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This study assessed the parameters determining the access of producers to agricultural credit in Turkey. This research was carried out in the production areas par excellence of the country. A total of 409 producers have been surveyed. The data collected was collected during the first quarter of 2021 and relates to the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of producers as well as the factors likely to influence their access to agricultural credit. The analysis of the results from the logistic regression model produced shows that the access of producers to agricultural credit is determined by their socio-economic and demographic characteristics. These parameters are level of education, degree of involvement in agricultural activities, social security status, household size and whether you own a tractor. Given the importance of agricultural credit for the agricultural sector; it is therefore, imperative to facilitate its access to producers. RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os parâmetros que determinam o acesso dos produtores ao crédito agrícola na Turquia. Esta pesquisa foi realizada nas áreas de produção por excelência do país. Foram estudados 409 produtores. Os dados foram recolhidos durante o primeiro trimestre de 2021 e estão relacionados com as características socioeconômicas e demográficas dos produtores, bem como com os fatores que podem influenciar o seu acesso ao crédito agrícola. A análise dos resultados do modelo de regressão logística produzido mostra que o acesso dos produtores ao crédito agrícola é determinado pelas suas características socioeconômicas e demográficas. Esses parâmetros são: nível de escolaridade, grau de envolvimento em atividades agrícolas, situação da previdência social, porte da família e possuir ou não trator. Dada a importância do crédito agrícola para o setor agrícola, torna-se imperativo facilitar o seu acesso aos produtores.

Cats are susceptible to feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2). Therefore, coinfection and superinfection with multiple parvovirus strains may occur, resulting in high heterogeneity and recombination. Considering the importance of cats as a potential source of genetic diversity for parvoviruses, we investigated the frequency of parvovirus infection in cats using their blood and fecal samples and performed molecular characterization of parvovirus strains circulating in cat populations. Accordingly, the fecal and blood samples of 60 cats with gastroenteritis symptoms were collected from Turkey’s Burdur, Isparta, and Izmit provinces. Of these 15 fecal samples tested as parvovirus-positive by PCR, 14 were confirmed to have been infected with true FPV strains by sequencing analysis. Through the phylogeny analysis, those were located in the FPV cluster, closely related to CPV-2, and one was discriminated in the CPV-2b cluster. Additionally, sequence analysis of the VP2 gene of CPV and FPV revealed that the FPV strains detected in Turkey and the vaccine strains were highly related to each other, with a nucleotide identity of 97.7- 100%. Furthermore, 13 variable positions were detected in VP2 of the field and reference FPV strains. Three synonymous mutations were determined in the VP2 gene. Some amino acid mutations in the VP2 protein-affected sites were considered responsible for the virus’s biological and antigenic properties. The partial sequence analysis of the VP2 gene revealed that four FPV strains detected in Turkey have a single nucleotide change from T to G at the amino acid position 384 between the nucleotides 3939-3941, which was reported for the first time. Therefore, these four isolates formed a different branch in the phylogenetic tree. The results suggest that both FPV and CPV-2b strains are circulating in domestic cats in Turkey and cats should be considered as potential sources of new parvovirus variants for cats, dogs and other animals. RESUMO: Os gatos são suscetíveis ao vírus da panleucopenia felina (FPV) e ao parvovírus canino tipo 2 (CPV-2). Portanto, coinfecção e superinfecção com múltiplas cepas de parvovírus podem ocorrer, resultando em alta heterogeneidade e recombinação. Considerando a importância dos gatos como uma fonte potencial de diversidade genética para parvovírus, investigamos a frequência da infecção por parvovírus em gatos usando suas amostras de sangue e fezes e realizamos a caracterização molecular de cepas de parvovírus circulantes nas populações de gatos. Amostras fecais e de sangue de 60 gatos com sinais de gastroenterite foram coletadas nas províncias de Burdur, Isparta e Izmit, na Turquia. Destas, 15 amostras fecais testaram positivas para parvovírus por PCR e 14 foram confirmadas como infectadas com cepas verdadeiras de FPV por análise de sequenciamento. Através da análise filogenética, aqueles foram localizados no agrupamento FPV que está intimamente relacionado com o CPV-2, e um foi discriminado no agrupamento CPV-2b. Além disso, a análise da sequência do gene VP2 de CPV e FPV revelou que as cepas de FPV detectadas na Turquia e as cepas vacinais eram altamente relacionadas entre si, com uma identidade de nucleotídeos de 97,7-100%. Além disso, 13 posições variáveis foram detectadas em VP2 das cepas de campo e FPV de referência. Três mutações sinônimas foram determinadas no gene VP2. Algumas mutações de aminoácidos nos locais afetados pela proteína VP2 foram consideradas responsáveis pelas propriedades biológicas e antigênicas do vírus. A análise da sequência parcial do gene VP2 revelou que quatro cepas de FPV detectadas na Turquia têm uma única mudança de nucleotídeo de T para G na posição do aminoácido 384 entre os nucleotídeos 3939-3941, o que foi relatado pela primeira vez. Portanto, esses quatro isolados formaram um ramo diferente na árvore filogenética. Os resultados sugerem que ambas as cepas FPV e CPV-2b estão circulando em gatos domésticos na Turquia e os gatos devem ser considerados como fontes potenciais de novas variantes de parvovírus para gatos, cães e outros animais.

Introduction The outbreak rapidly spread to more than 200 countries and led to millions of confirmed cases as well as thousands of deaths worldwide. This makes a serious threat to the world in terms of public health. The present study aimed to compare the COVID-19 epidemic parameters in Turkey with the top ten countries that reported the highest number of confirmed cases worldwide on April 25, 2020. Plus, it might provide better insight into the efficacy of national interventions on the course of the disease by measuring the case-fatality rate. Methods A detailed search of the Johns Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering official websites, and announcements were conducted between January 22 and April 25, 2020. COVID-19 related datasets for the distribution of the infection on each reported day were obtained. Results Although the growth rate sharply increased by more than 1.2% in the late January 2020, the cumulative number of cases remained below 1500 around the world. The epidemic growth curve in Turkey was very similar to the US and Italy during the period. The case-fatality rate in Turkey was 2.51%, which below the countries with the most cases, except Russia, and the recovery–death ratio appeared to be at a moderate level among these countries. Conclusions Since there are no standard treatments for the disease, it is important to avoid infection or further spreading. Decision-makers should adopt a series of measures to mitigate the impact of the pandemic, using national surveillance systems.

