR of hepatitis A remained stable (EAPC = 0.00, 95% CI −0.01 to 0.01), whereas ASMR decreased (EAPC = −4.63, 95% CI −4.94 to −4.32) between 1990 and 2019. ASIR increased in low (EAPC = 0.09, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.14) and low-middle (EAPC = 0.04, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.06) socio-demographic index (SDI) regions. For GBD regions, the most significant increases of ASIR were detected in high-income Asia Pacific (EAPC = 0.53, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.66), Oceania (EAPC = 0.31, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.36), and Australasia (EAPC = 0.28, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.44). EAPC of ASIR was positively associated with SDI value in countries and territories with SDI value ≥ 0.7 (ρ = −0.310, p Conclusion There is an unfavorable trend that hepatitis A is still pending in hyperendemic regions and is emerging in low endemic regions. These highlight the need of targeted and specific strategies to eliminate hepatitis A, such as sanitation measures and a comprehensive plan for surveillance and vaccination against hepatitis A.

In the following paper a simultaneous unobserved components model is applied to USAmerican and Canadian output data in order to examine the causal structure of trend and cycle shocks and the way it changes over time. The main focus is placed on the analysis of the subprime crisis impact on the trend and cycle components. The structural model is identified by means of heteroscedasticity. During the subprime crisis for both countries we determine the strong increase of the structural trend variance compared to the previous period. This underlines the permanent effect and, thus, structural problems as a potential cause. Moreover, the both components are more volatile in the Canada than in USA. A further similarity between both countries is the complete disappearance of the structural cycle shock volatility.

Despite rapid advances in modern medical technology and significant improvements in survival rates of many cancers, pancreatic cancer is still a highly lethal gastrointestinal cancer with a low 5-year survival rate and difficulty in early detection. At present, the incidence and mortality of pancreatic cancer are increasing year by year worldwide, no matter in the United States, Europe, Japan, or China. Globally, the incidence of pancreatic cancer is projected to increase to 18.6 per 100000 in 2050, with the average annual growth of 1.1%, meaning that pancreatic cancer will pose a significant public health burden. Due to the special anatomical location of the pancreas, the development of pancreatic cancer is usually diagnosed at a late stage with obvious clinical symptoms. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the risk factors for pancreatic cancer is of great clinical significance for effective prevention of pancreatic cancer. In this paper, the epidemiological characteristics, developmental trends, and risk factors of pancreatic cancer are reviewed and analyzed in detail.

In order to detect changes in social connectivity, we examined evolutions in the personal network structure by analyzing over-time trends in the composition of the population’s core discussion networks on four cross-sectional, nationally representative surveys between 1997 and 2015, in the era of post-communism, in Hungary. There has been a very significant change; in fact, a reversal of trends regarding the composition of the core discussion networks (CDNs) concerning kin and non-kin ties over the past decades. Our data suggest that friendship ties gained more importance. There seems to be a generation-specific aspect of the change: young people include family ties less often than older people and this effect strengthens over time. Women still have a higher ratio of kin ties compared to men and this effect does not change significantly during the analyzed period.