The micropalaeontology of the mid-Cretaceous Derdere Formation (Mardin Group) from outcrops close to the town of Derik in south-eastern Turkey is described here. In thin sections from the carbonates that form the majority of this formation, rich and diverse micropalaeontological assemblages are present. These include larger benthonic foraminifera, planktonic foraminifera, and other microfossils, including calcareous algae. Alveolinid foraminifera are particularly common and include a new species – Simplalveolina mardinensis. In contrast to some previous studies, the majority of the section can be demonstrated to be Cenomanian (notably middle Cenomanian) in age with no confirmation of extension into the Albian or Turonian. Deposition took place on a carbonate ramp within a range of discrete deposition settings ranging from peritidal to outer ramp. A notable feature is the small-scale (a few metres) shallowing-up cycles within the inner-ramp facies that may be allocyclic or autocyclic in origin. Three major deepening events are recognised within the succession, characterised by more open marine microfauna and microfacies. These occur at the base of the formation, within the mid-Cenomanian lower part, and towards the top of the formation. These may correlate with three Cenomanian deepening phases seen in other parts of the Arabian Plate.

Treballs Finals del Grau d'Empresa Internacional, Facultat d'Economia i Empresa, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2021-2022, Tutor: Francisco Javier Martí González, Energy security, energy transition, and growth in energy consumption ara challenges facing emerging and developed economies around the world today. Since the industrial revolution in the 18th century, demand has grown unprecedentedly but hit several energy crises in the last 50 years, the idea of building robust energy security and supplying reliable, continous, and affordable energy to a country's population has become an issue of growing concern and research. This is also where the concept of energy independence and sovereignty comes in, as the growing dependence on foreign energy suppliers has created an energy system that is vulnerable to changes in international relations and conflicts, among other factors. In addition, awarness and commitment to the transition to renewable energy and energy efficiency have grown in recent years due to the current climate crises, and nations have joined together through treaties, international organizations, and agreements, setting targets and goals to reduce pollution and emissions. In this thesis, I will answer how Turkey's energy demand has evolved over the last 20 years, how it relates to GDP growth, how Turkey is adressing its energy security and energy independence, its cooperative role with the EU as an energy transit country, and how Turkey's energy transition to renewable energy is being managed.

En el siguiente artículo analizaremos la dinámica y los cambios que han sufrido las relaciones turco-estadounidenses y turco-europeas con posterioridad al intento de golpe de Estado de julio 2016, en base a los siguientes ejes: la respuesta de Occidente al golpe fallido y a las consiguientes medidas adoptadas por Erdogan; la influencia de los conflictos regionales; los roces en el seno de la OTAN; y los vínculos con Europa en el marco de la crisis de refugiados sirios. En este sentido, hipotetizamos que el frustrado levantamiento militar fue un punto de inflexión en la política de Turquía, a partir del cual la relación de Ankara con Estados Unidos y con Europa, al igual que la política exterior turca en general, se ha tornado cada vez más transaccional. In the following article, we will analyze the dynamics and changes that TurkishAmerican and Turkish-European relations have undergone after the coup attempt in July 2016, based on the following axes: the West's response to the failed coup and the consequent measures taken by Erdogan; the influence of regional conflicts; the friction within NATO; and links with Europe in the context of the Syrian refugee crisis. In this sense, we hypothesize that the frustrated military uprising was a turning point in Turkey's policy, from which, Ankara's relationship with the United States and with Europe, as well as Turkish foreign policy in general, have become ever more transactional. Fil: Universidad Nacional de Rosario

El artículo recorre mis trayectorias como activista/académica feminista que busca investigar, escribir y hablar sobre violencia de género en Medio Oriente. Más específicamente, me baso en mi investigación y activismo en Iraq, Turquía y Líbano para mapear las complejidades y desafíos discursivos, políticos y empíricos ligados a la investigación académica y al activismo, tanto en las políticas feministas como las anti-racistas/anti-islamófobas. Partiendo de una reflexión sobre mi posicionalidad, intento desafiar el binarismo entre el activismo y la academia, así como el de los contextos occidental y de Medio Oriente en términos de producción de conocimiento., The article charts my trajectories as a feminist activist/academic seeking to research, write and talk about gender-based violence in relation to the Middle East. More specifically, I am drawing on research and activism in relation to Iraq, Turkey and Lebanon to map the discursive, political and empirical challenges and complexities linked to scholarship and activism that is grounded in both feminist and anti-racist/anti-Islamophobic politics. While reflecting on my positionality, the article aims to challenge the binary of activism and academia as well as Western and Middle Eastern contexts in terms of knowledge production., Traducción de Al-Ali, N. (2019). Feminist Dilemmas: How to Talk About Gender-Based Violence in Relation to the Middle East?. Feminist Review, 122(1), 16-31. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0141778919849525., Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

The genus Artemisia L. of the family Asteraceae is systematically very complex. The aim of this study was to evaluate taxonomic positions of taxa of the subgenus Artemisia belonging to the genus Artemisia in Turkey using some molecular techniques. In this molecular study, 44 individuals belong to 14 species of the subgenus Artemisia were examined. Analyses were performed on the combined dataset using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference and Molecular parameters obtained from co-evaluations of sequences of the psbA-trnH, ITS and ETS regions of examined individuals were used in the phylogenetic tree drawing. According to the results of this study, two molecular groups have been formed based on the DNA sequence similarity of the species, but there are no obvious morphological characters corresponding to two molecular groups. There is no also agreement between the two molecular groups and the two morphological groups formed according to the hairiness condition of the receptacle of species. Due to the lack of molecular significance of their receptacles with or without hair, dividing of the subgenus Artemisia species into new subgenera or sections was not considered appropriate. Likewise, it has been found that with or without hair on the corolla lobes of the central hermaphrodite disc flowers have no molecular significance. It was found that there were no gene flow and hybridization between the 14 species of the subgenus Artemisia and these 14 species were found completed their speciation. This study is important as it is the first molecular based study relating with belong to subgenus Artemisia species growing naturally in Turkey. In addition, new haplotypes related to the populations of Turkey belonging to the subgenus Artemisia taxa were reported by us for the first time and added to the GenBank database. Resumo O gênero Artemisia L. da família Asteraceae é sistematicamente muito complexo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as posições taxonômicas de táxons do subgênero Artemisia pertencentes ao gênero Artemisia na Turquia usando algumas técnicas moleculares. Neste estudo molecular, 44 indivíduos pertencentes a 14 espécies do subgênero Artemisia foram examinados. As análises foram realizadas no conjunto de dados combinado usando máxima parcimônia, máxima verossimilhança e inferência bayesiana e parâmetros moleculares obtidos a partir de coavaliações de sequências das regiões psbA-trnH, ITS e ETS de indivíduos examinados foram usados no desenho da árvore filogenética. De acordo com os resultados deste estudo, dois grupos moleculares foram formados com base na similaridade da sequência de DNA das espécies, mas não há caracteres morfológicos óbvios correspondentes a dois grupos moleculares. Também não há concordância entre os dois grupos moleculares e os dois grupos morfológicos formados de acordo com a condição de pilosidade do receptáculo da espécie. Devido à falta de significado molecular de seus receptáculos com ou sem cabelo, a divisão das espécies do subgênero Artemisia em novos subgêneros ou seções não foi considerada apropriada. Da mesma forma, verificou-se que com ou sem cabelo nos lobos da corola das flores do disco hermafrodita central não tem significado molecular. Constatou-se que não houve fluxo gênico e hibridização entre as 14 espécies do subgênero Artemisia e essas 14 espécies concluíram sua especiação. Este estudo é importante porque é o primeiro estudo de base molecular relacionado com espécies pertencentes ao subgênero Artemisia crescendo naturalmente na Turquia. Além disso, novos haplótipos relacionados às populações da Turquia pertencentes ao subgênero Artemisia taxa foram relatados por nós pela primeira vez e adicionados ao banco de dados do GenBank.

Resumo As características que qualificam a identidade curda são reconhecidas entre seus membros há muito tempo, mas a capacidade de constituir grupos politicamente organizados entre essa população variou ao longo da história. Para compreender a complexidade da questão curda no Oriente Médio, é preciso analisar a forma pela qual eles se organizam politicamente, levando em consideração suas ideologias, particularidades do Estado em que se encontram, e, principalmente, as tensões políticas e disputas internas de seus movimentos. Além disso, é fundamental inserir a reivindicação de autonomia dos curdos no contexto da evolução da guerra civil na Síria de modo mais amplo, por ser esse um dos principais motivos do crescente envolvimento da Turquia e das grandes potências na região. Abstract The characteristics that qualify the Kurdish identity have long been recognized among its members, but the ability to form politically organized groups among them has varied throughout history. In order to understand the complexity of the Kurdish question in the Middle East, it is necessary to analyze the way in which they organize themselves politically, taking into account their ideologies, particularities of the State in which they find themselves, and, most of all, the political tensions and internal disputes of their movements. In addition to that, it is essential to insert Kurds’ claim on autonomy in the context of the evolution of the civil war in Syria in a broader sense, as this is one of the main reasons for the growing involvement of Turkey and the great powers in the region.

In this paper, we investigate the effect of the level of English skills on the labour market outcomes of Turkish women, using data from the Adult Education Survey of 2007. By adopting a bivariate equation framework, we jointly model the effect of English skills on labour market status and, conditional on being a wage earner, on monthly earnings and occupational status. The multinomial equation that explains labour market status allows for a different effect of language knowledge on the probability of being employed, unemployed but actively looking for a job, an unpaid family worker or involved in household tasks. The results indicate that being proficient in English is conditionally associated with a higher probability of being employed as a wage earner and, to a lesser extent, unemployed but looking for a job, whereas it decreases the likelihood of being involved in household tasks. Moreover, there is a significant conditional correlation between having a high level of skills in English and earnings, which is only modestly reduced when job-related variables and (especially) occupation dummies are included as additional controls. Indeed, being proficient in English barely affects occupational status when selection into employment status is controlled for. Therefore, the knowledge of foreign languages (in this case English) seems to stimulate labour market participation and earnings capacity, but does not substantially affect the occupational position of women in the Turkish labour market.

Taking into consideration the transitory nature of the current international system, this article aims to analyze the relationship between the global emergence of several powers from the South and their regional policies. After an exploration of the academic literature on regional, middle and rising powers, the author compares the regional strategies of two states, Brazil and Turkey, based on four dimensions: their relative power resources, the self-perception regarding the region, the strategies and roles that constitute their regional policy and the reception of this projection by its neighbors and the main extra-regional powers. From this comparison, the relationship will be established between the regional strategies of both countries and their global emergence aspirations. Tomando en consideración el carácter transitorio del actual sistema internacional, el presente artículo pretende analizar la relación entre la emergencia global de diversas potencias del Sur y su proyección regional. Luego de una exploración de la literatura académica sobre las potencias regionales, medias y emergentes, se realiza una comparación entre las estrategias regionales de dos Estados, Brasil y Turquía, basada en cuatro dimensiones: sus recursos (relativos) de poder, la autopercepción respecto a la región, las estrategias y roles propios de su política regional y la recepción de dicha proyección por los vecinos y las principales potencias extrarregionales. A partir de esta comparación, se determina de qué manera estas estrategias regionales se relacionan con la aspiración de emergencia global de ambas potencias.

portuguesA Primavera Arabe arrasou com a retorica promovida por Ancara de que a Turquia seria um ator central no Medio Oriente – um modelo demo‑ cratico, capaz de contribuir para a paz na regiao. Nos anos que se seguiram, a politica externa do pais caracterizou‑ -se pela falta de uma linha orientadora e pela resposta de curto prazo aos desenvolvimentos no Medio Oriente. Atualmente, sob a presidencia de Recep Tayyip Erdo˘gan, a Turquia tenta restabelecer-se, abandonando o idea‑ lismo da politica externa de Davuto˘glu. Nesse sentido, Ancara aposta na alianca estrategica com diversos ato‑ res, como a Russia, mas nao abandona as tradicionais aliancas com os Esta‑ dos Unidos ou com a Uniao Europeia. EnglishThe Arab Spring shattered Ankara’s discourse that presented Turkey as a key ator in the Middle East and a democratic model that would contribute for peace in the region. In the following years, Turkish foreign policy was defined by a lack of a clear guideline and for short term responses to the events in the Middle East. Currently, under the presidency of Recep Tayyip Erdo˘gan, Turkey is trying to reestablish itself, leaving behind the idealism of Davuto˘glu’s foreign policy. Ankara focuses now on strengthening strategic alliances with several actors, namely with Russia, but Turkey doesn’t abandon the alliances with the United States or the European Union.