Currently, there is no comprehensive presentation of trends in oral diseases in the German general population over the last 20 years.How did prevalences of caries, periodontitis, and tooth loss and their determinants change in Germany between 1997 and 2014?We analysed data from 35- to 44-year-olds and 65- to 74-year-olds from the German Oral Health Studies ("Deutsche Mundgesundheitsstudien" [DMS]) III to V and of 25- to 74-year-olds from the Studies of Health in Pomerania (SHIP‑0 and SHIP-Trend-0). The decayed, missing, filled teeth index (DMFT), the number of sound teeth, the community periodontal index (CPI), and data on tooth count and edentulism were analysed.Regarding determinants, an increase in subjects with high school education, a slight decrease in smokers, and an increase in better oral hygiene patterns was observed in both studies. In 35- to 44-year-olds, the number of sound teeth increased from 11.9 in DMS III to 16.8 in DMS V, while in 65- to 74-year-olds the number of sound teeth increased by 5.9. A similar trend was observed in SHIP. In DMS, the prevalence of the highest CPI score of 4 decreased from 9.3% to 3.5% in 35- to 44-year-olds; in 65- to 74-year-olds, the 2014 prevalence was at the same level as in 1997 (10.5% and 9.8%). In parallel, the percentage of edentulous 65- to 74-year-olds halved in both studies. The number of teeth increased across all age strata.DMS and SHIP consistently showed an increase in the number of healthy teeth free of fillings, a slight reduction of subjects with a CPI score of 4, more tooth retention, and less edentulism. Because of more tooth retention and current demographic changes, higher periodontal treatment needs might be expected for the future.HINTERGRUND: Zur Veränderung der oralen Krankheitslast in der deutschen Allgemeinbevölkerung über die letzten 20 Jahre gibt es bisher keine umfassende Darstellung.Wie haben sich die Prävalenzen der Karies, der Parodontitis und des Zahnverlustes und deren Determinanten von 1997 bis 2014 in Deutschland verändert?Ausgewertet wurden Daten von 35- bis 44- und 65- bis 74-Jährigen der Deutschen Mundgesundheitsstudien (DMS) III, IV und V sowie von 25- bis 74-Jährigen der Studies of Health in Pomerania (SHIP‑0 und SHIP-Trend-0). Der Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth Index (DMFT), die Anzahl füllungsfreier Zähne, der Community Periodontal Index (CPI) als auch Daten zur Zahnzahl und Zahnlosigkeit wurden herangezogen.In beiden Studien waren bzgl. der Determinanten eine Zunahme der Probanden mit hoher Schulbildung, eine geringfügige Abnahme der Raucher sowie eine Verbesserung der Mundhygiene zu beobachten. Bei den 35- bis 44-Jährigen stieg die Anzahl gesunder Zähne von 11,9 in DMS III auf 16,8 in DMS V, während bei den Senioren die Anzahl gesunder Zähne um 5,9 anstieg. In SHIP wurde ein ähnlicher Trend beobachtet. Die Prävalenz des höchsten CPI-Grades 4 fiel in den DMS bei den 35- bis 44-Jährigen von 9,3 % auf 3,5 %; bei den Senioren lag der Wert 2014 wieder auf dem Niveau von 1997 (10,5 % und 9,8 %). Parallel dazu hat sich der Anteil der zahnlosen Senioren in beiden Studien halbiert. Die Zahnzahl nahm über alle Altersklassen hinweg zu.DMS und SHIP zeigten über die Jahre konsistent eine Zunahme gesunder, füllungsfreier Zähne, eine geringfügige Reduktion der Probanden mit CPI-Grad 4 sowie mehr Zahnerhalt und weniger Zahnlosigkeit. Bedingt durch den höheren Zahnerhalt und die Alterung der Gesellschaft ist in Zukunft mit einer erhöhten parodontalen Behandlungslast zu rechnen.

The Căliman Mountains are the highest volcanic mountains in Romania, being positioned on the western side of the Eastern Carpathians, between their central strip (north and east), south – the Harghita Mountains, and west – the Transylvanian Depression. This positioning gives special features of the water drainage, with both spatial and temporal differentiations. This paper analyzed the trend of average drainage from rivers in the studied group for the period 1950-2010, both multi-annually and seasonally and in the extreme months; the months taken into account being those with the lowest flows (January), respectively the largest (May). To evaluate the mentioned parameters, we used the help of Excel MAKESENS (Mann-Kendall test for trend and Sen’s slope estimates), which identified the type of drainage trend (positive or negative), and using the Sen nonparametric method to estimate the slope of the trend. Based on the type of trend obtained, 9 trend classes were obtained, and with the help of the slope, the net change rate was obtained.