WOS: 000451362000008, Ismail HusrevTokin, in his preface to Turkiye Koy Iktisadiyati (1990 [1934]), argues that an economist who might travel Turkey from its western to eastern frontiers would face diverse social and economic scenes: remnants from the previous centuries, in both their mature and embryonic forms. A common point of view of the literature related to agrarian question, from Kautsky to Chayanov, was the problem of the co-existence of pre-capitalist and capitalist agricultural structures within the context of a capitalist economic system, and the political implications of this setting. Tokin's discussion was a part of such literature in general but it was also part of a movement formed around a monthly journal, Kadro, published between 1932 and 1935. This short-lived movement succeeded in producing original ideas with a dependency-like, developmentalist approach. Our paper aims to explain the analysis of Tokin, and also the Kadro journal on "the agrarian question" in Turkey. To this end, it will discuss how their empirical observations on agrarian dynamics in Turkey in the 1930s, and their theoretical background on the agrarian question, interacted to examine the specific aspects of Turkey's rural economy. It concludes that Kadro authors' focus in the agrarian question was on the problem of accumulation for industrialization, rather than the problem of democratic or socialist struggle.

Con el uso creciente de las tecnologías de la comunicación, la Alfabetización Mediática se convierte en un concepto esencial que debe ser definido y desarrollado en la educación. Este concepto es definido de maneras diferentes en Turquía, según la perspectiva de los actores involucrados, como por ejemplo, académicos o políticos. Sin embargo, todas las comprensiones de esta noción reconocen la necesidad de desarrollar las competencias asociadas a la Alfabetización Mediática en Turquía. Este informe permite una aproximación a las principales iniciativas en términos de educación en medios en el país.

In this paper, survey data are used to document the presence of gender gaps in selfemployment, employership, and labor force participation in seven Balkan countries and Turkey. The paper examines the quantitative effects of the gender gaps on aggregate productivity and income per capita in these countries. In the model used to carry out this calculation, agents choose between being workers, self-employed, or employers, and women face several restrictions in the labor market. The data display very large gaps in labor force participation and in the percentage of employers and self-employed in the labor force. In almost all cases, these gaps reveal a clear underrepresentation of women. The calculations show that, on average, the loss associated with these gaps is about 17 percent of income per capita. One-third of this loss is due to distortions in the choice of occupations between men andwomen. The remaining two-thirds corresponds to the costs associated with gaps in labor force participation. The dimensions of these gender gaps and their associated costs vary considerably across ages groups, with the age bracket 36-50 years being responsible for most of the losses.

El autor repasa la creación de Turquia i de lo turco desde el siglo XVII hasta el siglo XX. El artículo incluye una tabla con los principales reformadores otomanos y turcos. L'autor repasa la creació de la imatge de Turquia i allò turc des del segle XVII fins el segle XX. L'article inclou una taula amb els principals reformadors otomans i turcs. The author reviews the creation of "Turquia" and "the Turk" since the 17th century to the 20th century. The article includes a board with the main Turkish and Ottoman reformers.

Obra ressenyada: Andrés MOURENZA, Ilya U. TOPPER, La democracia es un tranvía. El ascenso de Erdogan y la transformación de Turquía. Barcelona : Ediciones Península, 2019.

This research addresses the treatment of religious issues in the treaties signed by the Hispanic Monarchy with European nations and Muslim political leaders of the Mediterranean area during the eighteenth century. The study shows the implications of Church-State relations in international accords agreed by the Spanish Crown and the complexity of applying peace adjustments to the transfer of territories to other countries with an official religion different from the Catholic one —as it is the case of Great Britain— as well as the difficulties that were generated for its effective compliance. Esta investigación aborda el tratamiento de las cuestiones religiosas en los tratados firmados por la monarquía hispánica con las potencias europeas y los líderes políticos musulmanes del área mediterránea durante el siglo XVIII. En el estudio se aprecian las implicaciones de las relaciones Iglesia-Estado en los convenios internacionales pactados por la corona española y la complejidad de aplicar los ajustes de paz a la cesión de territorios a otras naciones con una religión oficial diferente a la católica —como es el caso de Gran Bretaña—, así como las dificultades que se generaron para su efectivo cumplimiento.

Obres ressenyades: M. Hakan Yavuz y Bayram Balci (eds.) Turkey's July 15th Coup: What Happened and Why. Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press, 2018. Muhittin ATAMAN (ed.), July 15 Coup Attempt in Turkey: Context, Causes and Consequences. Ankara: SETA Publications, 2017.

Oliveriais a little-known, monotypic genus of the family Apiaceae. The only accepted species,O. decumbens, is distributed throughout Mesopotamia. It is an annual, aromatic plant that has been used in traditional medicine since ancient times. The aim of this study was to examine morphological, micromorphological, and anatomical characters ofO. decumbensin order to increase the current botanical knowledge of this genus. Oliveriaes un género monotípico y poco conocido de la familia Apiaceae. La única especie aceptada,O. decumbens, se distribuye en toda Mesopotamia. Es una planta anual y aromática que ha sido usada en la medicina tradicional desde tiempos antiguos. El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar los caracteres morfológicos, micromorfológicos y anatómicos deO. decumbenspara incrementar el conocimiento botánico actual del género.

Resumo O artigo propõe uma discussão sobre as imbricações entre gênero e nação na Turquia, analisando como diferentes projetos de nação mobilizam questões de gênero e produzem discursos acerca de feminilidades e masculinidades que influenciam políticas de gênero no país. Argumentamos que dicotomias rígidas entre projetos ditos ‘progressistas’ ou ‘atrasados’ não se sustentam, dado que as premissas de que corpos e comportamentos de mulheres devem ser regulados e que a restrição de liberdades e direitos pode ser justificada em nome da (des)igualdade de gênero e da (ausência ou excesso de) liberdade sexual são amplamente compartilhadas no país. Abstract This article discusses imbrications between gender and nation in Turkey, analyzing how different nation-building projects mobilize gender issues and produce discourses about femininities and masculinities that influence gender policies in the country. We argue that rigid dichotomies between projects considered “progressive” or “backwards” cannot be sustained in the country, given the wide acceptance that women’s bodies and behaviors must be regulated and that the restriction of rights and freedoms are justified in the name of gender (in)equality and (the absence or excess of) sexual freedom.

El nacimiento del espacio Schengen hizo de Europa un lugar más unido, en el que las distancias se acortaron y donde se compartían las fronteras exteriores, pasando las interiores a existir sólo en los mapas. La eliminación de las fronteras interiores, garantizando la seguridad interior, fue un proceso de muchos años que se ha considerado uno de los mayores éxitos de la Unión Europea y algo irreversible. Sin embargo, el sueño de una Europa sin fronteras se vio gravemente amenazado por el movimiento migratorio mixto del año 2015; ante tal situación, la inactividad de las Instituciones Europeas provocó que los Estados Miembros más afectados por los flujos migratorios irregulares, levantasen muros y alambradas en las fronteras interiores para desviar la migración a los Estados vecinos. Esta vulneración del principio de solidaridad derivó en la fractura entre el Este y el Oeste de Europa y provocó el restablecimiento controles fronterizos en las fronteras interiores. La Europa soñada en 1985 había desaparecido. La ausencia de una consensuada política migratoria común y de una gestión integrada de las fronteras exteriores, obligó a optar por medidas “políticas” ad hoc, como la Declaración EU-Turquía. Este “acuerdo” ha sido ampliamente criticada por su falta de rigor y de respeto a la normativa internacional y europea, especialmente en materia de derechos humanos. Aunque sus efectos positivos en materia migratoria no pueden soslayarse, ya que tras su adopción el número de cruces irregulares se ha reducido considerablemente, no parece que dejar la política migratoria al albur de acuerdos políticos con terceros Estados sea el mejor modo de establecer una política migratoria común con un verdadero sistema común de migración y asilo. Muestra de ello es que, hoy, las relaciones entre Bruselas y Ankara están atravesando momentos difíciles, especialmente después de las amenazas del presidente turco, lo que ha derivado en que la cooperación se haya vuelto cada vez más delicada. Por otra parte, los flujos migratorios mixtos del año 2015 ocasionaron movimientos secundarios dentro de una Europa sin fronteras. Esta facilidad de movimiento en el espacio europeo fue utilizada por los grupos terroristas para sus propios fines, lo que ha derivado en la constatación de la existencia de una amenaza real, actual y suficientemente grave para el orden público y la seguridad interior de la Unión Europea. Los ataques terroristas ocurridos en suelo europeo desde el inicio de la crisis migratoria demuestran la estrecha relación entre terrorismo e inmigración. La derrota del Estado Islámico y la precaria situación de los campamentos de detención y de refugiados del noreste de Siria, aumenta el riesgo de regreso de los combatientes extranjeros, lo que supone un riesgo para la seguridad interior de la UE. La vulnerabilidad y porosidad de las fronteras exteriores, junto con la inviabilidad de controles fronterizos efectivos en ellas, ha mostrado la insolidaridad en el seno de la Unión Europea, donde los Estados Parte de Schengen están tomando decisiones “cuasi-unilaterales” y realizando una “libre interpretación” del Código de Fronteras, con el único objetivo de garantizar su propia seguridad interior. Esta situación muestra la fragilidad del sistema de ausencia de controles fronterizos interiores y pone en entredicho la seguridad jurídica, indicando la necesidad urgente de modificar el Código de Fronteras Schengen determinando un nuevo límite máximo de duración de los restablecimientos temporales de los mismos. Si bien el Tratado de Funcionamiento de la Unión Europea recogió la necesidad de establecimiento progresivo de un sistema integrado de gestión de fronteras, lo cierto es que no fue hasta el año 2016 cuando se definió dicho concepto desde una perspectiva jurídica. Sin embargo, aún habiéndose establecido qué es el sistema integrado de gestión de fronteras, en el año 2021, la gestión europea integrada de las fronteras esta muy lejos de ser una realidad consolida ya que las estrategias nacionales de los Estados Miembros no se alinean con las estrategias técnicas y operativas desarrolladas por Frontex. Los apresurados y continuos desarrollos normativos que ha sufrido Frontex, confirman, además de la falta de solidaridad entre los Estados Miembros, la falta de instrumentos y conceptos nuevos para hacer frente a una nueva y cambiante realidad migratoria. Esta Europa desunida y en construcción no podrá conseguir que la Guardia Europea de Fronteras y Costas sea la solución definitiva mientras dependa de la “voluntad forzosa” de los Estados Miembros. Esa dependencia constituirá una deficiencia recurrente y mantendrá las lagunas existentes en las operaciones conjuntas. En el año 2020 la tendencia decreciente de la presión migratoria se ha invertido, lo que nos permite afirmar que la situación sigue siendo muy inestable, consolidándose las rutas y los flujos migratorios hacia Europa. Si a la creciente presión migratoria le sumamos la inestabilidad política y económica, por el empeoramiento de la economía mundial debido a la pandemia sanitaria, junto con el levantamiento de las medidas COVID-19 en los países de tránsito y destino, el resultado puede ser otro importante desafío migratorio como el del año 2015. Europa necesita dar un paso más en su proceso de construcción, pasar de una “Europa de autonomías” a una “Europa federal” para hacer realmente efectivo el sistema integrado de gestión de fronteras. Lo ideal es que la gestión de las fronteras exteriores dejase de ser una competencia compartida y pasase a ser una competencia exclusiva de las Instituciones Europeas ya que el modelo actual genera más discrepancias que puntos en común. Cómo conseguir que los Estados Miembros compartan esta visión y estén por la labor de “renunciar” a sus competencias y prerrogativas en este ámbito es el escollo más difícil de salvar; desprenderse de competencias soberanas no ha sido cuestión fácil en ningún momento; menos en el actual con los riesgos a la seguridad interior sentidos por los Estados. Una migración gestionada y ordenada en las fronteras exteriores de la UE enviaría una clara señal al resto del mundo de que Europa cuenta con una sólida política común de migración y asilo, en virtud de la cual sólo pueden entrar en la UE las personas que presenten motivos de estancia legal previniendo los movimientos primarios y secundarios irregulares, y como consecuencia, garantizando la seguridad y libre circulación en una Europa sin fronteras. Derecho