Teaching is a difficult task. It requires a leader teacher to build an effective classroom environment. To be an efficient teacher in class, it requires him to create efficient teaching strategies which consider successful ingredients to improve the goodness of education .Successful teaching builds a rational thinking for competent based innovative education. Cognitive activation strategy is one of 21st century teaching strategies which stimulate the process of learning opportunities for students to be educated. This strategy generates successful learning environment where students can grasp a range of meanings. It determines what is happened in high –goodness teaching to prepare teachers innovate this strategy .In addition, teachers can plan for improving the quality of education to guarantee students successful achievement and attain their aims. A good teacher tries to take many roles and presents effective strategies to students to enable them participating in classroom activities and practices. A proficient teacher applies felicitous strategy with learners through sets of intellectual processes thus teaching is considered as processes where one person mediates between another person and the substance of this world to facilitate learning. This is one of the innovative trends of teacher roles. The present study aims at finding out the effect of CA strategy on Iraqi EFL university students' achievement in writing skill at one of Baghdad private university, namely Al-Sadiq in the academic year 2019/2020.The population of the study were 2nd year college students, male and female, and samples (80 students) were selected as two classes for the experimental groups and one for the control group. The study used quasi-experimental design. Data collection method was taken through testing the students to write well-organized paragraphs in English according to teacher selected topics. The results showed that EFL students face difficulties and commit errors in writing paragraphs in English .Moreover ,they need more training on the mechanics of writing to get rid these problems.

The results of the 4th National Report for the Italian flora under the 92/43/EEC ‘Habitats’ Directive are presented. The outcomes showed a general negative conservation status for plant species, with the worst situation being in the Mediterranean bioregion. At the National level, significant monitoring and conservation activities are required.