Amb algun aclariment metodològic previ, s’aborda en forma de lliçó inaugural el tema del genocidi dels armenis per part de l’Imperi Otomà entorn del 1915, en el context de la primera guerra mundial, considerat com un element del procés nacionalitzador i modernitzador des d’un imperi multiètnic cap a una república unitària turca, portat a terme pels anomenats “Joves Turcs”. S’expliciten procediments, formes, mètodes, fets, volums del genocidi. El text s’acompanya d’una ampla cronologia i d’un conjunt de mapes., With some methodological clarification, the subject of the 1915’s Armenian Genocide, carried out by the Ottoman Empire, in the context of the First World War, is approached in the form of a inaugural lesson. This genocide was consideret an element of the modernisation and nationalisation process, carried out by de Young Turks, from a multiethnic empire to a centralized turkish republic. Methods, forms, modalities, facts, volume of the genocide are brought to light. The text is accompanied with a wide chronology and of a set of maps., Planteado como una lección inaugural, tras apuntar algún elemento metodológico, el texto se centra en el genocidio contra los armenios por parte del Imperio Otomano en torno a 1915, en el contexto de la primera guerra mundial, considerado como un elemento del proceso modernizador y nacionalizador llevado a cabo por los “Jóvenes Turcos”, en el tránsito de un imperio multiétnico a una naciónestado republicana turca. Se ponen de manifiesto modalidades, métodos, procedimientos, formas, hechos y volúmenes del genocidio. Viene acompañado de cronologías y mapas.

En este trabajo hemos recogido información sobre las diferentes características que poseen las culturas turca y la alemana apoyando y justificando esa información con diferentes teorías y ejemplos para explicar de esta manera la interculturalidad en estos dos grupos. Las teorías utilizadas para explicar la interculturalidad en estos dos grupos son principalmente la teoría de las dimensiones de Hofstede y la teoría del Iceberg. Asimismo, hemos explicado tres disciplinas relevantes para este estudio la proxémica, la kinesia y la paralingüística. En la segunda parte del trabajo explicaremos cada una de las teorías que hemos utilizado en la parte teórica utilizando ejemplos extraídos de la serie alemana Türkisch für Anfänger. Además, hemos explicado el origen y finalidad de la serie, en conjunto con los estereotipos que en ella se encuentran., In dieser Arbeit wurden Informationen über die unterschiedlichen Charakteristika der türkischen und der deutschen Kultur gesammelt und das Zusammengetragene anhand verschiedener Theorien und Beispiele untermauert und begründet. Durch diese Vorgehensweise wurde versucht die Interkulturalität der beiden Nationalitäten zu ermitteln und aufzuzeigen. Die Theorien, die hierbei als Hilfsmittel verwendet wurden sind hauptsächlich Hofstedes Dimensionstheorie und die Eisberg-Theorie. Zudem wurden auch drei für diese Studie relevante Disziplinen erläutert: Proxemik, Kinesik und Paralinguistik. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde jede der Theorien, die im theoretischen Teil verwendet wurde, anhand von Beispielen aus der deutschen Serie Türkisch für Anfänger erklärt. Es wurden die kulturellen Unterschiede in Verbindung mit dem erklärt, was wir über die Disziplinen der Gestik erklärt haben. Außerdem würde es den Ursprung und den Zweck der Serie sowie die darin vorkommenden Stereotypen erklärt., Grado en Lenguas Modernas y sus Literaturas

In this study, beef cattle farmers’ perceptions of risk and risk management strategies, and their determinants were analyzed using factor analysis and partial least squares regression analysis. The data set used in this study came from a survey conducted in Erzurum Province. The results demonstrated that variability in fodder price, insufficient farm income, uncertainty in government policies were perceived as the most important risks. Clean cattle shelter, off-farm income, monitoring and preventing livestock diseases were perceived as the most important risk management strategies. Results, also, demonstrated that some characteristics of farmers affected farmers’ perceptions. In this study, it was identified that the most important risk sources were economics-based. So, it was recommended that the government policy should be focused on preventing the fluctuations in input/output prices. RESUMO: Neste estudo, as percepções dos pecuaristas de risco e estratégias de gestão de risco, e seus determinantes, foram analisados usando análise fatorial e análise de regressão de mínimos quadrados parciais. O conjunto de dados usado neste estudo veio de uma pesquisa realizada na província de Erzurum. Os resultados demonstraram que a variabilidade no preço da forragem, a renda agrícola insuficiente e a incerteza nas políticas governamentais foram percebidos como os riscos mais importantes. Abrigos para gado limpos, renda fora da fazenda, monitoramento e prevenção de doenças dos animais foram vistos como as estratégias de gestão de risco mais importantes. Os resultados, também, demonstraram que algumas características dos agricultores afetaram as percepções dos agricultores. Neste estudo, identificou-se que as fontes de risco mais importantes eram de base econômica. Assim, recomendou-se que a política do governo fosse voltada para a prevenção das oscilações nos preços de insumos / produtos.

This paper analyzes the drivers of wage differences among college graduates who hold a degree in a different field of study. We focus on Turkey, an emerging country that is characterized by a sustained expansion of higher education. We estimate conditional wage gaps by field of study using OLS regressions. Average differentials are subsequently decomposed into the contribution of observable characteristics (endowment) and unobservable characteristics (returns). To shed light on distributional wage disparities by field of study, we provide estimates along the unconditional wage distribution by means of RIF-Regressions. Finally, we also decompose the contribution of explained and unexplained factors in accounting for wage gaps along the whole distribution. As such, this is the first work providing evidence on distributional wage differences by college major for a developing country. The results indicate the existence of important wage differences by field of study, which are partly accounted by differences in observable characteristics (especially occupation and, to a lesser extent, employment sector). These pay gaps are also heterogeneous over the unconditional distribution of wages, as is the share of wage differentials that can be attributed to differences in observable characteristics across workers with degrees in different fields of study.

Entrevista con el periodista turco Ruşen Çakιr, testigo del ascenso al poder del movimiento islamista durante la década de 1990 y de su posterior caída en desgracia; de su recuperación de la mano de Erdoğan y de la conquista del Gobierno por parte del Partido de la Justicia y el Desarrollo (AKP), que gobierna el país euroasiático desde 2002. Una carrera que le ha convertido en uno de los mayores expertos en islamismo político turco., Entrevista con el periodista turco Ruşen Çakir, testigo del ascenso al poder del movimiento islamista durante la década de 1990 y de su posterior caída en desgracia; de su recuperación de la mano de Erdoğan y de la conquista del Gobierno por parte del Partido de la Justicia y el Desarrollo (AKP), que gobierna el país euroasiático desde 2002. Una carrera que le ha convertido en uno de los mayores expertos en islamismo político turco.

Cooperation between the European Union (EU) and Turkey on migration matters is an essential element in the migration policy of the European Union. This controversial cooperation has been reformulated within the framework of the response to the migration crisis, one of its central elements being the EU-Turkey statement, 18 March 2016. Regardless of the questionable content of the Statement, it is particularly controversial that an agreement of this relevance has been exclusively included in a press release of a Joint Declaration between the EU and Turkey. In this way, the procedure for negotiating and signing international treaties, provided for in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, has been avoided; in particular, the participation of the European Parliament and the intervention of national parliaments. On February 28, 2017, the General Court has dismissed three annulment actions against this Statement. The Court, in an excessively formal interpretation, declares its lack of competence to hear the merits of the matter. Thus, the Court considers that the Statement is not an act of the EU, but rather an act adopted by the Heads of State and Government; therefore, it is not competent to rule on the legality of an international agreement concluded by the Member States. The Court is not aware that the aforementioned Statement contains genuine legal obligations for the EU itself, as can be seen from its execution during the period in which it is being applied. In similar terms, the Spanish Supreme Court has avoided making a ruling on the merits and content of the Statement. As of March 2020, at a time of significant tensions between the EU and Turkey, a process of reflection on EU-Turkey cooperation on migration has begun, which should conclude with the review of the commitments contained in the Statement of 2016. In of March 2020, at a time of significant tensions between the EU and Turkey, a process of reflection on EU-Turkey cooperation on migration has begun, which should conclude with the review of the commitments contained in the Statement of 2016. La cooperación entre la Unión Europea (UE) y Turquía en materia migratoria es un elemento esencial en la política migratoria de la Unión Europea. Esta controvertida cooperación se ha reformulado en el marco de la respuesta a la crisis migratoria, siendo uno de sus elementos centrales la Declaración de la Unión Europea y Turquía, de 18 de marzo de 2016. Con independencia del contenido cuestionable del Acuerdo, resulta particularmente controvertido que un acuerdo de esta relevancia se haya recogido exclusivamente en una nota de prensa de una Declaración conjunta entre la UE y Turquía. De este modo, se ha evitado el procedimiento de negociación y celebración de tratados internacionales, previsto en el Tratado de Funcionamiento de la Unión Europea; en especial, la participación del Parlamento Europeo y la intervención de los parlamentos nacionales. Con fecha 28 de febrero de 2017, el Tribunal General, ha inadmitido a trámite tres recursos de anulación contra dicho Acuerdo. El Tribunal, en una interpretación excesivamente formal, declara su falta de competencia para conocer del fondo del asunto. Así, el Tribunal considera que el Acuerdo no es un acto propio de la Unión, sino un acto adoptado por los Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno; por tanto, no es competente para pronunciarse sobre la legalidad de un acuerdo internacional celebrado por los Estados miembros. El Tribunal no tiene presente que el citado Acuerdo contiene auténticas obligaciones jurídicas para la propia UE, como se desprende de su ejecución durante el período en el que ha está siendo aplicado. En términos similares, el Tribunal Supremo español ha evitado realizar un pronunciamiento sobre el fondo y el contenido de la Declaración. A partir de marzo de 2020, en un momento de importantes tensiones entre la UE y Turquía, se ha iniciado un proceso de reflexión sobre la cooperación UE-Turquía en materia migratoria, que debe concluir con la revisión de los compromisos contenidos en la Declaración de 2016. Article written within the framework of the R&D projects “El respeto de los Derechos Humanos la actividad exterior de las empresas españolas: retos y respuestas desde el Derecho Internacional”, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PID2019-107311RB-100) and “Empresas transnacionales, responsabilidad social corporativa y Derechos Humanos” (GV/2020/219-Generalitat Valenciana); and Jean Monnet Chair “European Neighbourhood Policy: EU Values and Global Challenges” (599477-EPP-1-2018-ES-EPPJMO-CHAIR).

El propósito de este estudio fue examinar si la soledad es un mediador entre Internet y la autoeficacia entre lo social. Los participantes involucraron a 325 estudiantes universitarios (mujeres: 57.8%; hombres, 42.2%). La edad de los participantes osciló entre 17 y 30 años (M = 20.54, SD = 1.99). Los datos del estudio se obtuvieron mediante el formulario corto de prueba de adicción a Internet de Young, la escala de eficacia social y expectativas de resultados sociales y la escala de soledad de UCLA. Los datos se analizaron utilizando el método de modelado de ecuaciones estructurales y bootstrapping. El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales mostró que había un efecto indirecto sobre la autoeficacia social, mediado por la soledad. Los resultados del procedimiento de arranque indicaron que el efecto indirecto de la soledad fue significativo. Se discutieron las posibles explicaciones, la implicación de la investigación, las limitaciones y las direcciones futuras. The purpose of this study was to examine whether loneliness is a mediator between internet addiction and social self-efficacy among undergraduates. The participants involved 325 undergraduates (female: 57.8%; male, 42.2%). The age of participants ranged between 17 and 30 years (M= 20.54, SD = 1.99). The study data was gathered using the Young’s Internet Addiction Test-Short Form, the Social Efficacy and Social Outcome Expectation Scale and the UCLA Loneliness Scale. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and bootstrapping method. Structural equation modeling showed that internet addiction had an indirect effect on social self-efficacy, mediated by loneliness. The results of bootstrapping procedure indicated that the indirect effect of loneliness on the relationship between internet addiction and social self-efficacy was significant. The possibility explanations, the research implication, limitations, and future directions were discussed.