In work and health research, there is a lack of studies on prevalence of psychosocial (eg, quantitative demands, social relations) and physical (eg, physical activity, heavy lifting) working conditions among national employee populations – and their trends. [In the following, I shall not discuss the issue of trends of other exposures, such as chemical and dust exposures (1).] To my knowledge, in the recent decade, only a few studies have investigated this topic (2–8), and, in this issue of the Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, such a rare study is published (9). Trends This issue of the journal includes a new Swedish study, which not only aims to distinguish between different types of macro trends in working conditions (going beyond the assumption of simple linear trends) but also examines whether the gap between good and bad – in terms of working environment – jobs has widened. The reason why it makes sense to go beyond trends in working conditions is obvious. Regarding the industrialized countries, some findings indicate that working conditions are largely deteriorating (3, 5, 8). Other findings indicate that inequalities in distributions of working conditions are increasing (10, 11). A third group of findings suggest that no uniform trends exist; trends, if any, are different from country to country (7) . It has been suggested that the reason for these trends (deterioriation of or increased inequality in exposure to working conditions) might be found in the last four decades of liberalization of labor markets accompanied by globalization and digitalization (10–12). Corin et al`s study (9) in this issue of the journal, however, neither shows a downward uniform trend nor an increased inequality in quality of working conditions in Sweden. However, the question remains, if monitoring data in other countries were analyzed in the same manner as in this new Swedish study, what trends would we see in these countries? Reasons for lack of scientific research focus One can wonder why there are comparably few studies on trends in working conditions. In his first edition of Modern Epidemiology, Rothman claims that researchers of health risk factors tend to jump directly to advanced regression analyses skipping a thorough inspection of their data, including which groups in the analysed population are exposed to what exposures (13). Simple intercorrelation tables, or even the traditional ‘Table 1’ showing independent variables broken down by gender or socioeconomic status might be insufficient. Regarding a range of work environment factors, prevalences by occupation can give rich information on what a given exposure actually means for the worker. Let me just give an example from Denmark, a labor market with working hour restrictions especially among blue-collar workers negotiated by the social partners (14, 15). If we take the dimension `work–family conflict`, many would immediately think of the overworked white-collar worker with deadlines, eg, journalists, managers, or academics. But the occupational groups reporting the highest level of this conflict in Denmark are not these groups but rather truck drivers (an occupation directly subject to competition from peers from less regulated labor markets), health workers (including only one sole group of academics, namely medical doctors) and other workers subjected to night work (16). In order to understand what a variable really measures, inspection of occupational patterns can be invaluable for both practitioners and researchers. Even a lack of variation due to occupation can widen the understanding of what a variable measures. This applies, for example, to quality of leadership or social support (17, 18). These variables are assumed to rather reflect traits of organizations and departments than traits of occupations (19). So, even if research data in most cases serve purposes other than monitoring, it is worthwhile collecting and classifying data on occupation (even if it is costly) – or at least consulting local monitoring data – in order to understand better what working conditions measure. Working conditions: Monitoring trends versus investigating risk factors It is striking that monitoring data in general are collected in organizational settings other than those where data are used for research on associations between work, health and labor market participation (20, 21). Also, requirements of monitoring data are quite different from requirements of research data. In order to measure long-term trends, monitoring data should collect the same data over time. Only if new issues arise, old issues disappear, or profound methodological issues emerge, should changes in monitoring be introduced. One such methodological issue is the decreasing trend in participation in surveys (22). Researchers who, on the other hand, are looking at work as a possible predictor of health or labor market participation, tend to improve measurements and introduce new risk factors [therefore, the IPD-Work consortium approach of pooling data to overcome limited power of a majority of research datasets is challenged by deviating measurements of risk factors (23, 24)]. However, this does not mean that monitoring data are more conservative and research data more innovative. A comparison of psychosocial content of European monitoring questionnaires reveals a much wider focus on psychosocial factors than the one employed in longitudinal research of cardiovascular disease, burnout or depressive symptoms (25, 26). Note that the distinction of the labels ‘monitoring’ and ‘research’ assumes that dealing with prevalence and trends in working conditions is not research, an assumption which Corin et al`s paper in this issue of the journal refutes. Two challenges: Precariousness and border crossing In industrialized countries, most data on work and health are collected among workers employed as wage earners working in workplaces in their country of permanent residence. This restriction is challenged by (i) various types of precarious employment contracts and (ii) work arrangements crossing borders, ie, involving a dislocation of work from place of residence. Precarious employment contracts have been on the rise in recent decades and comprise, for example, temporary contracts (some very short term), no contract (including illegal schemes), self-employed one person employment and crowd work (27–30). Note that the prevalence of types of precarious work contracts differs very much from country to country (31). Workers on such contracts might be harder to reach in surveys. In some cases, they might be excluded from sampling frame definitions if the data provider (eg, the state or the company) does not register them as employees. Of course this problem does not arise in studies where the sample frame is based on resident populations allowing also for inclusion of workers not classified as such in registers (2–9). If however precarious workers are contacted in surveys, their uncertain or temporary (or even illegal) situation could make it difficult for them to consider themselves as employees and describe their work situation. Work arrangements crossing borders have also increased over the last decades (32, 33). This can involve – in its more simple form – border crossers, ie, workers living in one country working in another crossing borders on a daily basis (34). Such arrangements comprise among other things also posted workers [ie, those being sent by their company to work in another country on a temporary basis; this applies to workers in construction companies who are brought from the companies’ country of location to the country where construction takes place (32, 35, 36)]. Another arrangement includes temporary migrant workers who work for a short period of time in agriculture, eg, harvest seasons or those who are employed as nannies, nurses or truck drivers in periods of several years (37, 38). Such temporary workers might seek work in another country on their own, they might be hired by the company they work for in their home country, or a third party might organize the work arrangement, which again can be formal, informal or illegal (39). Also workers crossing borders might be difficult to reach in surveys. They might not be part of sampling frames in the country – or company – where work is carried out (39). Moreover, when interviews are carried out, language barriers could hamper survey participation. To complicate things further aspects of precariousness and border crossing can flow together (eg, illegal work arrangements and residence), further complicating data collection. In some countries and sectors, these challenges (precariousness and border crossing) might play a role for the coverage of existing monitoring systems or research in work and health. Appropriate data collection and analytical methods exist and should be applied to meet these two challenges (40, 41). Concluding remarks After this, two important questions remain: (i) Do macro trends in working conditions show continuous improvements or deteriorations over time? (ii) Is there is a widening of inequalities in unfavourable working conditions, both within and between occupations? In many industrialized countries, monitoring data are available that can help answer these questions (20). For some working conditions, monitoring data over time are readily available in population and workforce- based surveys, whereas, for other work-related risk factors, data on trends over time are lacking. 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Worldwide there is accumulated evidence of heatwave intensification due to climate change. Regional differences in the effects of heatwaves require local studies to implement public mitigation and adaptation strategies. This work analyzes and characterizes heatwaves’ occurrence for the city of Campinas, Brazil, through an observational study from 1956 to 2018. The definition of heatwaves adopted requires that the maximum and minimum daily temperatures be above the daily limits derived from climate normal 1961-1990. The annual and seasonal metrics of the number, frequency, and heatwaves’ duration showed significant and positive trends, except in winter. We found that the longest, the more intense, and the most frequent events occurred in the last 20 years and that a significant change in trend occurred at the beginning of the 1980s. Lastly, we performed an exploratory study of intra-urban variability, comparing heatwave metrics between two different weather stations that are 30 km apart in the city of Campinas. We found similar metrics patterns for the two weather stations, with more prolonged and more frequent heatwave events for the region's station with a higher rate of urban land occupation. Resumo Em todo o mundo, existem evidências acumuladas da intensificação de ondas de calor devido às mudanças climáticas. As diferenças regionais nos efeitos das ondas de calor requerem estudos locais para a implementação de estratégias públicas de mitigação e adaptação. Este trabalho analisa e caracteriza a ocorrência de ondas de calor para a cidade de Campinas, Brasil, por meio de um estudo observacional de 1956 a 2018. A definição de ondas de calor adotada requer que as temperaturas máximas e mínimas diárias estejam acima dos limites diários derivados da normal climática 1961-1990. As métricas anuais e sazonais de número, frequência e duração de ondas de calor mostraram tendências significativas e positivas, exceto no inverno. Verificou-se que os eventos mais longos, mais intensos e mais frequentes ocorreram nos últimos 20 anos e que uma mudança significativa de tendência ocorreu no início da década de 1980. Por fim, realizou-se um estudo exploratório da variabilidade intra-urbana, comparando-se as métricas de duas estações meteorológicas distantes 30 km entre si, em Campinas. Foram encontrados padrões de métricas semelhantes para as duas estações meteorológicas, com eventos de ondas de calor mais prolongados e frequentes para a estação localizada na região com maior taxa de ocupação do solo.