[Resumen] El Informe de estado físico relacionado con la salud (HRFRC) ha sido implementado por primera vez por profesores de educación física y deportes en el año académico 2016-2017 bajo la dirección del Ministerio de Educación Nacional en Turquía. El propósito de este estudio fue obtener los puntos de vista de los profesores de educación física y deportes en la HRFRC implementada por primera vez y el contenido de la prueba de aptitud física. Los participantes estuvieron compuestos por 10 maestros de educación física y deportes con antigüedad de entre 2 y 30 años y trabajando activamente en las escuelas intermedias y secundarias. Se eligieron entrevistas individuales en profundidad semiestructuradas y notas de campo como herramientas de recopilación de datos. Los datos recopilados se analizaron mediante el método de análisis de contenido. Los temas identificados son (1) Beneficios de la práctica, (2) Razones para no lograr el objetivo de la práctica, (3) Desafíos experimentados con la práctica y (4) Recomendaciones para la práctica. Los docentes enfatizaron que mejorar la calidad de la capacitación HRFRC brindada por el gobierno, usando materiales estándar para mediciones, cambiando el tiempo de implementación, aumentando la integración de partes interesadas como nutricionista, expertos en salud y familias en la implementación y proporcionando una atmósfera más confidencial en la implementación para aumentar la tasa de participación y la calidad de la HRFRC. [Abstract] The Health-Related Fitness Report Card (HRFRC) has been implemented first-time by physical education and sports teachers in the 2016-2017 academic year under the leadership of the Ministry of National Education in Turkey. The purpose of this study was to obtain the views of the physical education and sports teachers on the first time implemented HRFRC and the content of the fitness test. Participants were composed of 10 physical education and sports teachers with seniority between 2 and 30 years and actively working in the middle and high schools. Semi-structured in-depth individual interviews and field notes were chosen as the data collection tools. Collected data were analysed using the content analysis method. Identified themes are (1) Benefits of the Practice, (2) Reasons for Not Achieving the Objective of the Practice, (3) Challenges Experienced with the Practice, and (4) Recommendations for the Practice. Teachers emphasized that improving the quality of HRFRC training provided by the government, using standard materials for measurements, changing the time of the implementation, increasing the integration of stakeholders such as a nutritionist, health experts and families into implementation and providing a more confidential atmosphere in the implementation for increasing participation rate and the quality of the HRFRC.

In 2001, the rise of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) in Turkey led to the emergence of a moderate path between Kemalist and Islamic wings. After a first term focused on foreign diplomacy, Erdogan and the party saw their policies gaining broad social support internally, reinforcing their stance in areas of ideological and religious confrontation with secular opposition. Erdogan, although elected president in 2014, has led Turkey on an increasingly conservative route from the standpoint of social values, and less democratic regarding the political language of the state. If Erdogan reveals a conception of state that departs from the democratic values and the ideal of Ataturk’s secular Turkey, and, at the same time, focuses on an Islamic-conservative perspective of society and an authoritarian conception of political power, what explains and stimulates this strategy? This article is based on the premise that perceiving "New Turkey" implies understanding Erdogan’s leadership style, even if it does not exhaust all explanatory variables. From this premise, the goal is to identify and explain internal factors – associated first and foremost with the dualist structure between Turkey’s centre and periphery) – that, along with Erdogan’s individual variables, such as Islamic solidarity and authoritarian tendencies) – put him at the centre of decision-making in Turkey.

Reseña de la obra de Andrés Mourenza e Ilya U. Topper, La democracia es un tranvía. El ascenso de Erdogan y la transformación de Turquía, Ediciones Península, Barcelona, 2019

Resumen: La llegada del diplomático español Antonio de Zayas se produjo en un año clave para el Imperio otomano. En dos obras cuyo hilo conductor fue su experiencia en la Sublime Puerta, dejó constancia de las condiciones de vida de los griegos, transmitiendo una visión particular del pasado bizantino. Estas características llevan a plantear la existencia de un «orientalismo greco-bizantino» que se desarrolla en paralelo al orientalismo clásico.

The aims of this study were to diagnose coenurosis by means of computerized tomography (CT) scan imaging and molecular characterization of the CO1 gene using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sheep and calves were necropsied, and CT scans on the cephalic region were performed on the animals. Sections of brain tissue infected with parasites were then stained with hematoxylin and eosin for microscopic examination. Material collected from brain cysts was fixed in 70% ethanol. PCR amplification was carried out using the CO1 mitochondrial gene. A total of 60 calves and 80 sheep were examined clinically and, of these, 15 calves and 38 sheep showed signs of depression, with counterclockwise circling movements and altered head carriage. Four sheep and one calf were necropsied, and C. cerebralis cysts were detected in all of them. A hypodense cyst was monitored in the right cerebellar hemisphere on a CT scan on one sheep. A cyst was found in the left frontal lobe on a CT scan on one calf. Microscopically, C. cerebralis cysts were surrounded by a fibrous or epithelial wall that presented necrosis on cerebral sections of both the sheep and the cattle. The CO1-PCR assay yielded a 446 bp band, which was sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed: the results confirmed the presence of T. multiceps. This study reports the first use of CT imaging on naturally infected calves and sheep for diagnosing coenurosis.

In this paper, we investigate the effect of the level of English skills on the labour market outcomes of Turkish women, using data from the Adult Education Survey of 2007. By adopting a bivariate equation framework, we jointly model the effect of English skills on labour market status and, conditional on being a wage earner, on monthly earnings and occupational status. The multinomial equation that explains labour market status allows for a different effect of language knowledge on the probability of being employed, unemployed but actively looking for a job, an unpaid family worker or involved in household tasks. The results indicate that being proficient in English is conditionally associated with a higher probability of being employed as a wage earner and, to a lesser extent, unemployed but looking for a job, whereas it decreases the likelihood of being involved in household tasks. Moreover, there is a significant conditional correlation between having a high level of skills in English and earnings, which is only modestly reduced when job-related variables and (especially) occupation dummies are included as additional controls. Indeed, being proficient in English barely affects occupational status when selection into employment status is controlled for. Therefore, the knowledge of foreign languages (in this case English) seems to stimulate labour market participation and earnings capacity, but does not substantially affect the occupational position of women in the Turkish labour market.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación Título, resumen y palabras clave también en español Se analiza la comprensión del concepto de citación por parte de los estudiantes de arquitectura. Participan en él estudiantes universitarios internacionales (28 países de Oriente Medio y África) y turcos de edades comprendidas entre los 17 y los 40 años, matriculados en los cuatro primeros años de grado universitario. Los resultados indican que todos los estudiantes tenían al menos un concepto erróneo sobre las citaciones. Los estudiantes carecen de conocimientos sobre lo qué es y significa plagio. Los estudiantes turcos tuvieron más éxito en ciertas áreas, mientras que los estudiantes internacionales no tuvieron más éxito que los estudiantes turcos en ninguna de las áreas estudiadas. Se discuten las implicaciones educativas del uso de las citas. ESP

Promover la autosuficiencia de las poblaciones desplazadas puede tener la consecuencia indeseada de menoscabar los esfuerzos para brindar educación a todos los niños sirios.