Unlike in many industrialised countries, the high proportion of young women who are underweight in Japan has been a long-term problem. We evaluated trends in food group intake according to body size among young Japanese women using data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2001–2019. Overall, 13,771 Japanese women aged 20–39 years were included. A 1-day household-based dietary record was used to estimate food intake. Foods were classified into 34 groups based on the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan. The trend of food group intake was analysed using the Joinpoint Regression Program. The proportion of young women who were underweight was consistently around 20%, while obesity among young women increased between 2001 (10%) and 2019 (13%). A decreased trend in fish and shellfish and seaweed intake and an increased trend in meat and soft drink intake were observed among young women. Decreased trends in the intake of fruit and dairy products were observed in young women who were not obese. An increased trend in the intake of confectionaries was observed in young women who were obese. This study suggests that the types of unhealthy eating habits may differ according to body size among young Japanese women.

Gearturbine: Reaction Turbine, ·Rotary-Turbo, Similar System of the Aeolipile ·Heron Steam Device from 10-70 AD, ·With Retrodynamic = DextroGiro/RPM VS LevoGiro/InFlow, + ·Ying Yang Circular Power Type, ·Non Waste Parasitic Power Looses Type, ·8-X,Y Thermodynamic Cycle Way Steps.

Data products and code to enable replication.

We investigated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on call volumes and call characteristics using data from a national crisis helpline. Data were extracted for 215,066 calls to Taiwan’s national suicide prevention hotline (January 2018–May 2020). We used negative binomial regression to investigate changes in the weekly number of calls during the early period of the COVID-19 outbreak (January 21, 2020–May 25, 2020), relative to that expected according to the pre-pandemic trend. The call characteristics during the pandemic period (February 18, 2020–May 31, 2020) were compared between COVID-19 related vs unrelated calls. Higher-than-expected call volumes started from the 6th week of the pandemic and reached a peak in the 14th week, which was 38% (rate ratio = 1.38, 95% confidence interval 1.26–1.51) higher than that expected based on the pre-pandemic trend. The higher-than-expected call volumes were mainly attributable to higher-than-expected calls from non-suicidal and male callers. Calls in which COVID-19 was mentioned (13.2%) were more likely to be from male and first-time callers, occur outside 12 am–6 am, last less than 5 min, and were less likely to be from callers who had previous suicide attempts, recent suicidal ideation or suicide plans or actions than COVID-19 unrelated calls. Callers who made COVID-19 related calls were more likely to request information than other callers. Crisis helplines should strategically adapt to the increased need and callers’ specific concerns related to the outbreak.